Name: investigating the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a model vocal fold polyp
Uploaded: 2014-02-03T14:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家科学基金会的支持。CBET-1236351 和 GW 生物动力学和生物灵感工程中心 （COBRE）。

在这项工作中，壁挂式质极球体， 即 模型声乐折叠息肉，位于吸力型风洞的测试区间地板上，收缩比为5：1。通过油流可视化、墙压测量和粒子图像速度测量，对不稳定的三维流量分离及其对墙面压力加载的影响进行调查。不稳定的压力测量是使用带有压生应力传感器的十六个通道扫描压力传感器获得的。压力传感器的频率响应为 670 Hz。不锈钢管积形成的静态压力水龙头位于模型声折叠?...

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了解几何突起中涡流结构的形成和传播及其随后对驱动声乐折叠动力学的空气动力学负荷的影响，对于提供洞察力和模型以推进声折叠息肉和结核的处理是必要的。在这个实验中，由模型息肉引起的空气动力学负荷的变化预计将有助于在息肉13，41患者中观察到的不规则声折叠动力学。未来的工作包括利用粒子图像速度研究不稳定流量条件下的三维流量分离，并将结果与表面流可视化和表?...

声乐折叠是横跨声乐气道的两个组织带。当达到关键的肺压时，会产生语音，通过被导引的声乐折叠迫使空气。声乐折叠由许多层组织组成，通常由简化的双层身体覆盖系统1表示。细胞外基质，占覆盖层的大部分，由胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白纤维组成，提供非线性应力应变特性，这对声乐褶皱1，2的正确运动很重要。空气动力将能量传授给声折叠的组织，激发自我维持的振荡3。当声乐折叠振荡时，它们之间的开口，称为glottis，形成一个时空变化的孔，从收敛物过渡到制服，然后过渡到发散通道，然后关闭并重复周期4，6。正常语音的振动频率通常分别跨越男性和女性的100-220赫兹，形成一个脉冲流场，通过glottis7。对正常语音的流体结构能量交换过程进行了广泛的研究。然而，对于某些病理学来说，这一过程的中断并不十分清楚。声乐折叠的病理条件可能导致其动态发生巨大变化，并影响产生语音的能力。
息肉和结核是声乐褶皱的中间表面形成的几何异常。这些异常会影响患者的沟通能力。然而，直到最近，由于几何突起（如息肉）而中断了流场。研究表明，语音的"正常"流体结构能量交换过程发生了巨大变化，流场的改变是息肉和结核患者声质严重下降的最可能原因。尚未对脉动流中的息肉的三维流分离产生的流动结构进行全面了解。息肉的涡流结构的生成和繁殖，以及它们随后对驱动声波折叠动力学的空气动力学负荷的影响，是推进患者息肉手术修复的必要关键组成部分。
虽然在15-23日对稳定流动中安装的半球体的流量分离进行了调查，但令人惊讶的是，在受脉动或不稳定流动条件影响的墙壁上的半球体中，几乎没有关于不稳定的三维流分离的信息。Acarlar 和 Smith15 的开创性作品分析了层压边界层内安装的半球体的墙壁上稳定流动产生的三维连贯结构。阿卡拉和史密斯确定了两种类型的漩涡结构。一个站立的马蹄涡形成于半球状突起的上游，并延伸到两侧的突起下游。此外，发夹涡流定期从墙上安装的半球体脱落到唤醒。对发夹涡流的复杂运动和进展进行了详细的调查和描述。
以前曾研究过在湍流剪切流中凹凸的上和下游获得表面静态压力测量和表面油可视化的流经。油膜技术可可视化皮肤摩擦线、高速和低速区域以及表面流中的分离和连接点，并有助于研究壁挂物体的唤醒。对于此技术，感兴趣的表面涂有油底和细粉色素（即 灯黑、石墨粉或二氧化钛）混合物的薄膜。在所需的流动条件下，摩擦力使油沿着表面移动，导致颜料粉末沉积成条纹。临界点或奇点，剪切应力为零或平均速度的两个或两个以上成分为零的位置，可从由此产生的皮肤摩擦线图案中归类为鞍点或节点24-26。
对于山丘几何形状，在上游没有发现分离引起的奇点：这归因于颠簸的平稳上升轮廓，这并没有产生与半球突起发生的逆压梯度。因此，发现流加速，直到颠簸的顶峰之后，不稳定的鞍焦点分离点发展后不久的颠簸中心线，从发夹漩涡27，28的形成预期。在一项使用不同壁挂几何形状的类似实验技术的研究中，Martinuzzi 和 Tropea29 在表面安装的立方体周围稳定流动的油膜可视化显示物体上游的两条清晰的皮肤摩擦线。第一条皮肤摩擦线对应于由逆压梯度引起的主分离线，第二条皮肤摩擦线标记了马蹄涡的时间平均位置。在物体上游进行的表面压力测量显示，马蹄涡线沿线为局部最低值，主要分离线和马蹄涡线之间的局部压力最大值为局部压力。类似的上游分离线与其他表面安装的几何形状，包括圆形圆柱体，金字塔和锥形29-31形成。壁挂式物体下游的表面可视化通常显示由物体30后面的再循环区域引起的两个foci。两个涡流产生于卵泡位置，对应于壁挂式半球体32后看到的"拱形"或发夹涡流。
粒子图像速度 （PIV） 以前用于研究合成声乐折叠模型33-35的下游流量。PIV 是一种非侵入性可视化技术，它可在平面内拍摄跟踪器粒子运动，以捕捉时态流体动力学36。Neubauer等人研究了在振荡声折叠下游形成的三维连贯结构。37：观察到涡流生成、对流和喷射拍打。最近，克雷布斯等人38使用立体 PIV 研究了光子喷射的三维性，结果演示了光子喷射轴开关。Erath 和 Plesniak14调查了模型声乐折叠息肉在 7.5 倍放大动态驱动声乐折叠模型的中间表面上的影响。聚合物下游形成了一个再循环区，喷射动力学在整个语音周期中受到影响。先前的研究，除了由Erath和Plesniak14驱动的声乐折叠息肉研究，没有探索由中位声乐折叠息肉或结核引起的流体动力学。
在包括声折叠移动壁、诱导压力梯度、密闭几何体积和其他复杂情况之前，了解模型息肉在稳定且脉动流场中的流体动态效应非常重要。当前的工作重点是在稳定和不稳定的流量条件下，下游墙体上的流量结构的特征。从突出和下游壁脱落的涡流结构之间的相互作用对声折叠息肉和其他生物因素的调查非常感兴趣，因为这些相互作用会引起生物反应。

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			<td style="width:119px;">Objet24</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Tray Size (X&#215;Y&#215;Z): 240 &#215; 200 &#215; 150 mm 
			Build layer thickness =&#160; 28 &#181;m&#160; 
			Accuracy = 0.1 mm 
			Build Resolution: X-axis: 600 dpi, Y-axis: 600 dpi, Z-axis: 900 dpi</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rapid Prototyper Model Material</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Objet</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VeroWhite Plus Fullcure 835</td>
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			<td style="width:139px;">Scanivalve</td>
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			<td style="width:227px;">Used for gas pressure measurements 
			Pressure range = +/- 5&#34; H2O 
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stainless Steel Tubulations</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Scanivalve</td>
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			<td style="width:227px;">0.063&#34; Diameter and 1&#34; Length</td>
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investigating the three-dimensional flow separation induced by a model vocal fold polyp

对正常语音的流体结构能量交换过程进行了广泛的研究，但对病理条件却知之不周。息肉和结节是声乐褶皱中间表面形成的几何异常，它们会破坏声波折叠动力学，从而对患者的沟通能力产生毁灭性影响。我们的实验室报告了粒子图像速度 （PIV） 测量，对位于 体外 驱动声折叠模型中间表面的模型息肉进行了调查，结果表明，这种几何异常会大大破坏光子喷射行为。这种流场调整是息肉患者声乐质量严重下降的一个可能原因。更全面地了解几何突起（如声折叠息肉）对涡流结构的形成和传播，以及由此对驱动声乐折叠动力学的空气动力学负荷的影响，对于推进这种病理条件的治疗是必要的。目前的调查涉及壁挂式石板半球体引起的三维流分离，其横流的纵横比为2：1， 即 使用油膜可视化技术的模型声乐折叠息肉。使用皮肤摩擦线可视化和墙压测量检查不稳定、三维流量分离及其对墙压加载的影响。

先前使用 7.5 倍放大动态驱动声乐折叠模型的工作表明，几何突起、模型声乐折叠息肉的存在，在整个声循环中会破坏光子喷射的正常动态。先前驱动声乐折叠模型研究的代表性结果显示在 图 2 和 视频 2 中。该视频演示了驱动声乐折叠从收敛到发散几何形状的运动。声乐折叠模型动态驱动在1.67赫兹与雷诺兹号码995和斯特鲁哈尔号码1.9 x10-2。数据是在息肉下游7.5?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp at JoVE.com

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

声乐折叠息肉会破坏声波折叠动力学，从而对患者的沟通能力产生毁灭性的影响。使用颗粒图像速度、皮肤摩擦线可视化和墙压测量来检查壁挂模型息肉引起的三维流量分离及其对墙压加载的影响。

研究模型声乐折叠聚合物引起的三维流量分离

The fluid-structure energy exchange process for normal speech has been studied extensively, but it is not well understood for pathological conditions. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

The Three-Dimensional Human Skin Reconstruct Model: a Tool to Study Normal  Skin and Melanoma Progression

三维人体皮肤重建模型：一种工具来研究正常皮肤恶性黑色素瘤进展

Most in vitro studies in experimental skin biology have been done in 2-dimensional (2D) monocultures, while accumulating evidence suggests that cells ...

科研

生物工程

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

平面和立体印刷的导电油墨

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Synthetic, Multi-Layer, Self-Oscillating Vocal Fold Model Fabrication

合成，多层，自激振荡的声带模型制作

Sound for the human voice is produced via flow-induced vocal fold vibration. The vocal folds consist of several layers of tissue, each with differing ...

Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion

三维细胞培养模式的测量肿瘤细胞浸润间质流体流动的影响

The growth and progression of most solid tumors depend on the initial transformation of the cancer cells and their response to stroma-associated signaling ...

A Novel Three-dimensional Flow Chamber Device to Study Chemokine-directed Extravasation of Cells Circulating under Physiological Flow Conditions

一种新型三维流室装置研究生理流量条件下的趋化因子的细胞循环外渗

Extravasation of circulating cells from the bloodstream plays a central role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including stem cell ...

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

人体软骨组织制作采用三维喷墨打印技术

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and ...

Construction and Characterization of a Novel Vocal Fold Bioreactor

一种新型声带生物反应器的构建与鉴定

In vitro engineering of mechanically active tissues requires the presentation of physiologically relevant mechanical conditions to cultured cells. To ...

Analysis of Cell Migration within a Three-dimensional Collagen Matrix

在一个三维胶原蛋白矩阵分析细胞迁移

The ability to migrate is a hallmark of various cell types and plays a crucial role in several physiological processes, including&#160;embryonic ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

三维全层皮肤的生成等效和自动伤人

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Development of a Multicellular Three-dimensional Organotypic Model of the Human Intestinal Mucosa Grown Under Microgravity

生长在微重力人体肠道黏膜的多细胞三维器官模型的建立

Because cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment have the potential to bridge many gaps of cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., ...