Name: measuring material microstructure under flow using 1-2 plane flow-small angle neutron scattering
Uploaded: 2014-02-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering at JoVE.com

我们承认特拉华大学硕士机械师铝长矛，用于加工剪切单元和塞德里克·加格农先生的设计和绘图。这手稿是根据从NIST，美国商务部合作协议70NANB7H6178准备。这项工作动用了美国国家科学基金会根据协议号DMR-0944772支持部分设施。该语句，结果，结论和建议仅代表作者（S），并不一定反映NIST或美国商业部的观点。

图2示出了附连到基板，其被安装到样品上的环境阶段的试验板，并在中子束的SANS实验对准的组装剪切细胞。步进马达，齿轮箱和皮带传动，狭缝马达阶段，剪切细胞和中子束的方向被标在图2中。本协议提供的方向组装的剪切单元（第1节），剪切单元安装到样品环境阶段（第2节），校准几何形状设计，SANS实验（第3节），装样品（第4节），运行实验和数据收集（第5）?...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+nonequilibrium+structures+of+shearing+colloidal+suspensions.">Analysis of nonequilibrium structures of shearing colloidal suspensions.</a> J. Chem. Phys. 97, 1473-1483 (1992).</li><li>Zhou, L., Vasquez, P. A., Cook, L. P., McKinley, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+inhomogeneous+response+and+formation+of+shear+bands+in+steady+and+transient+flows+of+entangled+liquids.">Modeling the inhomogeneous response and formation of shear bands in steady and transient flows of entangled liquids.</a> J. Rheol. 52, 591-623 (2008).</li><li>Spenley, N. A., Cates, M. E., McLeish, T. C. 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能够测量通过小角中子散射剪切复杂流体的剪切速度，速度梯度面的显微组织的新仪器开发和验证。剪切单元设计使用的补充辐射源其他工具，如X射线和光散射，以及能够在剪切（速度-涡量和速度梯度涡度）的两个面表征微观流变SANS工具8 ，10。这个仪器的功能为稳态剪 ​​切和时间依赖性流动，如振动或启动剪切流，后者使用一种频闪方法和时间分辨中子散射技术11，12，21。?...

发展中的必然现象一个科学的认识，需要准确和精确的测量。计量也是成功的工程新工艺和材料和设计的基础。 流变学是物质的变形和流动的科学。流变学是中央在我们处理各种材料的能力，同时可用于由产品配方，针对特定的材料特性。前者的典型实例包括模制的聚合物或复合材料形成，而后者包括日常消费品如油漆，洗发水和食品的开发。熔融聚合物的粘度是否被控制，使得它可以有效地注射模制或洗发剂的粘弹性的改变，从而它具有为消费者正确的一致性，流变学特性是通过改变材料1的配方来控制。材料和产品的流变性也取决于T他结构在流体状态和该结构的范围从微观到纳米级。此外，这种结构的加工参数，如流量的流量和时间，挑战的流变流中进行测量的结构而变化。它是满足的，部分由本文中所描述的新型仪器仪表这一挑战。 能够探测下剪切流动的软质材料的微观结构新颖的技术可以造福软质材料的产品设计和工艺条件优化。对于软质材料在各种行业和基础科学的应用程序的许多有趣的和长期存在的挑战涉及不寻常的流动行为，如胶体悬浮液剪切增稠2，剪切和蠕虫状胶束的3涡带，以及固有的非均质性流胶凝胶4-6。是的流变不断挑战阐明microstru在流变学反应，有时甚至在剪切粘弹性材料的速度场的非线性ctural起源。这一挑战，需要同时采集的显微组织为两个空间位置中的流场和时间依赖行为，这已经被证明是一个艰巨的任务，对实验者的函数。 小角中子散射（SANS），特别适合用于测量复杂流体的结构，因为它可以探测的材料是不透光的。还选择性氘可以被用来提供可以出现在X射线散射7类似的组件之间的对比。此外，中子具有过X射线的优势，因为有生物或其他软质样品的无辐射的伤害。在这里所示的实验中，由一个反应器或一个散裂源产生冷中子被准直和一个样本时亮起。散射强度毅关于该材料的长度上的视场结构信息从原子尺度到几百纳米（和超小角度中子散射到几十微米），但在一个傅立叶变换的形式实空间结构的变换。因此，数据的解释可以是具有挑战性的，并涉及逆变换或比较微观模型或模拟。更多关于SANS仪器仪表，实验，对比匹配可对发布在中心的中子科学，www.cns.che.udel.edu的网站上找到的教程。 在这里，我们描述了一个剪切单元旨在扩展SANS的方法来检查材料在流动。一般的方法和仪器，以及最近应用的主要文献回顾最近的概述可以在参考图8和其中所引用的参考文献中找到。一个既方便又近乎理想的环境下与剪切流探测流体结构SANS是一个狭长的间隙库埃特的几何形状，也被称为同心圆筒9。这种几何形状适用于一个简单的（ 即层）的剪切流动的样品，同时保持足够通畅的体积为入射中子束。流的应用打破了微结构的对称性，正如在简单剪切流动的材料的显微结构的这样一个完整的表征要求在剪切的所有三个平面显微测量。两个平面的剪切可以使用标准库爱特几何结构（ 图1a）进行调查：中子束被配置为沿速度梯度方向行进并探测速度涡度（1-3）的剪切平面（“径向”配置） ，或者，该光束通过一个狭长切口并平行于流动方向的准直，从而探测的速度梯度涡度（2-3）面（“切向”配置）。本仪器可Çommercially和最近已记录用于检查下剪切10复杂流体。上述综述了其使用的相关设备和跨范围广泛的材料和应用8结构-性质的决心。时间分辨的实验中，如用于振荡剪切流动也有报道11，12。 常流的最有趣和最重要的飞机是速度，速度梯度（1-2）平面（ 图1b），但它也是最难以调查，因为它需要特殊的仪器。自定义剪切单元格的设计，使速度，速度梯度（1-2）平面由SANS使得中子束传播平行于剪切13-16的涡轴的直接调查。在流动的1-2平面测量是获得一个定量的了解的剪切粘度至关重要的，因为他们elucid吃相结构的取向与流动方向15，17，18。这对于材料如聚合物，自组装的表面活性剂，胶体，以及其他复杂流体重要。另外，也可以调查材料的显微组织为在剪切流的梯度方向跨越间隙位置的函数。与另外的空间分辨率，该方法提供了一种装置，用于学习表现出沿剪切的梯度方向微观结构的变化的材料。一个例子为其中调查改变微观结构和组成沿流的梯度方向是剪切条带。剪切带是由微观结构和流动方向，结果在非均匀流场13之间的耦合现象。在这篇文章中，我们描述了仪器，它的组件和流程，SANS的测量技术于NIST的中心氖实施UTRON研究（NCNR）在美国国家标准与技术研究院（NIST）在马里兰州盖瑟斯堡。此示例环境是特拉华大学，NIST和研究所劳厄 - 朗之万（ILL）之间的合作的结果，并已在两个馆际互借和NIST得到顺利实施。出于本文的目的，这里的协议SANS的特定部分所关注的，该技术被描述为在NIST实施。然而，修改这些工具的具体细节应该是简单的，整体的技术可以在任何SANS的仪器来实现稳流（5.1节）。此外，配备了时间分辨SANS的功能工具也可能进行振荡剪切流SANS实验（5.2节）。剪切电池组件的技术图纸是作为图12-23。

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		<tr>
			<td>Deuterated Water (99.9%)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Isotopes</td>
			<td>7789-20-0</td>
			<td>83.3 wt % in formulation 
			D2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CTAB- Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>57-09-0&#160;</td>
			<td>16.7 wt % in formulation 
			CH3(CH2)15N(Br)(CH3)3</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>1/16&#34; Allen wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/16&#34; Allen wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>3/8&#34; open end wrench</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>tape</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>thread seal tape</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.6em;">syringes (2)</td>
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measuring material microstructure under flow using 1-2 plane flow-small angle neutron scattering

为研究在简单剪切流复杂流体的微观结构优化的一个新的小角度中子散射（SANS）样品环境呈现。 SANS的剪切单元由被密封并绕一水平轴以使流场的涡度方向与中子束能够从1-2平面的剪切（速度，速度梯度散射对准的同心圆筒库埃特几何形状，分别）。这种做法是一个进步比以前的剪切细胞样品环境，因为有大量的流变性和微观结构特征之间的强耦合剪切的1-2平面。流动的不稳定性，如剪切带，也可以通过空间分辨测量来研究。这是通过使用一个窄孔，用于中子束和扫描沿速度梯度方向来实现在此示例环境。时间分辨实验，如流的初创企业和大振幅振荡她芳流也是可能的剪切运动和时间分辨检测散射中子的同步。使用此处所述的方法的代表性结果证明空间分辨率的测量的蠕虫状胶束溶液表现出剪切带，这种现象只能通过解析沿速度梯度方向上的结构进行研究的微观结构的有用性质。最后，目前的设计潜力的改进与建议补充实验，动机，未来在范围广泛的复杂流体中的各种剪切运动的实验探讨。

一个成功的流SANS实验的代表性结果示于图9，10，和11。这些例子是从制造上的蠕虫状胶束水溶液（WLM）（ 表1）已知在剪切的某些条件表现出剪切带调查。科学发现的一个完整的讨论可以参考15-17被发现。 图10表示使用剪切单元格下剪切流得到散射图案的效果。研究的样本是一种粘弹性蠕虫状胶束（WLM）解决方案包括...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering at JoVE.com

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

的剪切单元中的剪切速度，速度梯度平面开发用于小角中子散射测量，并用于表征复杂的流体。在速度梯度方向的空间分辨测量是可能用于研究剪切带的材料。应用包括胶态分散体的调查后，聚合物溶液，和自组装结构。

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使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

原位中子衍射用特制的锂离子电池

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

全套材料常数表征及其温度依赖性的压电材料使用共振超声波谱

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

基于形状记忆调查Elastocaloric冷却过程和模型验证实验方法

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Dielectric RheoSANS &#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

Dielectric RheoSANS ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã‚Â Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

介电RheoSANS  - 阻抗，流变性和复杂流体的小角中子散射的同时拷问

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

基于扫描光散射分析器（SLPS）的方法来量化评估来自眼内镜的前向和后向光散射

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

用于材料分析的高速连续波受激布里渊散射光谱仪

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

用斜角沉积法制备高吸收介质的超薄彩色薄膜

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Measurement of Dynamic Force Acted on Water Strider Leg Jumping Upward by the PVDF Film Sensor

PVDF 薄膜传感器对水黾腿跳起动力的测量

This study aimed to make an explanation for the phenomenon in nature that water strider usually jumps or glides on the water surface easily but quickly, ...