Name: use of phluorin to assess the dynamics of axon guidance receptors in cell culture and in the chick embryo
Uploaded: 2014-01-12T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

We danken Homaira Nawabi, Frederic Moret en Isabelle Sanyas voor hun hulp. Dit werk wordt ondersteund door CNRS, Association Francaise contre les Myopathies (AFM), ANR YADDLE, Labex DevWeCan, Labex Cortex, ERC YODA to V.C.; C.D-B en A.J worden ondersteund door respectievelijk een La Ligue contre le cancer en Labex DevWeCan fellowships.

1. Kloonstrategie om PlexinA1-receptor te taggen met pHluorine
<ol><li>Kies een geschikte expressievector als ruggengraat(bijv. de muisreceptorplexineA1 die vector uitdrukt, een soort geschenk van Dr. Andreas Puschel11). Opmerking: Deze plexinA1-vector is ontworpen om een efficiënte HA- of VSV-gelabelde receptorinvoeging in het plasmamembraan te bereiken.</li>
	<li>Versterken door PCR de ecliptica pHluorin coderingssequentie met behulp van de adequate plasmide als sjabloon(bijv. pHluori...

<ol>
	<li>Winckler, B., Mellman, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trafficking+guidance+receptors.">Trafficking guidance receptors.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 2, (2010).</li><li>Jacob, T. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> J. Neurosci. 25, 10469-10478 (2005).</li><li>Nawabi, H., Castellani, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+commissures+in+the+central+nervous+system:+how+to+cross+the+midline.">Axonal commissures in the central nervous system: how to cross the midline.</a> Cell Mol. Life Sci. 68, 2539-2553 (2011).</li><li>Keleman, K., Ribeiro, C., Dickson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comm+function+in+commissural+axon+guidance:+cell-autonomous+sorting+of+Robo+in+vivo.">Comm function in commissural axon guidance: cell-autonomous sorting of Robo in vivo.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8, 156-163 (2005).</li><li>Nawabi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+midline+switch+of+receptor+processing+regulates+commissural+axon+guidance+in+vertebrates.">A midline switch of receptor processing regulates commissural axon guidance in vertebrates.</a> Genes Dev. 24, 396-410 (2010).</li><li>Miesenbock, G., De Angelis, D. A., Rothman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+secretion+and+synaptic+transmission+with+pH-sensitive+green+fluorescent+proteins.">Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins.</a> Nature. 394, 192-195 (1998).</li><li>Miesenbock, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synapto-pHluorins:+genetically+encoded+reporters+of+synaptic+transmission.">Synapto-pHluorins: genetically encoded reporters of synaptic transmission.</a> Cold Spring Harb. Protoc.. 2012, 213-217 (2012).</li><li>Avraham, O., Zisman, S., Hadas, Y., Vald, L., Klar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deciphering+axonal+pathways+of+genetically+defined+groups+of+neurons+in+the+chick+neural+tube+utilizing+in+ovo+electroporation.">Deciphering axonal pathways of genetically defined groups of neurons in the chick neural tube utilizing in ovo electroporation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (39), 1792-17 (2010).</li><li>Blank, M. C., Chizhikov, V., Millen, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+ovo+electroporations+of+HH+stage+10+chicken+embryos.">In ovo electroporations of HH stage 10 chicken embryos.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (9), (2007).</li><li>Wilson, N. H., Stoeckli, E. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+ovo+electroporation+of+miRNA-based+plasmids+in+the+developing+neural+tube+and+assessment+of+phenotypes+by+DiI+injection+in+open-book+preparations.">In ovo electroporation of miRNA-based plasmids in the developing neural tube and assessment of phenotypes by DiI injection in open-book preparations.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (68), (2012).</li><li>Rohm, B., Ottemeyer, A., Lohrum, M., Puschel, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plexin/neuropilin+complexes+mediate+repulsion+by+the+axonal+guidance+signal+semaphorin+3A.">Plexin/neuropilin complexes mediate repulsion by the axonal guidance signal semaphorin 3A.</a> Mech. Dev. 93, 95-104 (2000).</li><li>Hamburger, V., Hamilton, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+series+of+normal+stages+in+the+development+of+the+chick+embryo.+1951.">A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. 1951.</a> Dev. Dyn.. 195, 231-272 (1992).</li><li>Korn, M. J., Cramer, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Windowing+chicken+eggs+for+developmental+studies.">Windowing chicken eggs for developmental studies.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (8), (2007).</li><li>Alberts, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cdc42+and+actin+control+polarized+expression+of+TI-VAMP+vesicles+to+neuronal+growth+cones+and+their+fusion+with+the+plasma+membrane.">Cdc42 and actin control polarized expression of TI-VAMP vesicles to neuronal growth cones and their fusion with the plasma membrane.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 17, 1194-1203 (2006).</li><li>Perret, E., Lakkaraju, A., Deborde, S., Schreiner, R., Rodriguez-Boulan, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolving+endosomes:+how+many+varieties+and+why.">Evolving endosomes: how many varieties and why.</a> Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 17, 423-434 (2005).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+pHluorin-tagged+receptor+insertion+to+the+plasma+membrane+in+primary+cultured+mouse+neurons.">Imaging pHluorin-tagged receptor insertion to the plasma membrane in primary cultured mouse neurons.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (69), (2012).</li><li>Tojima, T., Itofusa, R., Kamiguchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Asymmetric+clathrin-mediated+endocytosis+drives+repulsive+growth+cone+guidance.">Asymmetric clathrin-mediated endocytosis drives repulsive growth cone guidance.</a> Neuron. 66, 370-377 (2010).</li><li>Matsui, A., Yoshida, A. C., Kubota, M., Ogawa, M., Shimogori, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+in+utero+electroporation:+controlled+spatiotemporal+gene+transfection.">Mouse in utero electroporation: controlled spatiotemporal gene transfection.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (54), 3024-30 (2011).</li><li>Falk, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroporation+of+cDNA/Morpholinos+to+targeted+areas+of+embryonic+CNS+in+Xenopus.">Electroporation of cDNA/Morpholinos to targeted areas of embryonic CNS in Xenopus.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 7 (107), (2007).</li><li>Holzhausen, L. C., Lewis, A. A., Cheong, K. K., Brockerhoff, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+for+synaptojanin+1+in+rod+and+cone+photoreceptors.">Differential role for synaptojanin 1 in rod and cone photoreceptors.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 517, 633-644 (2009).</li><li>Shang, Y., Claridge-Chang, A., Sjulson, L., Pypaert, M., Miesenbock, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Excitatory+local+circuits+and+their+implications+for+olfactory+processing+in+the+fly+antennal+lobe.">Excitatory local circuits and their implications for olfactory processing in the fly antennal lobe.</a> Cell. 128, 601-612 (2007).</li><li>Dittman, J. S., Kaplan, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+regulating+the+abundance+and+localization+of+synaptobrevin+in+the+plasma+membrane.">Factors regulating the abundance and localization of synaptobrevin in the plasma membrane.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 11399-11404 (2006).</li><li>Bozza, T., McGann, J. P., Mombaerts, P., Wachowiak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+neuronal+activity+by+targeted+expression+of+a+genetically+encoded+probe+in+the+mouse.">In vivo imaging of neuronal activity by targeted expression of a genetically encoded probe in the mouse.</a> Neuron. 42, 9-21 (2004).</li><li>Sankaranarayanan, S., Ryan, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+measurements+of+vesicle-SNARE+recycling+in+synapses+of+the+central+nervous+system.">Real-time measurements of vesicle-SNARE recycling in synapses of the central nervous system.</a> Nat. Cell. Biol. 2, 197-204 (2000).</li><li>Stark, D. A., Kasemeier-Kulesa, J. C., Kulesa, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoactivation+cell+labeling+for+cell+tracing+in+avian+development.">Photoactivation cell labeling for cell tracing in avian development.</a> CSH Protoc.. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Hildick, K. L., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, I. M., Jaskolski, F., Henley, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+diffusion+and+exocytosis+of+membrane+proteins+in+cultured+neurons+assessed+using+fluorescence+recovery+and+fluorescence-loss+photobleaching.">Lateral diffusion and exocytosis of membrane proteins in cultured neurons assessed using fluorescence recovery and fluorescence-loss photobleaching.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (60), (2012).</li><li>Hanson, G. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Green+fluorescent+protein+variants+as+ratiometric+dual+emission+pH+sensors.+1.+Structural+characterization+and+preliminary+application.">Green fluorescent protein variants as ratiometric dual emission pH sensors. 1. Structural characterization and preliminary application.</a> Biochemistry. 41, 15477-15488 (2002).</li><li>Rose, T., Schoenenberger, P., Jezek, K., Oertner, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+refinement+of+vesicle+cycling+at+schaffer+collateral+synapses.">Developmental refinement of vesicle cycling at schaffer collateral synapses.</a> Neuron. 77, 1109-1121 (2013).</li><li>Li, Y., Tsien, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pHTomato,+a+red,+genetically+encoded+indicator+that+enables+multiplex+interrogation+of+synaptic+activity.">pHTomato, a red, genetically encoded indicator that enables multiplex interrogation of synaptic activity.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 15, 1047-1053 (2012).</li><li>de Wit, J., Toonen, R. F., Verhage, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix-dependent+local+retention+of+secretory+vesicle+cargo+in+cortical+neurons.">Matrix-dependent local retention of secretory vesicle cargo in cortical neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 23-37 (2009).</li></ol>

Dit protocol biedt een stapsgewijze procedure om de dynamiek van een axongeleidingsreceptor te volgen, zowel in celkweek als in de ontwikkelingscontext van het ruggenmerg van het kuikenembryo.
Om een de novo pHluorine gelabeld eiwit te ontwerpen, moeten twee punten worden overwogen met betrekking tot de kloonstrategie. Ten eerste moet de pHluorine-tag worden blootgesteld aan het lumen van de zure endosomen en bijgevolg aan het extracellulaire compartiment om de plasmamembraanreceptorp...

Tijdens hun navigatie integreren axonen meerdere omgevingssignalen die hen naar hun doel leiden. Deze signalen activeren geleidingsreceptoren aan het oppervlak van axonterminals, de groeikegels, die op hun beurt een geschikte signaleringsroute initiëren. De temporele en ruimtelijke regulatie van de celoppervlakverdeling van de receptoren is dus van cruciaal belang om de gevoeligheid van de groeikegel in te stellen1. In deze context is midline crossing door commissural axons een uitstekend model om de regulering van receptorceloppervlakniveaus te onderzoeken. In het zich ontwikkelende ruggenmerg worden commissural axonen in eerste instantie aangetrokken naar de ventrale vloerplaat waar ze de middellijn oversteken. Na het oversteken verliezen ze hun reactievermogen op de vloerplaattrekkers en krijgen ze reactie op vloerplaatafstotende middelen, zodat ze de vloerplaat kunnen verlaten en naar hun eindbestemming kunnen navigeren in de contralaterale kant van het zenuwstelsel2,3. Regulering van de beschikbaarheid van receptoren aan het groeikegeloppervlak is een van de mechanismen die ten grondslag liggen aan de omschakeling van responsiviteit naar middellijnsignalen4,5. Selectieve monitoring van de receptoren die aanwezig zijn op het plasmamembraan van groeikegels is dus van het grootste belang. We beschrijven hier een methode gebaseerd op de pH-afhankelijke fluorescentie-eigenschap van een groene fluorescerende eiwit (GFP) variant om specifiek de axongeleidingsreceptoren te visualiseren die in vitro en in vivozijn gericht op het plasmamembraan , in het zich ontwikkelende kuikenmerg.
Rothman en collega's ontworpen door puntmutaties pH-gevoelige varianten van GFP met inbegrip van de ecliptica pHluorine6. Ecliptica pHluorine heeft de eigenschap nietfluorescent te zijn bij blootstelling aan zure pH (<6), terwijl het fluorescerend is bij een neutrale pH. Hierdoor kunnen niet-fluorescerende receptoren die gelokaliseerd zijn in intracellulaire zure compartimenten(d.w.z. endosomen, blaasjes) worden onderscheiden van fluorescerende receptoren die in het plasmamembraan zijn opgenomen en dus worden blootgesteld aan de extracellulaire neutrale pH7. We hebben hiervan gebruik gemaakt om de plasmamembraanlokalisatie van plexineA1 te controleren, een axongeleidingsreceptor die de reactie van de groeikegel op de middellijnafstotende semaphorine 3B5 (figuur 1A)bemiddelt. We beschrijven hier de in vitro karakterisering van een pHluorine-plexineA1 constructie, samen met in ovo elektroporatie8-10 van deze constructie in het zich ontwikkelende kuiken ruggenmerg gevolgd door de microscopische analyse van cryosecties die het mogelijk maken om de axongeleidingsreceptordynamiek in vivo te volgen met zowel ruimtelijke als temporele resoluties.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1007">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">COS7 cells</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CRL-1651</td>
			<td style="width:379px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">DMEM GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">61965-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">11360-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Amphotericin B</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">A2942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:264px;">Exgen500 reagent</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Euromedex Fermentas</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">ET0250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">PBS -Ca2+ -Mg2+</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">GIBCO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">14190-094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Fast green dye</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">F7252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:264px;">32% Paraformaldehyde aqueous solution</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">15714-S</td>
			<td>Dilute extemporaneously in PBS to achieve a 4% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Gelatin from cold water fish skin</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">G7041</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">S0389</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Cryomount</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Histolab</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">00890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Hoechst 34580</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">H21486</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Mowiol 4-88</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">81381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1008px;">Consumables</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Bottom-glass 35 mm dish</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MatTek</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">P35G-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">5 ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">SS-05S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Needles 0.9 mm x 25 mm</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">NN-2025R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CML</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PP230PO</td>
			<td>capillaries are stretched manually in the flame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Superfrost Plus Slides</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>4951PLUS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1008px;">Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Curved scissors</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">129-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Microscalpel</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">10316-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Dumont #5 REF#11254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:1008px;">Equipment/software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Time lapse microscope</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Observer 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:264px;">Temp module S</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PECON for Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">CO2 module S</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">PECON for Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Metamorph software</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Metamorph</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:264px;">Eggs incubator</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sanyo</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">MIR154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Electroporator apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Nepa Gene CO., LTD</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CUY21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Nepa Gene CO., LTD</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CUY611P7-4</td>
			<td>4 mm platinum electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Fluorescence stereomicroscope</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">LEICA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">MZ10F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Cryostat</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">MICROM</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">HM550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">FV1000, X81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:264px;">Fluoview software</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CLC Main Workbench software</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">CLC Bio</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of phluorin to assess the dynamics of axon guidance receptors in cell culture and in the chick embryo

Tijdens de ontwikkeling spelen axongeleidingsreceptoren een cruciale rol bij het reguleren van axongevoeligheid voor zowel aantrekkelijke als afstotende signalen. Inderdaad, activering van de geleidingsreceptoren is de eerste stap van de signaleringsmechanismen waardoor axonpunten, de groeikegels, kunnen reageren op de liganden. Als zodanig is de modulatie van hun beschikbaarheid aan het celoppervlak een van de mechanismen die deelnemen aan het instellen van de gevoeligheid van de groeikegel. We beschrijven hier een methode om de spatio-temporale celoppervlakdynamiek van een axongeleidingsreceptor zowel in vitro als in vivo in het zich ontwikkelende kuikenmerg precies te visualiseren. We hebben gebruik gemaakt van de pH-afhankelijke fluorescentie-eigenschap van een groene fluorescerende eiwit (GFP) variant om specifiek de fractie van de axongeleidingsreceptor te detecteren die is gericht op het plasmamembraan. We beschrijven eerst de in vitro validatie van dergelijke pH-afhankelijke constructies en we beschrijven verder het gebruik ervan in vivo, in het kuiken ruggenmergakkoord, om de spatio-temporele dynamiek van de axongeleidingsreceptor van belang te beoordelen.

<img alt="Figure 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50883/50883fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50883/50883fig1.jpg"> Figuur 1. A. Schema van de pHluorine-plexineA1 fluorescentie-eigenschappen in een cellulaire context. PHluorine is nietfluorescent in intracellulaire compartimenten waar de pH zuur is (<6), zoals bij het verhandelen van vesicules of in endosomen en fluorescerend is wanneer het wordt blootgesteld aan het extr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo at JoVE.com

Use of pHluorin to Assess the Dynamics of Axon Guidance Receptors in Cell Culture and in the Chick Embryo

We beschrijven hier het gebruik van een pH-gevoelige groene fluorescerende eiwitvariant, pHluorine, om de spatio-temporele dynamiek van axongeleidingsreceptoren aan het celoppervlak te bestuderen. De pHluorine-gelabelde receptor wordt zowel in celkweek als in vivouitgedrukt met behulp van elektroporatie van het kuikenembryo.

Gebruik van pHluorine om de dynamiek van Axon Guidance Receptoren in celcultuur en in het kuikenembryo te beoordelen

During development, axon guidance receptors play a crucial role in regulating axons sensitivity to both attractive and repulsive cues. Indeed, activation ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Visualisatie van proprioceptoren in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larven en poppen

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Imaging pHluorin-tagged Receptor Insertion to the Plasma Membrane in Primary Cultured Mouse Neurons

Imaging pHluorin-tagged Receptor invoegen in op het plasmamembraan in primaire gekweekte muis neuronen

A better understanding of the mechanisms governing receptor trafficking between the plasma membrane (PM) and intracellular compartments requires an ...

Electroporation of the Hindbrain to Trace Axonal Trajectories and Synaptic Targets in the Chick Embryo

Elektroporatie van de hindbrain om Axonale Trajectories en Synaptic Doelen Trace in de Chick Embryo

Electroporation of  the chick embryonic neural tube has many advantages such as being quick and efficient  for the expression of foreign genes into ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Inducerende Plasticiteit van astrocyten receptoren door Manipulatie van neuronale tarieven

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Whole-mount Imaging of Mouse Embryo Sensory Axon Projections

Whole-mount Imaging van Muis Embryo Sensory Axon Projecties

The visualization of full-length neuronal projections in embryos is essential to gain an understanding of how mammalian neuronal networks develop. Here we ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Imaging Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Dynamiek in Cone fotoreceptorcellen Axon Terminals van de Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis

Gebruik makend van gecombineerde methoden om de rol van de plasmamembraan Delivery Tijdens Axon vertakking en neuronale Morphogenesis Definieer

During neural development, growing axons extend to multiple synaptic partners by elaborating axonal branches. Axon branching is promoted by extracellular ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Het gebruik van Trace Eyeblink klassieke conditionering te beoordelen Hippocampal dysfunctie in een Rat Model van Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

Ballistische etikettering van piramidale neuronen in hersenschijfjes en in de primaire celcultuur

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...