Name: genetic manipulation of cerebellar granule neurons in vitro and in vivo to study neuronal morphology and migration
Uploaded: 2014-03-17T17:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration at JoVE.com

Vi takker N. Schwedhelm-Domeyer for fremragende teknisk assistance C. Hammer og S. Papiol hjælp til statistiske analyser. Vores arbejde er finansieret af Max Planck Society, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Center for Nanoscale mikroskopi, og Molekylær Fysiologi af Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Tyskland og af GGNB Junior Group stipendium på universitetet i Göttingen.

CGN kan fremstilles fra postnatal dag (P) 5 museungers eller P6 rotteunger. Vi følger en protokol, der er beskrevet af Bilimoria og kolleger, som bruger en mitotisk inhibitor til at vælge for postmitotiske CGN 13. Etik erklæring: Alle forsøg med levende dyr er blevet udført i overensstemmelse med dyret protokol godkendt af &quot;Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit&quot; Niedersachsen, Tyskland. In vitro-assay: <p class="j...

<ol>
	<li>Cajal, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histology of the nervous system of man and vertebrates. , (1995).</li><li>Altman, J., Bayer, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Development of the cerebellar system : in relation to its evolution, structure, and functions. , (1997).</li><li>White, J. J., Reeber, S. L., Hawkes, R., Sillitoe, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wholemount+immunohistochemistry+for+revealing+complex+brain+topography.">Wholemount immunohistochemistry for revealing complex brain topography.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Palay, S. L., Chan-Palay, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cerebellar cortex: cytology and organization. , (1974).</li><li>Hatten, M. E., Alder, J., Zimmerman, K., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes+involved+in+cerebellar+cell+specification+and+differentiation.">Genes involved in cerebellar cell specification and differentiation.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 7, 40-47 (1997).</li><li>Hatten, M. E., Heintz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+neural+patterning+and+specification+in+the+developing+cerebellum.">Mechanisms of neural patterning and specification in the developing cerebellum.</a> Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 385-408 (1995).</li><li>Sillitoe, R. V., Joyner, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+molecular+codes,+and+circuitry+produce+the+three-dimensional+complexity+of+the+cerebellum.">Morphology molecular codes, and circuitry produce the three-dimensional complexity of the cerebellum.</a> Ann. Rev. Dev. Biol. 23, 549-577 (2007).</li><li>Zervas, M., Millet, S., Ahn, S., Joyner, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+behaviors+and+genetic+lineages+of+the+mesencephalon+and+rhombomere+1.">Cell behaviors and genetic lineages of the mesencephalon and rhombomere 1.</a> Neuron. 43, 345-357 (2004).</li><li>Wingate, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rhombic+lip+and+early+cerebellar+development.">The rhombic lip and early cerebellar development.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 82-88 (2001).</li><li>Kawaji, K., Umeshima, H., Eiraku, M., Hirano, T., Kengaku, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+phases+of+migration+of+cerebellar+granule+cells+guided+by+axonal+and+dendritic+leading+processes.">Dual phases of migration of cerebellar granule cells guided by axonal and dendritic leading processes.</a> Mol. Cell Neurosci. 25, 228-240 (2004).</li><li>Hatten, M. E., Gao, W. -. Q., Morrison, M. E., Mason, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+and+molecular+neuroscience.">Cellular and molecular neuroscience.</a> , 419-41 .</li><li>Lee, H. Y., Greene, L. A., Mason, C. A., Manzini, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+culture+of+post-natal+mouse+cerebellar+granule+neuron+progenitor+cells+and+neurons.">Isolation and culture of post-natal mouse cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells and neurons.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2009).</li><li>Bilimoria, P. M., Bonni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultures+of+cerebellar+granule+neurons.">Cultures of cerebellar granule neurons.</a> CSH Protoc. 2008, (2008).</li><li>Rivas, R. J., Hatten, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motility+and+cytoskeletal+organization+of+migrating+cerebellar+granule+neurons.">Motility and cytoskeletal organization of migrating cerebellar granule neurons.</a> J. Neurosci. 15, 981-989 (1995).</li><li>Kuhar, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changing+patterns+of+gene+expression+define+four+stages+of+cerebellar+granule+neuron+differentiation.">Changing patterns of gene expression define four stages of cerebellar granule neuron differentiation.</a> Development. 117, 97-104 (1993).</li><li>Baird, D. H., Hatten, M. E., Mason, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellar+target+neurons+provide+a+stop+signal+for+afferent+neurite+extension+in+vitro.">Cerebellar target neurons provide a stop signal for afferent neurite extension in vitro.</a> J. Neurosci. 12, 619-634 (1992).</li><li>Segal, R. A., Pomeroy, S. L., Stiles, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+growth+and+fasciculation+linked+to+differential+expression+of+BDNF+and+NT3+receptors+in+developing+cerebellar+granule+cells.">Axonal growth and fasciculation linked to differential expression of BDNF and NT3 receptors in developing cerebellar granule cells.</a> J. Neurosci. 15, 4970-4981 (1995).</li><li>Gallo, V., Ciotti, M. T., Coletti, A., Aloisi, F., Levi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+release+of+glutamate+from+cerebellar+granule+cells+differentiating+in+culture.">Selective release of glutamate from cerebellar granule cells differentiating in culture.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 7919-7923 (1982).</li><li>Smith, T. C., Wang, L. Y., Howe, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+kainate+receptor+phenotypes+in+immature+and+mature+mouse+cerebellar+granule+cells.">Distinct kainate receptor phenotypes in immature and mature mouse cerebellar granule cells.</a> Physiol. 517 (1), 51-58 (1999).</li><li>Konishi, Y., Stegmuller, J., Matsuda, T., Bonni, S., Bonni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cdh1-APC+controls+axonal+growth+and+patterning+in+the+mammalian+brain).">Cdh1-APC controls axonal growth and patterning in the mammalian brain).</a> Science. 303, 1026-1030 (2004).</li><li>Stegmuller, J., Huynh, M. A., Yuan, Z., Konishi, Y., Bonni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TGFbeta-Smad2+signaling+regulates+the+Cdh1-APC/SnoN+pathway+of+axonal+morphogenesis.">TGFbeta-Smad2 signaling regulates the Cdh1-APC/SnoN pathway of axonal morphogenesis.</a> J. Neurosci. 28, 1961-1969 (2008).</li><li>Stegmuller, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-intrinsic+regulation+of+axonal+morphogenesis+by+the+Cdh1-APC+target+SnoN.">Cell-intrinsic regulation of axonal morphogenesis by the Cdh1-APC target SnoN.</a> Neuron. 50, 389-400 (2006).</li><li>Kannan, M., Lee, S. J., Schwedhelm-Domeyer, N., Nakazawa, T., Stegmuller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p250GAP+is+a+novel+player+in+the+Cdh1-APC/Smurf1+pathway+of+axon+growth+regulation.">p250GAP is a novel player in the Cdh1-APC/Smurf1 pathway of axon growth regulation.</a> PLoS One. 7, (2012).</li><li>Kannan, M., Lee, S. J., Schwedhelm-Domeyer, N., Stegmuller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+E3+ligase+Cdh1-anaphase+promoting+complex+operates+upstream+of+the+E3+ligase+Smurf1+in+the+control+of+axon+growth.">The E3 ligase Cdh1-anaphase promoting complex operates upstream of the E3 ligase Smurf1 in the control of axon growth.</a> Development. 139, 3600-3612 (2012).</li><li>Gaudilliere, B., Konishi, Y., de la Iglesia, N., Yao, G., Bonni, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CaMKII-NeuroD+Signaling+Pathway+Specifies+Dendritic+Morphogenesis.">CaMKII-NeuroD Signaling Pathway Specifies Dendritic Morphogenesis.</a> Neuron. 41, 229-241 (2004).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Cdc20-APC+ubiquitin+signaling+pathway+regulates+presynaptic+differentiation.">A Cdc20-APC ubiquitin signaling pathway regulates presynaptic differentiation.</a> Science. 326, 575-578 (2009).</li><li>Litterman, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+OBSL1-Cul7Fbxw8+ubiquitin+ligase+signaling+mechanism+regulates+Golgi+morphology+and+dendrite+patterning.">An OBSL1-Cul7Fbxw8 ubiquitin ligase signaling mechanism regulates Golgi morphology and dendrite patterning.</a> PLoS Biol. 9, (2011).</li><li>Kim, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+centrosomal+Cdc20-APC+pathway+controls+dendrite+morphogenesis+in+postmitotic+neurons.">A centrosomal Cdc20-APC pathway controls dendrite morphogenesis in postmitotic neurons.</a> Cell. 136, 322-336 (2009).</li><li>Shalizi, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+calcium-regulated+MEF2+sumoylation+switch+controls+postsynaptic+differentiation.">A calcium-regulated MEF2 sumoylation switch controls postsynaptic differentiation.</a> Science. 311, 1012-1017 (2006).</li><li>Vadhvani, M., Schwedhelm-Domeyer, N., Mukherjee, C., Stegmuller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Centrosomal+E3+Ubiquitin+Ligase+FBXO31-SCF+Regulates+Neuronal+Morphogenesis+and+Migration.">The Centrosomal E3 Ubiquitin Ligase FBXO31-SCF Regulates Neuronal Morphogenesis and Migration.</a> PLoS One. 8, (2013).</li><li>Puram, S. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+CaMKIIbeta+signaling+pathway+at+the+centrosome+regulates+dendrite+patterning+in+the+brain.">A CaMKIIbeta signaling pathway at the centrosome regulates dendrite patterning in the brain.</a> Nat. Neurosci. , (2011).</li><li>Jia, Y., Zhou, J., Tai, Y., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRPC+channels+promote+cerebellar+granule+neuron+survival.">TRPC channels promote cerebellar granule neuron survival.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 10, 559-567 (2007).</li><li>Huynh, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isoform-specific+SnoN1-FOXO1+repressor+complex+controls+neuronal+morphogenesis+and+positioning+in+the+mammalian+brain.">An isoform-specific SnoN1-FOXO1 repressor complex controls neuronal morphogenesis and positioning in the mammalian brain.</a> Neuron. 69, 930-944 (2011).</li><li>de la Torre-Ubieta, L., Bonni, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+of+neuronal+polarity+and+morphogenesis+in+the+mammalian+brain.">Transcriptional regulation of neuronal polarity and morphogenesis in the mammalian brain.</a> Neuron. 72, 22-40 (2011).</li><li>Calissano, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombinant+human+insulin-like+growth+factor+I+exerts+a+trophic+action+and+confers+glutamate+sensitivity+on+glutamate-resistant+cerebellar+granule+cells.">Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I exerts a trophic action and confers glutamate sensitivity on glutamate-resistant cerebellar granule cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8752-8756 (1993).</li></ol>

Fordele og begrænsninger, der er beskrevet in vitro og in vivo-metoder: Dyrkede CGN fra mus og rotter er lige velegnet til morfologiske analyser. På grund af den større størrelse af rottecerebellum udbyttet af CNGs fra rotteunger overstiger værdien af ​​museunger 3-4x. Bortset fra CGN kan corticale og hippocampale neuroner anvendes som dyrkningssystem samt. Calciumphosphatmetoden resulterer i en lav (0,01-5%) transfektionseffektivitet, som ønskes at analysere morfologi af ...

Lillehjernen er et fremragende system til at studere mekanismer axon vækst og migration. Lillehjernen har været genstand for anatomiske studier siden begyndelsen af neurovidenskab 1. Moderne mikroskopi og immunhistokemiske teknikker har væsentligt udvidet og forfinet de første opdagelser af Santiago, Ramon og Cajal 2-4. Mus genetik og molekylære undersøgelser afdækket væsentlige vækst-og transkriptionsfaktorer i kontrollen af cerebellar udvikling, som førte til større forståelse af afgørende begivenheder, der kræves for korrekt ledningsføring af forskellige typer af neuroner, herunder cerebellare granuleneuroner (CGN) 5-7. Cerebellum er et derivat af rhombomere 1 i udviklingslandene baghjerne 8. Det rombiske læbe, som er en del af taget på den 4. ventrikel, giver anledning til cerebellare granula neuron progenitorceller, der skal udgøre den mest talrige neuronal population ivoksen lillehjernen 9.. Efter rostrale migration, de slår sig ned i det cerebellare anlage. Her mitose granule neuron forstadier fører til dramatisk udvidelse af det ydre granulære lag (EGL), som finder sted postnatalt hos gnavere. Fra EGL, neuroner begynde at migrere indad gennem den molekylære lag (ML), forbi Purkinje cellelag i sidste ende at tage ophold i det indre kornede lag (IGL 2). Under denne vandrende proces, de får en bipolar form med to axoner strækker sig ind i ML. Efter yderligere migration cellelegemet vandrer væk fra axoner og de ​​to processer smelte til dannelse af en tvedelt, T-formet Axon 10. Efterfølgende disse axoner fasciculate og omtales som parallelle fibre. Efter at have afviklet i IGL, CGN vokser dendritter, som danner dendritiske kløer for at etablere synapser med Mossy fibre. For at undersøge de grundlæggende processer i udviklingen af cerebellum en kombineret in vitro og in vivo approach giver mulighed for pålidelige resultater og konklusioner. CGN er ikke kun de mest talrige neuroner i lillehjernen, men af hele hjernen og kan dyrkes til høj renhed 11-13. I kultur, bliver dette meget homogen neuronal befolkning hurtigt postmitotiske og erhverver en polær morfologi med let identificerbare axoner og dendritter. Dyrkede CGN har vist sig at være særdeles nyttige til at studere forskellige aspekter af neuronal udvikling, herunder stamfader proliferation, differentiering aksonal og dendritceller udvikling, neuronal migration, apoptose og elektrofysiologiske egenskaber (14-19 og mange andre). Brugen af ​​genetisk manipulation har udvidet den alsidighed af dyrkede CGN og mulighed for yderligere mekanistiske indblik i de angivne arrangementer. Transfektion af dyrkede neuroner ved hjælp af lav effektivitet calciumphosphat eller lipofile metoder efterfulgt af immuncytokemi med polaritet markører eller software-støttede analyse letteTates vurdering af f.eks morfologi af individuelle neuroner i en tæt neuronal kultur. Med denne fremgangsmåde kan den rolle af proteiner af interesse i Axon eller dendritceller vækst blive undersøgt 20-25,26-28. Denne kultur-system er dog mindre nyttigt at analysere neuronal migration som migration er meget begrænset i kulturer med høj densitet og ville kræve cokulturer. In vitro analyse af Axon og dendritceller vækst giver også mulighed for undersøgelse af indbyrdes forbundne proteiner af en signalvej bruger kombinationer af RNA-interferens (i), over-udtryk eller små molekyler. At etablere relevansen af det interessante protein i Axon og dendritceller vækstregulering eller neuronal migration, in vivo elektroporation (IVE) teknik gør det muligt for analysen i udviklingslandene cerebellare cortex. På grund af det faktum, at cerebellare udvikling hos gnavere strækker ind i de to første postnatale uger lillehjernen repræsenterer en accessible hjernens struktur for genetiske manipulationer til at undersøge udviklingen af axoner og dendritter, neuronal migration synaptogenesis og apoptose 20-24,29,30,26,27,31-34. Desuden denne model system er også nyttigt for andre aspekter af neuronal udvikling, der kræver den intakte cerebellar cortex såsom Axon stifinding, ledningsføring og tilslutning af neuroner og neuron-glia interaktioner tilsammen denne protokol giver in vitro og in vivo teknikker til at tackle en komplementær tilgang til neuronal morfogenese og migration.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="541">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">11960-044</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">BME</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">41010-026</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">Insulin</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Si-1-4011</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:160px;">Poly-L-Ornithine</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">P-2533</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:160px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Appli-Chem</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">A3652</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:160px;">Isofluorane</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Actavis Deutschland</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">Tissue-Tek OCT</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sakura</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:160px;">Material Name</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">Catalogue Number</td>
			<td style="width:168px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">ECM 830 and tweezertrodes</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:160px;">Epifluorescence microscope and camera</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">SP2 confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">ImageJ</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NIH</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">Imaris 7.4.2</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Bitplane, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">MS Excel</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">Loading tip 1-200 &#181;l</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Costar</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">4853</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:160px;">Pipette tip 200 &#181;l</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">70.760.502</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">Microlance 3 needle, 30 gauge</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:88px;">302200</td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">50 &#181;l gastight Syringe 1705</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
			<td style="width:168px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:160px;">Glass coverslips&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Thermo Scientific Menzel Glaeser</td>
			<td>CB00120RA1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic manipulation of cerebellar granule neurons in vitro and in vivo to study neuronal morphology and migration

Udviklingsmæssige begivenheder i hjernen, herunder neuronal morfogenese og migration er stærkt orkestreret processer. In vitro og in vivo analyser giver mulighed for en grundig karakterisering at identificere veje involveret i disse begivenheder. Cerebellare granuleneuroner (CGN), der er afledt fra det udviklende cerebellum er en ideel model, der giver mulighed for morfologiske analyser. Her beskriver vi en metode til, hvordan man genetisk manipulere CGN, og hvordan man studerer axono-og dendritogenesis af individuelle neuroner. Med denne metode virkningerne af RNA-interferens, overekspression eller små molekyler kan sammenlignes for at kontrollere neuroner. Desuden gnaver cerebellar cortex er en let tilgængelig in vivo system, på grund af dens fremherskende postnatal udvikling. Vi præsenterer også en in vivo elektroporation teknik til genetisk manipulere udvikle cerebella og beskrive efterfølgende cerebellar analyser at vurdere neuronal morfologi ennd migration.

For at analysere morfologi CGN som respons på forskellige dyrkningsbetingelser, transficerede vi neuroner på DIV 0 som beskrevet ovenfor. Efter transfektion vi placeret et sæt af neuroner i fuld medium (BME, 10% kalveserum, 2 mM PSG, 25 mM KCI) og et andet sæt i minimalt medium indeholdende insulin (BME, 25 mM glucose, 2 mM PSG, 10 ug / ml insulin). Vi udsatte neuroner til immuncytokemi ved anvendelse af GFP-antistof ved DIV 1, 2 og 3, efterfulgt af måling af axoner og dendritter til sæt 1 og axoner kun tempknæk2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morfogenese og migration er afgørende begivenheder, der ligger til grund korrekt hjernens udvikling. Her beskriver vi fremgangsmåder til genetisk at manipulere dyrkede cerebellare granuleneuroner og udviklingen af ​​cerebellum til vurdering af morfologi og vandrende karakteristika neuroner.

Genetisk manipulation af Cerebellær granuleneuroner<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Og<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; At studere Neuronal morfologi og Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Automated Sholl Analysis of Digitized Neuronal Morphology at Multiple Scales

Neuronal morphology plays a significant role in determining how neurons function and communicate1-3.  Specifically, it affects the ability of neurons to ...

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the ...

Quantitative Analysis of Synaptic Vesicle Pool Replenishment in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons using FM Dyes

Kvantitativ analyse af Synaptic vesikel Pool Replenishment i dyrkede cerebellare Granule Neuroner bruger FM Farvestoffer

After neurotransmitter release in central nerve terminals, SVs are rapidly retrieved by endocytosis.  Retrieved SVs are then refilled with ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

Hurtig Mikro-iontophoresis af glutamat og GABA: et nyttigt redskab til Undersøge Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Nucleofection of Rodent Neuroblasts to Study Neuroblast Migration In vitro

Nucleofection of Rodent Neuroblasts to Study Neuroblast Migration In vitro

Nucleofection gnaver neuroblasts til Studieinformationen neuroblast Migration<em&gt; In vitro</em

The subventricular zone (SVZ) located in the lateral wall of the lateral ventricles plays a fundamental role in adult neurogenesis. In this restricted ...

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Laser nanosurgery af cerebellare Axoner<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Inducerende plasticitet astrocytisk receptorer ved manipulation af neuronfyring priser

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Det olfaktoriske system som en model til at studere axonal vækstmønstre og morfologi<em&gt; In Vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex Vivo Imaging af Postnatal cerebellare Granule Cell Migration Brug Konfokal makroskopi

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Analyzing Dendritic Morphology in Columns and Layers

Analyse Dendritiske Morfologi i Kolonner og Lag

In many regions of the central nervous systems, such as the fly optic lobes and the vertebrate cortex, synaptic circuits are organized in layers and ...