Name: a novel procedure for evaluating the reinforcing properties of tastants in laboratory rats: operant intraoral self-administration
Uploaded: 2014-02-06T13:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration at JoVE.com

这些研究是由赠款从加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会（NSERC）为FL和加拿大研究生奖学金（CGSD）由NSERC到AM.L.支持

1。动物护理及房屋所有的实验都是由圭尔夫大学动物护理委员会批准，并按照加拿大理事会关于动物保护的建议进行的。目前的研究中包括22个成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠（Charles River，QC）称重200-225克在实验的开始。 <ol><li>单家老鼠和维护它们在反向光/暗周期（上午7时关闭 - 下午7:00开）与自由采食获得食物和水除另有指明外，或在此期间，在活动周期发生行为测试。 </li><li...

<ol>
	<li>Avena, N. M., Bocarsly, M. E., Hoebel, B. G., Gold, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overlaps+in+the+nosology+of+substance+abuse+and+overeating:+the+translational+implications+of+&amp;#34;food+addiction&amp;#34.">Overlaps in the nosology of substance abuse and overeating: the translational implications of &amp;#34;food addiction&amp;#34.</a> Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4 (3), 133-139 (2011).</li><li>Ifland, J. R., Preuss, H. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refined+food+addiction:+a+classic+substance+use+disorder.">Refined food addiction: a classic substance use disorder.</a> Med. Hyp. 72, 518-526 (2009).</li><li>Volkow, N., Wise, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+can+drug+addiction+help+us+understand+obesity.">How can drug addiction help us understand obesity.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 8 (5), 555-560 (2005).</li><li>Gearhardt, A. N., Davis, C., Kuschner, R., Brownell, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+addiction+potential+of+hyperpalatable+foods.">The addiction potential of hyperpalatable foods.</a> Curr. Drug Abuse Rev. 4 (3), 140-145 (2011).</li><li>Gearhardt, A. N., Yokum, S., Orr, P. T., Stice, E., Corbin, W. R., Brownell, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+correlates+of+food+addiction.">Neural correlates of food addiction.</a> Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 68 (8), 808-816 (2011).</li><li>Volkow, N. D., Wang, G., Fowler, J. S., Telang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overlapping+neuronal+circuits+in+addiction+and+obesity:+evidence+of+systems+pathology.">Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology.</a> Philos. Trans. Royal Soc. 363, 3191-3200 (2008).</li><li>Alsi&#246;, J., Olszewski, P. K., Levine, A. S., Schi&#246;th, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feed-forward+mechanisms:+addiction-like+behavioral+and+molecular+adaptations+in+overeating.">Feed-forward mechanisms: addiction-like behavioral and molecular adaptations in overeating.</a> Front. Neuroendocrinol. 33 (2), 127-139 (2012).</li><li>Johnson, P. M., Kenny, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+D2+receptors+in+addiction-like+reward+dysfunction+and+compulsive+eating+in+obese+rats.">Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 13 (5), 635-644 (2010).</li><li>Bray, G. A., Nielsen, S. J., Popkin, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Consumption+of+high-fructose+corn+syrup+in+beverages+may+play+a+role+in+the+epidemic+of+obesity.">Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.</a> Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 79 (4), (2004).</li><li>Forshee, R. A., Storey, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+examination+of+the+evidence+relating+high+fructose+corn+syrup+and+weight+gain.">A critical examination of the evidence relating high fructose corn syrup and weight gain.</a> Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 47 (6), 561-582 (2007).</li><li>Moeller, S. M., Fryhofer, S. A., Osbahr, A. J., Robinowitz, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+high+fructose+corn+syrup.">The effects of high fructose corn syrup.</a> J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 28 (6), 619-626 (2009).</li><li>White, J. S., Foreyt, J. P., Melanson, K. J., Angelopoulos, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fructose+corn+syrup:+Controversies+and+common+sense.">High fructose corn syrup: Controversies and common sense.</a> Am. J. Lifestyle Med. 4 (6), 515-520 (2010).</li><li>Grill, H. J., Norgren, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+taste+reactivity+test.+I.+Mimetic+responses+to+gustatory+stimuli+in+neurologically+normal+rats.">The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats.</a> Brain Res. 143 (2), 263-279 (1978).</li><li>Limebeer, C. L., Vemuri, V. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inverse+agonism+of+cannabinoid+CB1+receptors+potentiates+LiCl-induced+nausea+in+the+conditioned+gaping+model+in+rats.">Inverse agonism of cannabinoid CB1 receptors potentiates LiCl-induced nausea in the conditioned gaping model in rats.</a> Br. J. Pharmacol. 161 (2), 336-349 (2010).</li><li>DeBold, R. C., Miller, N. E., Jensen, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+strength+of+drive+determined+by+a+new+technique+for+appetitive+classical+conditioning+of+rats.">Effect of strength of drive determined by a new technique for appetitive classical conditioning of rats.</a> J. Comp. Physiol.Psychol. 59 (1), 102-108 (1965).</li><li>Panksepp, J., Trowill, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoral+self+injection:+I.+Effects+of+delay+of+reinforcement+on+resistance+to+extinction+and+implications+for+self-stimulation.">Intraoral self injection: I. Effects of delay of reinforcement on resistance to extinction and implications for self-stimulation.</a> Psychonomic Sci. 9 (7), 405-406 (1967).</li><li>Panksepp, J., Trowill, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraoral+self+injection:+II.+The+simulation+of+self-stimulation+phenomena+with+a+conventional+reward.">Intraoral self injection: II. The simulation of self-stimulation phenomena with a conventional reward.</a> Psychonomic Sci. 9 (7), 407-408 (1967).</li><li>Richardson, N. R., Roberts, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+ratio+schedules+in+drug+self-administration+studies+in+rats:+a+method+to+evaluate+reinforcing+efficacy.">Progressive ratio schedules in drug self-administration studies in rats: a method to evaluate reinforcing efficacy.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 66, 1-11 (1996).</li><li>Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parsing+reward.">Parsing reward.</a> Trends Neurosci. 26 (11), 507-501 (2003).</li><li>Sclafani, A., Ackroff, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinforcement+value+of+sucrose+measured+by+progressive+ratio+operant+licking+in+the+rat.">Reinforcement value of sucrose measured by progressive ratio operant licking in the rat.</a> Physiol. Behav. 79, 663-670 (2003).</li><li>Houpt, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastrointestinal+factors+in+hunger+and+satiety.">Gastrointestinal factors in hunger and satiety.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 6 (2), 145-164 (1982).</li><li>Mazur, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+rate+of+reinforcement+and+rate+of+change+on+choice+behaviour+in+transition.">Effects of rate of reinforcement and rate of change on choice behaviour in transition.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. 50 (2), 111-128 (1997).</li><li>Samaha, A. N., Robinson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+does+the+rapid+delivery+of+drugs+to+the+brain+promote+addiction.">Why does the rapid delivery of drugs to the brain promote addiction.</a> Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (2), 82-87 (2005).</li><li>Berridge, K. C., Kringelbach, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+neuroscience+of+pleasure:+reward+in+humans+and+animals.">Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals.</a> Psychopharmacology. 199 (3), 457-480 (2008).</li><li>Kelley, A. E., Berridge, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuroscience+of+natural+rewards:+relevance+to+addictive+drugs.">The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs.</a> J. Neurosci. 22 (9), 3306-3311 (2002).</li><li>Shaham, Y., Shalev, U., Lu, L., De Wit, H., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reinstatement+model+of+drug+relapse:+history,+methodology+and+major+findings.">The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings.</a> Psychopharmacology. 168 (1-2), 3-20 (2003).</li><li>de Wit, H., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+reinstatement+of+heroin-reinforced+responding+in+the+rat.">Drug reinstatement of heroin-reinforced responding in the rat.</a> Psychopharmacology. 79 (1), 29-31 (1983).</li><li>Schmidt, H. D., Anderson, S. M., Famous, K. R., Kumaresan, V., Pierce, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomy+and+pharmacology+of+cocaine+priming-induced+reinstatement+of+drug+seeking.">Anatomy and pharmacology of cocaine priming-induced reinstatement of drug seeking.</a> Eur. J. Pharmacol. 526 (1-3), 65-76 (2005).</li><li>Dunnigan, M. G., Ford, J. S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insulin+response+to+intravenous+fructose+in+relation+to+blood+glucose+levels.">The insulin response to intravenous fructose in relation to blood glucose levels.</a> J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 40 (4), 629-635 (1975).</li><li>Crapo, P. A., Kolterman, O. G., Olefsky, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+oral+fructose+in+normal,+diabetic,+and+impaired+glucose+tolerance+subjects.">Effects of oral fructose in normal, diabetic, and impaired glucose tolerance subjects.</a> Diabetes Care. 3 (5), 575-582 (1980).</li><li>L&#234;, K. A., Tappy, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+effects+of+fructose.">Metabolic effects of fructose.</a> Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care. 9 (4), 469-475 (2006).</li><li>Scheggi, M. E., Secci, G., Marchese, M. G., De Montis, C., Gambarana, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+palatability+on+motivation+to+operate+for+caloric+and+non-caloric+food+in+non+food-deprived+and+food-deprived+rats.">Influence of palatability on motivation to operate for caloric and non-caloric food in non food-deprived and food-deprived rats.</a> Neuroscience. 236, (2013).</li><li>Sclafani, A., Lucas, F., Ackroff, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+importance+of+taste+and+palatability+in+carbohydrate-induced+overeating+in+rats.">The importance of taste and palatability in carbohydrate-induced overeating in rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 270 (6), 1197-1202 (1996).</li><li>Roberts, D. C. S., Loh, E. A., Vickers, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-administration+of+cocaine+on+a+progressive+ratio+schedule+in+rats:+dose-response+relationship+and+effect+of+haloperidol+pretreatment.">Self-administration of cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule in rats: dose-response relationship and effect of haloperidol pretreatment.</a> Psychopharmacology. 97 (4), 535-538 (1989).</li><li>Reilly, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinforcement+value+of+gustatory+stimuli+determined+by+progressive+ratio+Performance.">Reinforcement value of gustatory stimuli determined by progressive ratio Performance.</a> Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63 (2), 301-311 (1999).</li><li>Zittel-Lazarini, A., Cador, M., Ahmed, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+transition+in+cocaine+self-administration:+Behavioral+and+neurobiological+implications.">A critical transition in cocaine self-administration: Behavioral and neurobiological implications.</a> Psychopharmacology. 192 (3), 337-146 (2007).</li><li>Stanhope, K. L., Havel, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocrine+and+metabolic+effects+of+consuming+beverages+sweetened+with+fructose,+glucose,+sucrose,+or+high+fructose+corn+syrup+Am.">Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high fructose corn syrup Am.</a> J. Clin. Nutr. 88 (6), 17335-17375 (2008).</li><li>Deroche-Gamonet, V., Belin, B., Piazza, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+addiction-like+behaviour+in+the+rat.">Evidence for addiction-like behaviour in the rat.</a> Science. 305, 1014-1017 (2004).</li></ol>

目前的研究显示了一种新的方法相结合，采用传统的学习行为由滥用药物（静脉操作性自我管理）的积极性，并评估促味剂的适口性（通过口内注射味道的反应）方法评估甜美解决方案的增强特性。为此，非常简短的异氟烷诱导麻醉下，将大鼠植入一个IO套管，其允许输送试验溶液直接进入他们的嘴。以下从手术恢复，将动物在操作性自我给药试验室，由此他们可以按杠杆得到试验溶液的IO输注。...

上瘾食物的神经生物学和行为基础的研究依赖于，类似于滥用药物，过量食用可口食物，促进行为的依赖1-4的意见和诱导改变大脑奖赏回路在人和5-6和实验室动物7-8。但是，尽管有几个协议和用于研究的药物滥用在实验室老鼠的成瘾性，以适应这些方法来评估由食物诱发提出了独特的挑战“上瘾”的行为过程。本研究的目的是要操作性静脉注射（IV）药物的自我管理的原则，适用于口内（IO）输液甜交付解决方案的操作性自我管理的调查。甜蜜采用了高果糖玉米糖浆（HFCS），因为尽管有争议，有证据表明，高果糖浆可能与肥胖9-12的现代流行病。 传统上，IO输注交付研究促味剂的适口性味觉反应的实验13。简单地说，一个IO插管手术植入到大鼠和各种解决方案的IO输注的脸颊是被动地交付了14。的目标是研究动物的口面部反应的促味剂。然而，IO插管也已经长期植入大鼠腭，以确定它们是否会学习按杠杆自行INFUSE解决方案直接到他们的口腔内，因此这个词的IO自行注射15-17。在目前的研究中，我们描述了利用小手术并允许长期操作性自我给药试验的过程。这个程序拥有涉及从壶嘴（一），或操作性回应固体颗粒喝了解决方案，传统的程序几个显著的优势（二），或操作性回应流体在一个容器交付滴（三）。 相比于（a）中，IO自行给药涉及一个操作反应（ 即按压杠杆），因此它可以修改调度调节响应的要求和提供的IO输注之间的关系。例如，通过采用累进比（PR）的时间表，由此需要连续输注反应的会话18内成倍增加，能够以评估多少动物“要”的下一个输注19。当动物喝从壶嘴的解决方案，除非它控制流体输送及监控响应一个特殊的装置，采用20这个重要的“求”的行为方面无法评估。此外，IO自我管理提供了一个平均值进行比较的行为由不同的强化刺激的动机。也就是说，它可以比较操作性由糖果和其它增强剂，如滥用药物在应对维护所谓的“替代研究。” 相比于（b）所示，IO自行给药允许任何浓度的测试和任何水溶性食品添加剂的任何体积。因为，在我们所知，有果糖没有市售的固体颗粒或以不同比例的果糖，葡萄糖组合，这是非常重要的学习行为由甜食，如高果糖浆的动机，那将是适合于操作室。此外，控制和操纵浓度/体积比的重要性是强制性的实验中摄取既可以通过溶液（导致营养物特异性的饱腹感）的热值和由该如何解决的多少可以在给定的消耗来调制一段时间后（ 即丰满）21。 IO自我管理也缩短了操作反应和传递的主要增强剂，即起着收购和维护具有重要作用的一个因素之间的延迟南切操作行为16,22-23。 最后，在比较（c）中，IO自我管理允许受控的试验溶液的量的被动IO输注递送，并且这使得可以测量“喜欢”的口面的反应（目标享乐反应如舌突起24 -25）和IO是否自我管理过程中这些反应改变。此外，管理被动的IO输注的能力有复发的食物寻求学习显著应用。也就是说，在静脉注射毒品的自我管理的研究，以下灭绝的时期，素药物（小剂量药物26 即管理）可以“恢复”响应27-28。因此，提供的IO输注而对动物的任何行动的能力，可用于研究“食”引复职，以及潜在的交叉复职食物之间滥用药物。 甜美的解决方案IO自我管理也是可取的IV和胃内自我管理。事实上，虽然果糖在人类和实验动物静脉注射产生的生理后果类似的观察口服消费29-31，这是甜食是如何正常消耗（ 即口服）一个贫穷的模型。此外，通过咀嚼产生的味觉信号赋予有关食物的适口性的重要信息，而当省略这个阶段的消化过程，适应不良行为，如暴饮暴食的发展降低了32-33。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Reagents</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Meloxicam</td>
 <td>Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Procaine Penicillin G</td>
 <td>Pen Aqueous, Wyeth Animal Health</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lidocaine HCl 2%</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Marcaine 0.5 %</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Lubricating eye ointment</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2% Lidocaine Viscous Oral (Topical Anesthetic)</td>
 <td>Pharmascience Inc.</td>
 <td>CDMV # 14705</td>
 <td>100 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane USP</td>
 <td>Pharmaceutical Partners of Canada</td>
 <td>CDMV # 108737</td>
 <td>250 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bacti-Stat</td>
 <td>Merck Sante Animale</td>
 <td>CDMV # 6449</td>
 <td>3.785 L bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isopropyl alcohol (70%)</td>
 <td>Perdu Pharma</td>
 <td>Fisher # MPX18404</td>
 <td>4 L bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine 10%</td>
 <td>McKesson Canada</td>
 <td>CDMV # 104826</td>
 <td>500 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Super Germiphene</td>
 <td>Ceva Animal Health</td>
 <td>CDMV # 103629</td>
 <td>454 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chlorhexidene(Novadent)</td>
 <td>Zoetis</td>
 <td>CDMV # 8908</td>
 <td>236 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>High Fructose Corn Syrup</td>
 <td>Natures Flavours</td>
 <td>HFCS-55</td>
 <td>1 Gallon bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Materials</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PE90 tubing</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>VWR # CA-63019-080A</td>
 <td>100 ft/coil</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PE160 tubing</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>VWR # CA-63018-747</td>
 <td>100 ft/coil</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polypropylene Mesh</td>
 <td>Small Parts Inc.</td>
 <td>CMP-0297-D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Soldering iron</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any hardware store</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td># 64 Elastic bands</td>
 <td>Staples Office supplies</td>
 <td>Item # 13556</td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any office supply store</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15 G thin-walled 3.5 inch needles</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>VWR # CABD1108</td>
 <td>12 needles per pack</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electric razor (1/2 in wide blade)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any pet supply store</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Percision Glide Needles 20 G needles (1 &frac12; in)</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>Fisher # 14-826D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Percision Glide Needles 16 G needles (1 &frac12; in)</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>Fisher # 14-826-5D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Operant conditioning chambers</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>ENV-008-CTC</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sound attenuating chamber</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>ENV-018M</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MED PC IV software</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>SOF-735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Syringe Pumps</td>
 <td>Razel Scientific Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Disposable plastic swivel assembly</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>PHM-115I</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tygone Microbore tubing</td>
 <td>Saint Gobain Performance Plastics</td>
 <td>Fisher # 1417015B</td>
 <td>500 ft/coil</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

a novel procedure for evaluating the reinforcing properties of tastants in laboratory rats: operant intraoral self-administration

本文介绍了一种新方法研究瘾食物的生物行为的基础。这种方法结合了味道的反应与药物操作性自我管理的行为方面的手术成分。在非常短暂的全身麻醉，将大鼠植入口腔内（IO），插管直接允许在口腔内递送的测试解决方案。然后将动物的操作性自我管理室测试，使他们能够按杠杆接收测试解决方案的IO输注。 IO自我管理方面拥有逾涉及饮用从一个喷口或操作性回应固体颗粒或在容器交付解决方案解决实验过程的几个优点。这里，我们表明，IO自行给药可用于研究的高果糖玉米糖浆（HFCS）自我给药。大鼠首先测试的自我管理上的一个进步率（PR）的日程安排，评估运算的最高金额erant行为，将不同浓度高果糖浆（ 即 8％，25％和50％）的发射。下面这个测试，大鼠自我管理这些浓度对加固连续时间表（ 即，一个输液每个杆出版社），连续10天（1次/天;每次持续3小时），然后他们再次接受测试的公关时间表。在连续加固时间表，大鼠把高浓度的减少输注，虽然高果糖浆的最低浓度（8％）保持更可变的自我管理。此外，在PR测试显示，8％有下部加强值超过25％和50％。这些结果表明，IO自我给药可以用来研究获得和维持响应于甜的解决方案。在浓度和加固进度差异的操作反应的灵敏度使得IO自我管理的理想方法研究自由采食量的神经生物学Õf甜食。

收购IO自我管理 图3表示操作性期间的8％，25％，或50％高果糖浆，连续10届自我管理的有效和无效的杠杆回应。大鼠获得高果糖浆的IO自我管理的前三个阶段内，并保持稳定的主动杆响应（如上所述），以收购的其余部分。在主动杆响应的浓度依赖性的差异也很明显：相比于25％时，响应是显著降低大鼠个体施用50％高果糖浆。测试的最低浓度（8％）保持操?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration at JoVE.com

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

目前的研究评估了一种新的程序，以评估可口的解决方案在实验室老鼠的增强作用：口内的自我管理。为此，操作性响应（ 即杠杆按压），用于甜的解决方案在不同浓度的口腔内输注上测量钢筋连续和渐进比时间表。

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

脂肪偏好：饮食行为的一种新模型大鼠

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

操作性程序，以评估大鼠的行为灵活性

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

一般方法评估对静脉注射甲基苯丙胺的自我管理深部脑刺激的影响

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

评估大鼠冲动不同表现的三个实验室程序

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...