Name: a novel procedure for evaluating the reinforcing properties of tastants in laboratory rats: operant intraoral self-administration
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration at JoVE.com

Disse undersøgelser blev støttet af tilskud fra naturvidenskab og teknik Forskningsråd Canada (NSERC) til FL og en canadisk Graduate Scholarship (CGSD) fra NSERC til AM.L.

1.. Animal Care og Boligstyrelsen Alle forsøg godkendt af Animal Care udvalg fra University of Guelph, og udføres i overensstemmelse med anbefalingerne fra den canadiske Rådet om Animal Care. Den aktuelle undersøgelse omfatter 22 voksne Sprague-Dawley-hanrotter (Charles River, QC), der vejer 200-225 g ved begyndelsen af ​​eksperimentet. <ol><li> Enkelt hus rotter og vedligeholde dem på en omvendt lys / mørke-cyklus (07:00 OFF - 07:00 TIL) med ad libitum adgang til mad og vand, un...

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+rate+of+reinforcement+and+rate+of+change+on+choice+behaviour+in+transition.">Effects of rate of reinforcement and rate of change on choice behaviour in transition.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. 50 (2), 111-128 (1997).</li><li>Samaha, A. N., Robinson, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+does+the+rapid+delivery+of+drugs+to+the+brain+promote+addiction.">Why does the rapid delivery of drugs to the brain promote addiction.</a> Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26 (2), 82-87 (2005).</li><li>Berridge, K. C., Kringelbach, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affective+neuroscience+of+pleasure:+reward+in+humans+and+animals.">Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals.</a> Psychopharmacology. 199 (3), 457-480 (2008).</li><li>Kelley, A. E., Berridge, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuroscience+of+natural+rewards:+relevance+to+addictive+drugs.">The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs.</a> J. 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Den aktuelle undersøgelse viser en ny tilgang til evaluering af forstærkende egenskaber af søde løsninger ved at kombinere metoder der traditionelt anvendes til at studere adfærd motiveret af misbrugsstoffer (intravenøs operant selvforvaltning), og til at vurdere smagen af ​​tastants (smag reaktivitet gennem intraorale infusioner). Til dette formål under meget korte isofluran-induceret bedøvelse rotterne implanteret med en IO kanyle, der giver mulighed for levering af testopløsninger direkte i munden. Efter...

Studiet af neurobiologiske og adfærdsmæssige grundlag af afhængighed af mad bygger på observationer, at ligesom med misbrugsstoffer, overdreven indtagelse af velsmagende fødevarer fremmer adfærdsmæssige afhængighed 1-4 og inducerer ændringer i hjernens belønning kredsløb i både mennesker 5-6 og laboratorium dyr 7-8. Men mens der er flere protokoller og procedurer for at studere de vanedannende egenskaber misbrugsstoffer i laboratorie rotter, tilpasning af disse metoder til at vurdere &quot;vanedannende&quot; adfærd fremkaldt af mad præsenterer unikke udfordringer. Målet med den aktuelle undersøgelse var at anvende principperne for operant intravenøs (IV) drug selvadministration til undersøgelse af operant selvforvaltning af søde løsninger leveret af intraoral (IO) infusion. Den søde ansat var høj fructose corn syrup (HFC), for selv kontroversiel, er der tegn på, at HFC kan være forbundet med den moderne epidemi af fedme 9-12. Traditionelt er IO infusioner leveres til studere velsmag tastants i smag reaktivitet forsøg 13. Kort fortalt er en IO kanyle indopereret i kinden af rotter og IO infusioner af forskellige løsninger, er passivt leveret 14. Målet er at undersøge orofaciale reaktioner dyrene til tastants. Imidlertid har IO kanyler også blevet implanteret kronisk i ganen af rotter til at afgøre, om de ville lære at trykke på en løftestang til selv at indgyde løsninger direkte ind i mundhulen, deraf udtrykket IO selvinjektion 15-17. I den aktuelle undersøgelse beskriver vi en fremgangsmåde, der udnytter mindre kirurgi, og som tillader langsigtet operant selvadministration test. Denne fremgangsmåde har flere betydelige fordele frem for traditionelle procedurer, der involverer drikke en løsning fra en tud (a), eller operant reagerer for faste pellets (b), eller operant reagerer for dråber af væske, der leveres i en beholder(C). I forhold til (a), IO selvadministration indebærer en operant respons (dvs. at trykke på en løftestang), og det er derfor muligt at ændre tidsplanen regulerer forholdet mellem respons krav og levering af IO infusioner. For eksempel ved at anvende en progressiv ratio (PR) tidsplan, hvor svarene er nødvendige for successive infusioner stige eksponentielt inden for en session 18, er det muligt at vurdere, hvor meget et dyr &quot;ønsker&quot; den næste infusion 19. Dette vigtige aspekt af &quot;søger&quot; adfærd kan ikke vurderes, når dyrene drikker en løsning fra en tud, medmindre et specielt apparat, der styrer væske levering og overvåger svar er ansat 20. Desuden IO selvadministration giver et middel til at sammenligne adfærd er motiveret af forskellige forstærkende stimuli. Det vil sige, er det muligt at sammenligne operant besvarer spørgsmålene i grønbogen vedligeholdes af slik og andre forstærkere såsom misbrugsstoffer isåkaldte &quot;substitutions studier.&quot; I forhold til (b), IO selvadministration tillader afprøvning af koncentration og eventuel volumen noget vandopløseligt tilsætningsstof. Dette er afgørende for at studere adfærd motiveret af slik såsom HFC fordi, at de bedste af vores viden, er der ingen kommercielt tilgængelige faste pellets af fructose eller fructose-glucose kombinationer på forskellige nøgletal, der ville være egnet til operantkamre. Det er også obligatorisk i eksperimenter, hvor indtaget kan moduleres både af den kaloriefattige værdien i en opløsning (der fører til næringsstof-specifik mæthed) og ved, hvor meget af denne løsning kan indtages i en betragtning af betydningen af ​​at kontrollere og manipulere koncentration / volumenforholdene periode (dvs. fylde) 21. IO selvforvaltning forkorter også forsinkelsen mellem operant respons og levering af den primære reinforcer, en faktor, der spiller en vigtig rolle i erhvervelsen og vedligeholdelse af operant adfærd 16,22-23. Endelig i forhold til (c), IO selvforvaltning tillader levering af passive IO infusioner af kontrollerede mængder af testopløsningen, og det gør det muligt at måle orofaciale reaktioner »smag« (mål hedoniske reaktion såsom tunge fremspring 24 -25), og hvorvidt disse svar ændre sig i løbet IO selvadministration. Desuden evnen til at administrere passive IO infusioner har betydelige ansøgninger om undersøgelse af tilbagefald til mad-søger. Det er i studier af IV medicin selvadministration, efter perioder, udslettelse, kan narkotika primtal (dvs. administration af en lille dosis af lægemidlet 26) &quot;genindføre&quot; reagere 27-28. Derfor kan evnen til at levere IO infusioner uden nogen handling på den del af dyret bruges til at studere &quot;fødevarer&quot; primet genindsættelse, såvel som potentielle kryds genindsættelse mellem mad ogmisbrugsstoffer. IO selvadministration af søde løsninger er også at foretrække til IV og intra-gastrisk selvadministration. I virkeligheden, selvom IV infusioner af fruktose i både mennesker og forsøgsdyr fremkalde fysiologiske konsekvenser magen til dem observeret efter oral indtagelse 29-31, det er en dårlig model for, hvordan slik normalt fortæres (dvs. mundtligt). Desuden gustatory signaler produceret af tygning giver vigtig information om smagen af mad, og når denne fase af fordøjelsesprocessen udelades, udviklingen af utilpasset adfærd, såsom overspisning reduceret 32-33.

<table border="1">
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 <td>Reagents</td>
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 <td>Meloxicam</td>
 <td>Boehringer Ingelheim Canada Ltd.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
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 <td>Procaine Penicillin G</td>
 <td>Pen Aqueous, Wyeth Animal Health</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
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 <td>Lidocaine HCl 2%</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
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 <td>Marcaine 0.5 %</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>From the Ontario Veterinary College pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
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 <td>Lubricating eye ointment</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any pharmacy</td>
 </tr>
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 <td>2% Lidocaine Viscous Oral (Topical Anesthetic)</td>
 <td>Pharmascience Inc.</td>
 <td>CDMV # 14705</td>
 <td>100 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isoflurane USP</td>
 <td>Pharmaceutical Partners of Canada</td>
 <td>CDMV # 108737</td>
 <td>250 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bacti-Stat</td>
 <td>Merck Sante Animale</td>
 <td>CDMV # 6449</td>
 <td>3.785 L bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isopropyl alcohol (70%)</td>
 <td>Perdu Pharma</td>
 <td>Fisher # MPX18404</td>
 <td>4 L bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Betadine 10%</td>
 <td>McKesson Canada</td>
 <td>CDMV # 104826</td>
 <td>500 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Super Germiphene</td>
 <td>Ceva Animal Health</td>
 <td>CDMV # 103629</td>
 <td>454 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chlorhexidene(Novadent)</td>
 <td>Zoetis</td>
 <td>CDMV # 8908</td>
 <td>236 ml bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>High Fructose Corn Syrup</td>
 <td>Natures Flavours</td>
 <td>HFCS-55</td>
 <td>1 Gallon bottle</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Materials</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PE90 tubing</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>VWR # CA-63019-080A</td>
 <td>100 ft/coil</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>PE160 tubing</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>VWR # CA-63018-747</td>
 <td>100 ft/coil</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Polypropylene Mesh</td>
 <td>Small Parts Inc.</td>
 <td>CMP-0297-D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Soldering iron</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any hardware store</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td># 64 Elastic bands</td>
 <td>Staples Office supplies</td>
 <td>Item # 13556</td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any office supply store</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>15 G thin-walled 3.5 inch needles</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>VWR # CABD1108</td>
 <td>12 needles per pack</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Electric razor (1/2 in wide blade)</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Product can be bought at any pet supply store</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Percision Glide Needles 20 G needles (1 &frac12; in)</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>Fisher # 14-826D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Percision Glide Needles 16 G needles (1 &frac12; in)</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson and Company</td>
 <td>Fisher # 14-826-5D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Operant conditioning chambers</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>ENV-008-CTC</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sound attenuating chamber</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>ENV-018M</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>MED PC IV software</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>SOF-735</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Syringe Pumps</td>
 <td>Razel Scientific Instruments</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Disposable plastic swivel assembly</td>
 <td>Med Associates Inc.</td>
 <td>PHM-115I</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tygone Microbore tubing</td>
 <td>Saint Gobain Performance Plastics</td>
 <td>Fisher # 1417015B</td>
 <td>500 ft/coil</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

a novel procedure for evaluating the reinforcing properties of tastants in laboratory rats: operant intraoral self-administration

Dette papir beskriver en ny metode til at studere bio-adfærdsmæssige grundlag af afhængighed af mad. Denne metode kombinerer den kirurgiske del af smag reaktivitet med de adfærdsmæssige aspekter af operant selvadministration af narkotika. Under meget kort generel anæstesi rotterne implanteret med en intraoral (IO) kanyle, der tillader levering af testopløsninger direkte i mundhulen. Dyrene testes derefter i operant selv-administration kamre, hvorved de kan trykke på en løftestang til at modtage IO infusioner af test løsninger. IO selvadministration har flere fordele i forhold eksperimentelle procedurer, der involverer drikke en løsning fra en tud eller operant reagerer til faste træpiller eller løsninger, der leveres i en beholder. Her viser vi, at IO selvadministration kan anvendes til at studere selvadministration af high fructose corn syrup (HFC). Rotterne blev først testet for selvmedicinering på en progressiv ratio (PR) tidsplan, der vurderer den maksimale opdium adfærd, som vil blive udsendt til forskellige koncentrationer af HFC (dvs. 8%, 25% og 50%). Efter denne test, rotter selvadministrerede disse koncentrationer på en kontinuerlig tidsplan for forstærkning (dvs. en infusion for hver løftestang presse) i 10 på hinanden følgende dage (1 session / dag, hver varer 3 timer), og derefter blev de testet igen på PR tidsplan . På kontinuerlig udbygning tidsplan, tog rotter færre infusioner af højere koncentrationer, selvom den laveste koncentration af HFC (8%) opretholdt mere variabel selvadministration. Desuden afslørede, PR prøver at 8% havde lavere styrke værdi end 25% og 50%. Disse resultater indikerer, at IO selvadministration kan anvendes til at studere anskaffelse og vedligeholdelse for at reagere for søde løsninger. Følsomheden af ​​operant respons på forskelle i koncentration og tidsplan for forstærkning gør IO selvadministration en ideel procedure at undersøge neurobiologi af frivillig indtagelse of slik.

Erhvervelse af IO selvadministration Figur 3 repræsenterer operant reagerer på den aktive og inaktive håndtag under selvadministration på 8%, 25% eller 50% HFC 10 på hinanden følgende sessioner. Rotter erhverve IO selvadministration af HFC inden for de første tre sessioner og opretholde en stabil aktiv løftestang reagere (som beskrevet ovenfor) for resten af ​​overtagelsen. Koncentrationsafhængig forskelle i aktive håndtag reaktioner er også indlysende: ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration at JoVE.com

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

A Novel Procedure for evaluering af forstærkende egenskaber af Tastants i laboratorierotter: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

Den aktuelle undersøgelse vurderer en roman procedure for vurdering af de forstærkende virkninger af velsmagende løsninger i laboratorie rotter: intraoral selv-administration. Til dette formål operant reagere (dvs. løftestang presning) for intraorale infusioner af søde løsninger i forskellige koncentrationer blev målt på løbende og progressive nøgletal tidsplaner for forstærkning.

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

En procedure til at undersøge effekten af ​​langvarig mad begrænsning på Heroin Søger i afholdende Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Fat Preference: A Novel Model of Eating Behavior in Rats

Fat præference: A Novel Model af spiseadfærd i rotter

Obesity is a growing problem in the United States of America, with more than a third of the population classified as obese. One factor contributing to ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

En procedure til at Overhold Kontekst-induceret Fornyelse af Pavlov-condition Alkohol-søger adfærd i rotter

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Operant procedurer til vurdering Behavioral Fleksibilitet i rotter

Executive functions consist of multiple high-level cognitive processes that drive rule generation and behavioral selection. An emergent property of these ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

Den modificerede Hole Board - Måling Behavior, Erkendelse og social interaktion hos mus og rotter

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

En generel metode til evaluering Deep Brain Stimulation Virkninger på intravenøs Metamfetamin selvadministration

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

En metode til evaluering af forstærkende egenskaber af ethanol i rotter uden vand afsavn, Saccharin Fading eller udvidet adgang Uddannelse

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

En ny metode for at fremkalde en Depression-lignende adfærd i rotter

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

Three Laboratory Procedures for Assessing Different Manifestations of Impulsivity in Rats

Tre laboratorieprocedurer for vurdering af forskellige manifestationer af impulsivitet i rotter

The present article provides a guide for the conduction and analysis of three conditioning-based protocols to evaluate impulsivity in rats. Impulsivity is ...