Name: primary orthotopic glioma xenografts recapitulate infiltrative growth and isocitrate dehydrogenase i mutation
Uploaded: 2014-01-14T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation at JoVE.com

Siamo particolarmente in debito con i pazienti del Vanderbilt University Medical Center che hanno fornito materiale di ricerca inestimabile per la Molecular Neurosurgical Tissue Bank. Ringraziamo coloro che hanno fondato e mantengono la Tissue Bank, Reid C. Thompson MD (principal investigator), Cherryl Kinnard RN (infermiere di ricerca) e Larry A. Pierce MS (manager). I servizi istologici sono stati eseguiti, in parte, dal Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC) Translational Pathology Shared Resource (supportato dal premio 5P30 CA068485 al Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center). Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da sovvenzioni a MKC da parte dei fondi di sviluppo NINDS (1R21NS070139), Burroughs Wellcome Fund e VMC. MKC è supportato dal Dipartimento degli Affari dei Veterani, Dalla Veterans Health Administration, dall'Office of Research and Development, dalla Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development attraverso la sovvenzione 1 I01 BX000744-01. I contenuti non rappresentano le opinioni del Dipartimento degli Affari dei Veterani o del Governo degli Stati Uniti.

1. Preparazione della sospensione delle cellule tumorali
Nota: Sono necessarie adeguate approvazioni istituzionali per l'uso di materiale paziente e animali per stabilire e mantenere gli xenografti di glioma ortotopici primari. Al Vanderbilt University Medical Center, il materiale tumorale reinsediato che è superiore a quello richiesto per scopi diagnostici viene raccolto con il consenso del paziente per un deposito di tessuti di ricerca. I campioni sono etichettati con un num...

<ol>
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J. 84, 1424-1431 (2001).</li><li>Witt Hamer, D. e., C, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genomic+profile+of+human+malignant+glioma+is+altered+early+in+primary+cell+culture+and+preserved+in+spheroids.">The genomic profile of human malignant glioma is altered early in primary cell culture and preserved in spheroids.</a> Oncogene. 27, 2091-2096 (2008).</li><li>Lee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+stem+cells+derived+from+glioblastomas+cultured+in+bFGF+and+EGF+more+closely+mirror+the+phenotype+and+genotype+of+primary+tumors+than+do+serum-cultured+cell+lines.">Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines.</a> Cancer Cell. 9, 391-403 (2006).</li><li>Pandita, A., Aldape, K. D., Zadeh, G., Guha, A., James, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrasting+in+vivo+and+in+vitro+fates+of+glioblastoma+cell+subpopulations+with+amplified+EGFR.">Contrasting in vivo and in vitro fates of glioblastoma cell subpopulations with amplified EGFR.</a> Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 39, 29-36 (2004).</li><li>Daniel, V. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+primary+xenograft+model+of+small-cell+lung+cancer+reveals+irreversible+changes+in+gene+expression+imposed+by+culture+in+vitro.">A primary xenograft model of small-cell lung cancer reveals irreversible changes in gene expression imposed by culture in vitro.</a> Cancer Res. 69, 3364-3373 (2009).</li><li>Piaskowski, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glioma+cells+showing+IDH1+mutation+cannot+be+propagated+in+standard+cell+culture+conditions.">Glioma cells showing IDH1 mutation cannot be propagated in standard cell culture conditions.</a> Br. J. Cancer. 104, 968-970 (2011).</li><li>Vescovi, A. L., Galli, R., Reynolds, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+tumour+stem+cells.">Brain tumour stem cells.</a> Nat. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=50+years+of+preclinical+anticancer+drug+screening:+empirical+to+target-driven+approaches.">50 years of preclinical anticancer drug screening: empirical to target-driven approaches.</a> Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 971-981 (2005).</li><li>Kerbel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+tumor+xenografts+as+predictive+preclinical+models+for+anticancer+drug+activity+in+humans:+better+than+commonly+perceived-but+they+can+be+improved.">Human tumor xenografts as predictive preclinical models for anticancer drug activity in humans: better than commonly perceived-but they can be improved.</a> Cancer Biol. Ther. 2, 134-139 (2003).</li><li>Park, C. Y., Tseng, D., Weissman, I. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+stem+cell-directed+therapies:+recent+data+from+the+laboratory+and+clinic.">Cancer stem cell-directed therapies: recent data from the laboratory and clinic.</a> Mol. Ther. 17, 219-230 (2009).</li><li>Carlson, B. L., Pokorny, J. L., Schroeder, M. A., Sarkaria, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment,+maintenance+and+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+applications+of+primary+human+glioblastoma+multiforme+(GBM)+xenograft+models+for+translational+biology+studies+and+drug+discovery.">Establishment, maintenance and in vitro and in vivo applications of primary human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) xenograft models for translational biology studies and drug discovery.</a> Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. Chapter. 14, (2011).</li><li>Hambardzumyan, D., Parada, L. F., Holland, E. C., Charest, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+modeling+of+gliomas+in+mice:+new+tools+to+tackle+old+problems.">Genetic modeling of gliomas in mice: new tools to tackle old problems.</a> Glia. 59, 1155-1168 (2011).</li><li>Sarangi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+inhibition+of+the+Hedgehog+pathway+in+established+malignant+glioma+xenografts+enhances+survival.">Targeted inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in established malignant glioma xenografts enhances survival.</a> Oncogene. 28, 3468-3476 (2009).</li><li>Valadez, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Hedgehog+pathway+responsive+glioblastomas+by+isocitrate+dehydrogenase+mutation.">Identification of Hedgehog pathway responsive glioblastomas by isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation.</a> Cancer Lett. 328, 297-306 (2013).</li><li>Bar, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclopamine-mediated+hedgehog+pathway+inhibition+depletes+stem-like+cancer+cells+in+glioblastoma.">Cyclopamine-mediated hedgehog pathway inhibition depletes stem-like cancer cells in glioblastoma.</a> Stem Cells. 25, 2524-2533 (2007).</li><li>Ehtesham, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligand-dependent+activation+of+the+hedgehog+pathway+in+glioma+progenitor+cells.">Ligand-dependent activation of the hedgehog pathway in glioma progenitor cells.</a> Oncogene. 26, 5752-5761 (2007).</li><li>Kelly, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligodendroglioma+cell+lines+containing+t(1;19)(q10;p10.">Oligodendroglioma cell lines containing t(1;19)(q10;p10.</a> Neuro-oncology. 12, 745-755 (2010).</li><li>Quintana, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+tumour+formation+by+single+human+melanoma+cells.">Efficient tumour formation by single human melanoma cells.</a> Nature. 456, 593-598 (2008).</li><li>Shultz, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+lymphoid+and+myeloid+cell+development+in+NOD/LtSz-scid+IL2R+gamma+null+mice+engrafted+with+mobilized+human+hemopoietic+stem+cells.">Human lymphoid and myeloid cell development in NOD/LtSz-scid IL2R gamma null mice engrafted with mobilized human hemopoietic stem cells.</a> J. Immunol. 174, 6477-6489 (2005).</li><li>Singh, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+human+brain+tumour+initiating+cells.">Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells.</a> Nature. 432, 396-401 (2004).</li></ol>

Linee cellulari coltivate, xenografti e topi geneticamente modificati sono i metodi più comuni per modellare i gliomi e ci sono benefici e limitazioni distinti per ogni sistemamodello 3,13,14. I benefici rilevanti degli xenografti di glioma ortotopico primario includono la crescita infiltrativa che caratterizza i gliomi diffusi e la ritenzione di alterazioni genetiche e importanti meccanismi di segnalazione che possono essere estremamente difficili da mantenere nelle cellule di glioma coltivate. Ad esempio, <...

I gliomi maligni sono tumori gliali primari del sistema nervoso centrale che si verificano nel cervello e occasionalmente nel midollo spinale. I gliomi sono classificati dall'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS) in base alla somiglianza istologica con astrociti, oligodendrociti o cellule ependimali e quindi classificati numericamente (da I a IV) per caratteristiche patologiche di malignità. I sottotipi istologici più comuni sono astrocitomi, oligodendrogliomi e oligoastrocitomi misti. I gliomi maligni che comprendono i gradi da II a IV dell'OMS sono caratterizzati da crescita invasiva e recalcitranza alle terapie attuali. Ogni anno negli Stati Uniti, a circa 15.750 individui viene diagnosticato un glioma maligno e si stima che 12.740 pazienti soccombano a questa malattia. Queste statistiche evidenziano la natura particolarmente letale dei gliomi maligni e l'importante necessità di una maggiore efficacia terapeutica.
I modelli di cancro sono essenziali per studiare la biologia e le terapie tumorali. Le linee cellulari tumorali umane rappresentano un primo passo importante per le manipolazioni in vitro e gli studi di xenoin vivo (xenografti secondari)1. Tuttavia, le colture standard di cellule tumorali subiscono una trasformazione fenotipico e genotipico2-4 che potrebbe non essere ripristinata negli xenoinnestisecondari 5. Inoltre, alterazioni genetiche come mutazioni dell'isocitrato deidrogenasi(IDH)6, popolazioni distinte di cellule staminali7 e dipendenza dalle principali vie di segnalazione8 possono essere perse nelle colture delle cellule tumorali. I profili genomici possono essere mantenuti in misura migliore nella cultura della sfera tumorale, anche se non riescono ancora a rispecchiare completamente il genotipo dei tumoriprimari 2,3. Il trapianto ortotopico diretto nega le influenze della coltura in vitro, fornisce un microambiente adeguato e preserva l'integrità delle cellule che iniziano il tumore9,10. Pertanto, gli xenoinnesti primari rappresentano un modello preclinico potente e pertinente per testare rigorosamente agenti mirati per aiutare nella progettazione razionale dei futuri studiclinici 5,11,12.

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			Phosphate buffered saline
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Life Technologies
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			14040-133
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			<td style="width:211px;">
			Papain dissociation system
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Worthington Biochemical Corp.
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			LK003150
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:211px;">
			Trypan blue solution 0.4%
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Life Technologies
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			15250061
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			Ketamine HCl
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			Obtained from institutional pharmacy or local veterinary supply company
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			Xylazine HCl
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			Ketoprofen
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			Ophthalmic ointment
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			Povidone-iodine
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			190061617
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			Cryopreservation medium and proliferation supplement
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			StemCell Technologies
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			05751
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			0.2% Heparin sodium salt in PBS
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			StemCell Technologies
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			07980
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			Penicillin-streptomycin
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Life Technologies
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			15140-122
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			Dimethyl sulfoxide
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			Sigma-Aldrich
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			D6250-5X10ML
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			NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid I/2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice
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			The Jackson Laboratory
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			005557
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			NSG mice
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			Anti-human vimentin antibody
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Dako
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			M7020
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			Use 1:200 to 1:800
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			Anti-human IDH1 R132H antibody
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			<td style="width:142px;">
			Dianova
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			DIA-H09
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			Use 1:100 to 1:400
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			Company
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			Comments
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			Centrifuge with swinging bucket rotor
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			Pipetter with dispensing speed control
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			Disposable hemocytometer
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			22-600-100
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			Sterile surgical gloves
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			11-388128
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			Disposable gown
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			18-567
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			Surgical mask
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			19-120-1256
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			Tuberculin syringe
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			BD
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			305620
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			Alcohol pads
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			22-246-073
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			Portable electronic scale
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			01-919-33
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			Zoom stereomicroscope
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			Surgical clipper
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Stoelting
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			51465
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			Scalpel handle
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			10003-12
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			Scalpel blades, #10
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			Stereotaxic instrument
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Stoelting
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			<td style="width:143px;">
			51730
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			<td style="width:97px;">
			
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			<td style="width:210px;">
			High-speed drill
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			<td style="width:140px;">
			Stoelting
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			51449
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">Drill bit, 0.6 mm</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">514552</td>
			<td style="width:97px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Hamilton syringe
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Hamilton
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			80336
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Autoclip, 9 mm
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			BD
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			427630
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Circulating water warming pad
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Kent Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			TP-700
			TP-1215EA
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Hot bead dry sterilizer
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Kent Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			INS300850
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Surgical scissors
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			14101-14
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Fine scissors
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			14094-11
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Spring scissors
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			15018-10
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Dumont forceps
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fine Science Tools
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			11251-30
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Semimicro spatulas
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			14374
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Mouse brain slicer matrix
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Zivic Instruments
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			BSMAS002-1
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:210px;">
			Cryogenic storage vials
			</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">
			Fisher Scientific
			</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">
			12-567-501
			</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">
			
			</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary orthotopic glioma xenografts recapitulate infiltrative growth and isocitrate dehydrogenase i mutation

I gliomi maligni costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di neoplasie gliali altamente infiltrative con caratteristiche cliniche e molecolari distinte. Gli xenoinnesti ortotopici primari ricapitolano le caratteristiche istopatologiche e molecolari dei sottotipi di glioma maligni nei modelli animali preclinici. Per modellare i gliomi maligni di grado III e IV dell'OMS nei test di trapianto, le cellule tumorali umane vengono xenografate in un sito ortotopico, il cervello, di topi immunocompromessi. A differenza degli xenoinnesti secondari che utilizzano cellule tumorali coltivate, le cellule glioma umane vengono dissociate dagli esemplari resected e trapiantate senza passaggio preventivo nella coltura tissutale per generare xenografti primari. La procedura in questo rapporto descrive in dettaglio la preparazione del campione tumorale, il trapianto intracraniale in topi immunocomprosi compromessi, il monitoraggio per l'innesto tumorale e la raccolta del tumore per il successivo passaggio negli animali riceventi o l'analisi. La preparazione delle cellule tumorali richiede 2 ore e la procedura chirurgica richiede 20 min / animale.

Le cellule di glioma dissociate vengono trapiantate direttamente nel cervello di topi immunocompromessi per ottenere linee primarie di xenograft ortotopico. Ad ogni campione tumorale viene assegnato un numero randomizzato prima del trapianto, come parte del processo di deidentificazione per rimuovere le informazioni sanitarie protette. A tale scopo utilizziamo un numero di database REDcap a 5 cifre. La figura 1 illustra il processo e la nomenclatura per stabilire una linea di xenograft da un glioblastoma...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation at JoVE.com

Primary Orthotopic Glioma Xenografts Recapitulate Infiltrative Growth and Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I Mutation

I gliomi maligni costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di neoplasie gliali altamente infiltrative con caratteristiche cliniche e molecolari distinte. Gli xenoinnesti ortotopici primari ricapitolano le caratteristiche istopatologiche e molecolari dei sottotipi di glioma maligni nei modelli animali preclinici.

Gli xenoinnesti glioma ortotopici primari ricapitolano la crescita infiltrativa e la mutazione isocitrato deidrogenasi I

Malignant gliomas constitute a heterogeneous group of highly infiltrative glial neoplasms with distinct clinical and molecular features. Primary ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Un modello ortotopico di cancro alla vescica Murine

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Orthotopic Small Bowel Transplantation in Rats

Ortotopico di intestino tenue di ratti

Small  bowel transplantation has become an accepted clinical option for patients with  short gut syndrome and failure of parenteral nutrition ...

Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Rats

Trapianto di fegato in ratti

Clinical progress in the field of liver transplantation has been largely supported by animal models1,2. Since the publication of the first orthotopic rat ...

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

Imaging Glioma Iniziazione<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Attraverso un lucido e sottile rinforzato cranio finestra craniale

Glioma is the one of the most lethal forms of human cancer. The most effective glioma therapy to date-surgery followed by radiation treatment-offers ...

Fetal Echocardiography and Pulsed-wave Doppler Ultrasound in a Rabbit Model of Intrauterine Growth Restriction

L&#39;ecocardiografia fetale e Pulsed-Doppler ad ultrasuoni in un modello di coniglio di ritardo di crescita intrauterino

Fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) results in abnormal cardiac function that is apparent antenatally due to advances in fetoplacental Doppler ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Bioluminescente modello ortotopico di cancro al pancreas Progressione

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

Generazione di sottocutaneo e intraepatica umane carcinoma epatocellulare xenotrapianti in topi immunodeficienti

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Mini-Invasiva Istituzione di murini ortotopico vescica Xenotrapianti

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

Iniezione ortotopico di cellule di carcinoma mammario nel mammaria Fat Pad di Mice per studiare la crescita del tumore.

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors

Creazione anatomicamente accurati e riproducibili intracranica xenotrapianti di tumori cerebrali umani

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live ...