Name: in situ tem of biological assemblies in liquid
Uploaded: 2013-12-30T20:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid at JoVE.com

Forfatterne anerkender Dr. Michael J. Friedlander, direktør for Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute for at fremme vores forskning bestræbelser. Dette projekt blev støttet af udviklingsmidler til S.M.M og D.F.K. og dels af Nano-Bio-initiativet fra Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science på Virginia Tech.

1. Forbered affinitetsregistreringsenheder16
<ol><li>Siliciumnitrid E-chips renses ved at inkubere dem i 15 ml acetone i 2 minutter efterfulgt af 15 ml methanol i 2 min. Lad spånerne tørre under laminar luftstrømmen.</li>
	<li>De tørrede spåner inkuberes på en opvarmet omrøringsplade (uden omrøring) i 1,5 timer ved 150 °C, hvorefter de afkøles til stuetemperatur før brug.</li>
	<li>Brug Hamilton sprøjter til at komponere lipid blandinger i små g...

<ol>
	<li>Zhou, Z. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+atomic+resolution+structural+determination+by+single-particle+cryo-electron+microscopy.">Towards atomic resolution structural determination by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.</a> Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 18, 218-228 (2008).</li><li>Wolf, M., Garcea, R. L., Grigorieff, N., Harrison, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subunit+interactions+in+bovine+papillomavirus.">Subunit interactions in bovine papillomavirus.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 6298-6303 (2010).</li><li>Dubochet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryo-electron+microscopy+of+vitrified+specimens.">Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens.</a> Q. Rev. Biophys. 21, 129-228 (1988).</li><li>Unwin, P. N., Henderson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+structure+determination+by+electron+microscopy+of+unstained+crystalline+specimens.">Molecular structure determination by electron microscopy of unstained crystalline specimens.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 94, 425-440 (1975).</li><li>Ohi, M., Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Walz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Negative Staining and Image Classification - Powerful Tools in Modern Electron Microscopy. Biol. Proced. Online. 6, 23-34 (2004).</li><li>Adrian, M., Dubochet, J., Fuller, S. D., Harris, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryo-negative+staining.">Cryo-negative staining.</a> Micron. 29, 145-160 (1998).</li><li>Parsons, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+of+wet+specimens+in+electron+microscopy.+Improved+environmental+chambers+make+it+possible+to+examine+wet+specimens+easily.">Structure of wet specimens in electron microscopy. Improved environmental chambers make it possible to examine wet specimens easily.</a> Science. 186, 407-414 (1974).</li><li>Parsons, D. F., Matricardi, V. R., Moretz, R. C., Turner, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+microscopy+and+diffraction+of+wet+unstained+and+unfixed+biological+objects.">Electron microscopy and diffraction of wet unstained and unfixed biological objects.</a> Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. 15, 161-270 (1974).</li><li>Hui, S. W., Parsons, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+diffraction+of+wet+biological+membranes.">Electron diffraction of wet biological membranes.</a> Science. 184, 77-78 (1974).</li><li>Hui, S. W., Parsons, D. F., Cowden, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+diffraction+of+wet+phospholipid+bilayers.">Electron diffraction of wet phospholipid bilayers.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 5068-5072 (1974).</li><li>Ring, E. A., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+system+for+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Microfluidic system for transmission electron microscopy.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 16, 622-629 (2010).</li><li>Dukes, M. J., Ramachandra, R., Baudoin, J. P., Gray Jerome, W., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+locations+of+gold-labeled+proteins+in+a+whole+mount+eukaryotic+cell+obtained+with+3nm+precision+using+aberration-corrected+scanning+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Three-dimensional locations of gold-labeled proteins in a whole mount eukaryotic cell obtained with 3nm precision using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 174, 552-562 (2011).</li><li>Yuk, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+EM+of+colloidal+nanocrystal+growth+using+graphene+liquid+cells.">High-resolution EM of colloidal nanocrystal growth using graphene liquid cells.</a> Science. 336, 61-64 (2012).</li><li>Peckys, D. B., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+gold+nanoparticle+uptake+in+live+cells+with+liquid+scanning+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Visualizing gold nanoparticle uptake in live cells with liquid scanning transmission electron microscopy.</a> Nano Lett. 11, 1733-1738 (2011).</li><li>Klein, K. L., Anderson, I. M., de Jonge, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transmission+electron+microscopy+with+a+liquid+flow+cell.">Transmission electron microscopy with a liquid flow cell.</a> J. Microsc. 242, 117-123 (2011).</li><li>Degen, K., Dukes, M., Tanner, J. R., Kelly, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+affinity+capture+devices-a+nanoscale+purification+platform+for+biological+in+situ+transmission+electron+microscopy.">The development of affinity capture devices-a nanoscale purification platform for biological in situ transmission electron microscopy.</a> Rsc. Adv. 2, 2408-2412 (2012).</li><li>Gilmore, B. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+viral+assemblies+in+a+nanoscale+biosphere.">Visualizing viral assemblies in a nanoscale biosphere.</a> Lab Chip. 13, 216-219 (2013).</li><li>Bican, P., Cohen, J., Charpilienne, A., Scherrer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+bovine+rotavirus+cores.">Purification and characterization of bovine rotavirus cores.</a> J. Virol. 43, 1113-1117 (1982).</li><li>Frank, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SPIDER+and+WEB:+processing+and+visualization+of+images+in+3D+electron+microscopy+and+related+fields.">SPIDER and WEB: processing and visualization of images in 3D electron microscopy and related fields.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 116, 190-199 (1996).</li><li>Zhang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-atomic+resolution+using+electron+cryomicroscopy+and+single-particle+reconstruction.">Near-atomic resolution using electron cryomicroscopy and single-particle reconstruction.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 1867-1872 (2008).</li><li>Scheres, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Bayesian+view+on+cryo-EM+structure+determination.">A Bayesian view on cryo-EM structure determination.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 415, 406-418 (2012).</li><li>Kelly, D. F., Abeyrathne, P. D., Dukovski, D., Walz, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Affinity+Grid:+a+pre-fabricated+EM+grid+for+monolayer+purification.">The Affinity Grid: a pre-fabricated EM grid for monolayer purification.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 382, 423-433 (2008).</li></ol>

I vores præsenterede arbejde anvendte vi affinitetsfangstmetoden til at binde rotavirus-DLL'er til en mikrofluidisk platform. Dette gjorde det muligt at in situ billeddannelse af makromolekylære komplekser i et flydende mikromiljø. Fangstmetoden er vigtig med hensyn til andre mikrofluidiske billeddannelsesteknikker, fordi den lokaliserer biologiske prøver til billedvinduet for at ophæve store diffusive problemer, der opstår, mens du optager billeder i væske. Men et af de mest kritis...

Et fælles mål for biologer og ingeniører er at forstå de indre funktioner af molekylære maskiner. Transmission Electron Mikroskoper (TEMs) er ideelle instrumenter til at visualisere disse indviklede detaljer på nær-atomare opløsning1-2. For at opretholde et TEM's høje vakuumsystem er biologiske prøver typisk indlejret i tynde film af glasagtig is3, sukker4, tungmetalsalte5eller en kombinationheraf 6. Som følge heraf kan billeder af indlejrede prøver kun afsløre begrænsede snapshots af dynamiske processer.
Tidlige forsøg på at opretholde biologiske prøver hydreret i miljømæssige flydende kamre blev udført af Parsons og kolleger ved hjælp af differentialpumpestadier. Elektron diffraktion mønstre af uhæmmet katalase krystaller blev med succes registreret til en opløsning på 3 Å i en hydreret tilstand7-8. Derudover kunne faseseparerede lipiddomæner undersøges i hydrerede membraner af menneskelige erythrocytter9-10. Men bevægelse forårsaget af spredende væske og dens interferens med elektronstrålen, resulterede i alvorlige opløsning tab og yderligere forsøg med biologiske prøver blev ikke forsøgt indtil for nylig.
Nyudviklede mikrofluidiske prøveholdere er blevet introduceret, der bruger halvledermikrochips til at danne et mikroskaleret miljøkammer. Disse anordninger kan opretholde prøver i væske, mens de er placeret i en TEMkolonne 11-12. Dette tekniske gennembrud i TEM-billeddannelse har gjort det muligt for forskere for første gang at se progressive begivenheder på molekylært niveau13. Vi henviser til denne nye modalitet som"in situ molekylær mikroskopi", som eksperimenter nu kan udføres "inde" EM kolonne14-15. Det overordnede mål med denne metode er at billedet biologiske forsamlinger i væske for at observere deres dynamiske adfærd ved nanometer opløsning. Rationalet bag den udviklede teknik er at registrere realtidsobservationer og undersøge nye egenskaber ved biologiske maskiner i opløsning. Denne metode udvider brugen af TEMs til bredere formål inden for cellulær og molekylær biologi12-16.
I den aktuelle videoartikel præsenterer vi en omfattende protokol til at samle og bruge en kommercielt tilgængelig mikrofluidisk prøveholder. Disse specialiserede holdere bruger siliciumnitridmikrochips produceret med integrerede afstandsstykke til at danne et flydende kammer, der omslutter små mængder opløsning. Tynde, gennemsigtige vinduer ætses ind i mikrochips tilbilledbehandlingsformål 12. Vi demonstrerer korrekt brug af en mikrofluidisk holder til at undersøge simian rotavirus dobbeltlagspartikler (DDLP'er) i væske ved hjælp af en TEM. For at sikre, at biologiske samlinger, såsom DDLP'er, ikke hurtigt spredes over store afstande, mens vi billeddannelse, anvender vi Affinity Capture-tilgangen til at binde dem til overfladen af det mikrofluidiske kammer16. Dette molekylære indfangningstrin har en stor fordel i forhold til alternative teknikker til billeddannelse af biologiske prøver i væske, fordi det giver mulighed for erhvervelse af billeder, der vil blive brugt til downstream-behandlingsrutiner. Dette indfangningstrin, der bruges sammen med mikrofluidisk billeddannelse, er unikt for vores procedurer17. Læsere, der anvender strukturelle biologiapplikationer ved hjælp af TEM eller mikrofluidiske billeddannelseskamre, kan overveje brugen af affinitetsfangeteknikker, når dynamiske observationer på molekylært niveau er det endelige mål.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="832">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:237px;">E-chips, spacer chip</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protochips, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">EPB-52TBD</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">400 &#956;m x 50 &#956;m window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:237px;">E-chip, top chip</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protochips, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">EPT-45W</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">400 &#956;m x 50 &#956;m window</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Ni-NTA lipid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">790404P</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Powder form</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">DLPC (12:0) lipid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">850335P</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Powder form</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Volumetric flasks&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">20-812A; 20-812C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 ml; 5 ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Hamilton Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hamilton Co.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">80300, 80400</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1-10 &#956;l; 1-25 &#956;l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Whatman #1 filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">1001 090</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 pieces, 90 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Glass Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Corning&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">70165-101</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 mm x 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Glass Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">14673-010</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">14673-010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Glass culture tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">47729-566</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">6 mm x 50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">&#160;A11-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">&#160;A412-1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">Chloroform&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Electron Microcopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">12550</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">100 ml&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">His-tagged Protein A</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Abcam, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">ab52953</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">10 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">Milli-Q water system</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">EMD Millipore Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Z00QSV001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ultrapure Water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="30">
			<td height="30" style="height:31px;width:237px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">BP310-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">Equipment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">Poseidon In situ specimen holder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Protochips, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;FEI compatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">FEI Spirit BioTwin TEM</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FEI Co.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>120 kV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:237px;">Eagle 2k HS CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FEI Co.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>10&#160;&#197;/pixel sampling at 30,000X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:237px;">Gatan 655 Dry pump station</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gatan, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>Pump holder tip to 10-6&#160;range</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:237px;">PELCO easiGlow, glow discharge unit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>&#160;Negative polarity mode</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:237px;">Isotemp heated stir plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td>Heat to 150 &#186;C for 1.5 hr</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ tem of biological assemblies in liquid

Forskere bruger regelmæssigt Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) til at undersøge biologiske enheder og til at vurdere nye materialer. Her beskriver vi en ekstra applikation til disse instrumenter - visning af virale samlinger i et flydende miljø. Denne spændende og nye metode til visualisering af biologiske strukturer anvender en nyligt udviklet mikrofluidisk-baseret prøveholder. Vores videoartikel viser, hvordan man samler og bruger en mikrofluidisk holder til at afbilde flydende prøver inden for en TEM. Vi bruger især simian rotavirus dobbeltlagspartikler (DDP'er) som vores modelsystem. Vi beskriver også trin til at belægge overfladen af det flydende kammer med affinitetsbiofilm, der bindes DDLP'er til visningsvinduet. Dette giver os mulighed for at billedsamlinger på en måde, der er egnet til bestemmelse af 3D-struktur. Således præsenterer vi et første glimt af subvirale partikler i et indfødt flydende miljø.

Repræsentative billeder af DDLP'er i væske ved hjælp af E-chips, der blev glødeafladet (Figur 3A), viser færre DDLP'er i et givet visningsområde, formentlig på grund af diffusion, sammenlignet med DDLP'er, der er beriget på Affinity Capture-enheder (Figur 3B). Tilsætningen af uranylformat i billedkammeret øger prøveemnets kontrast og dermed synligheden af individuelle DDLP'er i opløsning (Figur 3C, øverste panel). Bedre kontrast giver mulighed for downstream...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid at JoVE.com

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

På stedet TEM af biologiske samlinger i væske

Her beskriver vi en procedure for at billedet virale komplekser i væske ved nanometer opløsning ved hjælp af en transmission elektron mikroskop.

Researchers regularly use Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEMs) to examine biological entities and to assess new materials. Here, we describe an ...

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Bioengineering

In situ TEM of Biological Assemblies in Liquid

Fluorescent Nanoparticles for the Measurement of Ion Concentration in Biological Systems

Tightly regulated ion homeostasis throughout the body is necessary for the prevention of such debilitating states as dehydration.1 In contrast, rapid ion ...

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Optical imaging and fluorescent probes have significantly advanced research methodology in the field of cardiac electrophysiology in ways that could not ...

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The mouse heart is a popular model for cardiovascular studies due to the existence of low cost technology for genetic engineering in this species. ...

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Cellular Lipid Ekstraktion for målrettet stabile isotoper Fortynding Liquid Chromatography-massespektrometri Analyse

The metabolism of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA), results in the formation of oxidized bioactive lipids, including ...

Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism

Kvantificering af Global diastolisk funktion ved Kinematisk Modeling-baseret analyse af Transmitral Flow via parametriserede diastolisk Filling Formalisme

Quantitative cardiac function assessment remains a challenge for physiologists and clinicians.&#160;Although historically invasive methods have comprised ...

Generation of Scalable, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio Nanocomposites in a Biological Liquid Medium

Generation af skalerbare, Metallic High-Aspect Ratio nanokompositter i en biologisk Liquid Medium

The goal of this protocol is to describe the synthesis of two novel biocomposites with high-aspect ratio structures. The biocomposites consist of copper ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

In Situ Kortlægning af de mekaniske egenskaber af biofilm fra Particle-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

Alternating Magnetic Field-Responsive Hybrid Gelatin Microgels for Controlled Drug Release

Vekslende magnetfelt-Responsive Hybrid Gelatine Mikrogeler for Controlled Drug frigivelse

Magnetically-responsive nano/micro-engineered biomaterials that enable a tightly controlled, on-demand drug delivery have been developed as new types of ...

A Novel Technique for Generating and Observing Chemiluminescence in a Biological Setting

En ny teknik til generering og Observing Kemiluminescens i en biologisk indstilling

Intraoperative imaging techniques have the potential to make surgical interventions safer and more effective; for these reasons, such techniques are ...

Automated Robotic Liquid Handling Assembly of Modular DNA Devices

Automatiseret robot flydende håndtering forsamling af modulære DNA enheder

Recent advances in modular DNA assembly techniques have enabled synthetic biologists to test significantly more of the available &#34;design space&#34; ...