Name: a microscopic phenotypic assay for the quantification of intracellular mycobacteria adapted for high-throughput/high-content screening
Uploaded: 2014-01-17T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Microscopic Phenotypic Assay for the Quantification of Intracellular Mycobacteria Adapted for High-throughput/High-content Screening at JoVE.com

Den finansielle støtte til dette arbejde blev ydet af Det Europæiske Fællesskab (ERC-STG INTRACELLTB Grant nr. 260901, MM4TB Grant nr. 260872), Agence Nationale de Recherche, Feder (12001407 (D-AL) Equipex Imaginex BioMed) og Regionen Nord Pas de Calais. Vi anerkender taknemmeligt den tekniske bistand fra Gaspard Deloison, Elizabeth Werkmeister, Antonino Bongiovanni og Frank Lafont fra platformen BICeL.

1. Høj-gennemløb Genome-dækkende siRNA Screening
Screening udført i en human Type-II pneumocytes model A549 celle linje ved infektion med Mtb H37Rv udtrykke Grøn Fluorescerende Protein (GFP). Denne procedure er beskrevet i figur 1A.
<ol><li>Genbrug det tørrede siRNA-bibliotek, der opbevares i moderplader (96-brøndsplader) med 1x siRNA-buffer for at nå en koncentration på 4 μM, og overfør derefter 10 μl af blandingen til en 384-brønd datterplade (datterplade 1).<...

<ol>
	<li>Gandhi, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidrug-resistant+and+extensively+drug-resistant+tuberculosis:+a+threat+to+global+control+of+tuberculosis.">Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a threat to global control of tuberculosis.</a> Lancet. 375, 1830-1843 (2010).</li><li>Barry, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+latent+tuberculosis:+rethinking+the+biology+and+intervention+strategies.">The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the biology and intervention strategies.</a> Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 845-855 (2009).</li><li>Christophe, T., Ewann, F., Jeon, H. K., Cechetto, J., Brodin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-content+imaging+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis-infected+macrophages:+an+in+vitro+model+for+tuberculosis+drug+discovery.">High-content imaging of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages: an in vitro model for tuberculosis drug discovery.</a> Future Med. Chem. 2, 1283-1293 (2010).</li><li>Brodin, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+content+phenotypic+cell-based+visual+screen+identifies+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+acyltrehalose-containing+glycolipids+involved+in+phagosome+remodeling.">High content phenotypic cell-based visual screen identifies Mycobacterium tuberculosis acyltrehalose-containing glycolipids involved in phagosome remodeling.</a> PLoS Pathog. 6, (2010).</li><li>Bermudez, L. E., Goodman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+invades+and+replicates+within+type+II+alveolar+cells.">Mycobacterium tuberculosis invades and replicates within type II alveolar cells.</a> Infect. Immun. 64, 1400-1406 (1996).</li><li>Dobos, K. M., Spotts, E. A., Quinn, F. D., King, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Necrosis+of+lung+epithelial+cells+during+infection+with+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+is+preceded+by+cell+permeation.">Necrosis of lung epithelial cells during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is preceded by cell permeation.</a> Infect. Immun. 68, 6300-6310 (2000).</li><li>McDonough, K. A., Kress, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxicity+for+lung+epithelial+cells+is+a+virulence-associated+phenotype+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Cytotoxicity for lung epithelial cells is a virulence-associated phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> Infect. Immun. 63, 4802-4811 (1995).</li><li>Lee, H. M., Yuk, J. M., Shin, D. M., Jo, E. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dectin-1+is+inducible+and+plays+an+essential+role+for+mycobacteria-induced+innate+immune+responses+in+airway+epithelial+cells.">Dectin-1 is inducible and plays an essential role for mycobacteria-induced innate immune responses in airway epithelial cells.</a> J. Clin. Immunol. 29, 795-805 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, J. H., Chung, T. D., Oldenburg, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Statistical+Parameter+for+Use+in+Evaluation+and+Validation+of+High+Throughput+Screening+Assays.">A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 4, 67-73 (1999).</li><li>Birmingham, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+methods+for+analysis+of+high-throughput+RNA+interference+screens.">Statistical methods for analysis of high-throughput RNA interference screens.</a> Nat. Methods. 6, 569-575 (2009).</li><li>Carralot, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+high-throughput+siRNA+transfection+in+raw+264.7+macrophages:+a+case+study+for+optimization+procedure.">Automated high-throughput siRNA transfection in raw 264.7 macrophages: a case study for optimization procedure.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 14, 151-160 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, X. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illustration+of+SSMD,+z+score,+SSMD*,+z*+score,+and+t+statistic+for+hit+selection+in+RNAi+high-throughput+screens.">Illustration of SSMD, z score, SSMD*, z* score, and t statistic for hit selection in RNAi high-throughput screens.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 16, 775-785 (2011).</li><li>Song, O. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal-based+method+for+quantification+of+diffusion+kinetics+in+microwell+plates+and+its+application+for+identifying+a+rapid+mixing+method+for+high-content/throughput+screening.">Confocal-based method for quantification of diffusion kinetics in microwell plates and its application for identifying a rapid mixing method for high-content/throughput screening.</a> J. Biomol. Screen. 15, 138-147 (2010).</li></ol>

Vi beskriver her de metoder, der kræves for en fænotypisk analyse ved hjælp af en GFP-udtrykkende Mtb H37Rv-stamme for at inficere fluorescerende mærkede værtsceller, hvilket gør det hensigtsmæssigt for skærme med højt indhold/høj gennemløb. Denne protokol kan anvendes på en bred vifte af forbindelser, fluorescerende sonder og Mtb mutanter. For hver protokol, der er beskrevet ovenfor, kan fikserings- og immunolabelingstrin udføres inden billederhvervelse. Vi bruger et automatiseret fluoresc...

Blandt de nye og genopståede smitsomme patogener, der er rapporteret i løbet af de seneste år, har Mycobacteriumtuberkulose (Mtb) en fremtrædende plads som ansvarlig for 1,4 millioner dødsfald og 8,7 millioner nye infektioner i 2011 (Global tuberkuloserapport 2012, www.who.int/topics/tuberculosis/en/). På trods af tilgængeligheden af multidrug behandlinger, antallet af smittede mennesker er stadig stigende og multidrug resistente (MDR) samt omfattende resistente (XDR) Mtb er hurtigt breder sig over hele verden1. Desuden er det, når man tager hensyn til tilstedeværelsen af Mtb-antigener, tydeligt, at en tredjedel af den globale befolkning anses for at være latent inficeret af Mtb. Statistisk set er der i et tilfælde ud af ti udvikling i retning af sygdommens aktive form med efterfølgende kliniske symptomer2. Derfor er der et presserende behov for nye midler til at bekæmpe Mtb. I denne sammenhæng udviklede vi en in vitro visuel fænotypisk analyse, der var afhængig af overvågning af Mtb-invasion og multiplikation i værtsceller ved automatiseret konfokal fluorescensmikroskopi3. Tilpasningen af analysen i 384-brønds mikrotiterplader i kombination med automatiseret billederhvervelse og analyse tillod high-content/high-throughput Screening (HC/HTS) af mellemstore biblioteker af forbindelser, siRNA'er og bakteriede mutanter. Screeningen af et genom bredt RNAi bibliotek på denne fænotypiske analyse således gjort det muligt at identificere de vigtigste værtsfaktorer, der er involveret i Mtb handel og intracellulær replikation, men også belysning af værtsveje udnyttes af tuberkel bacillus. En anden tilpasning af denne særlige fænotypiske analyse var til identifikation af bakterielle faktorer, der er afgørende for Mtb intra-fagosomal persistens. For eksempel betragtes anholdelsen af fagadær modning som en af de vigtigste mekanismer, der letter overlevelse og replikation af Mtb i makrofag. Overvågning af subcellulær lokalisering af Mtb knock-out mutanter i fluorescerende mærkede syreholdige rum gjorde det muligt at identificere bakterielle gener, der er involveret i overlevelsesprocessen4. Endelig giver billeddannelsen af Mtb med højt indhold også en fremragende metode til at kvantificere lægemiddeleffektivitet til at hæmme forskellige fænomener som intracellulær bakterievækst3. Alt i alt giver denne type høj gennemløbsfenotypisk analyse mulighed for at fremskynde lægemiddelopdagelse mod TB, og de data, der indsamles af disse forskellige tilgange, bidrager til en bedre forståelse af værtsmanipulationen udøvet af Mtb.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">&#181;clear-plate black, 384 well</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">781091</td>
			<td style="width:388px;">127.8/86/15 MM with Lid, TC treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">CellCarrier 384 well plate</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">6007550</td>
			<td>Black, Clear Bottom, with Lid, TC treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">V-bottom white , 384 well-plate</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">781280</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">sealing tape, breathable, sterile</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">3345</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Lipofectamine RNAiMax</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">13778150</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">34943</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">RPMI 1640 + GlutaMAX-I</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">61870-010</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">D-PBS 1X [-]MgCl2/[-]CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">14190-094</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Salin Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">D-PBS 1X [+]MgCl2/[+]CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">14190-091</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Salin Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">2610040-79</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">FICOLL PAQUE PLUS</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">DUTSCHER</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">17-1440-03</td>
			<td>Ficoll for Peripherical Blood Monocyte Cells purification</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">CD14 MicroBeads, human</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">130-050-201</td>
			<td>Purification of CD14+ Monocytes</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Human M-CSF, premium gr. (1000 &#956;g)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">130-096-493</td>
			<td>Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">LS Columns</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Miltenyi</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">130-042-401</td>
			<td>Columns for CD14+ Monocytes isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Tween 80</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Euromedex</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">2002-A</td>
			<td>Mycobacteria culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Glycerol high purity </td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Euromedex</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">50405-EX</td>
			<td>Mycobacteria culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;"> Middlebrook OADC enrichment</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">211886</td>
			<td>Mycobacteria culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">7H9</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">W1701P</td>
			<td>Mycobacteria culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Versene 1X</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">15040033</td>
			<td>Non enzymatic cell dissociation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">D1306</td>
			<td>Nuclei dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">H3570</td>
			<td>Nuclei dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Syto60</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">S11342</td>
			<td>Nuclei/cytoplasm dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">HT5014</td>
			<td>Cell fixation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">siRNA targeting Dectin-1</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Santa-Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">sc-63276</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">*siGenome* Non targeted siRNA pool </td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Dharmacon</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">D-001206-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Rifampicin</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">R3501</td>
			<td>antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Isoniazid (INH)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">I3377-50G</td>
			<td>antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Hygromycin B</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">10687-010</td>
			<td>antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Amikacin</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">A1774</td>
			<td>antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Automated Confocal Microscope OPERA</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"> </td>
			<td>Image acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Columbus 2.3.1 Server Database</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"> </td>
			<td>Data transfert, storage and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">Acapella 2.6 software</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"> </td>
			<td>Image-based analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:287px;">GraphPad Prism5 software</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">GraphPad </td>
			<td style="width:175px;"> </td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:287px;">Excel 2010</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"> </td>
			<td>Statistical analysis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a microscopic phenotypic assay for the quantification of intracellular mycobacteria adapted for high-throughput/high-content screening

På trods af tilgængeligheden af terapi og vaccine er tuberkulose (TB) fortsat en af de mest dødelige og udbredte bakterieinfektioner i verden. Siden flere årtier har den pludselige udbrud af multi- og ekstensivt resistente stammer er en alvorlig trussel for kontrollen med tuberkulose. Det er derfor vigtigt at identificere nye mål og veje, der er kritiske for det årsagsfremkaldende middel for tuberkulose, Mycobacteriumtuberkulose (Mtb), og at søge efter nye kemikalier, der kan blive TB-lægemidler. En metode er at etablere metoder, der passer til de genetiske og kemiske skærme i store biblioteker, der gør det muligt at søge efter en nål i en høstak. Til dette formål udviklede vi en fænotypisk analyse, der var afhængig af påvisning af fluorescerende mærket Mtb i fluorescerende mærkede værtsceller ved hjælp af automatiseret konfokal mikroskopi. Denne in vitro-analyse giver mulighed for en billedbaseret kvantificering af koloniseringsprocessen af Mtb ind i værten og blev optimeret til 384-brønds mikropladeformatet, hvilket er korrekt for skærme af siRNA-, kemisk forbindelses- eller Mtb mutantbiblioteker. Billederne behandles derefter til multiparametrisk analyse, som giver udlæsning af Mtb's patogenese i værtsceller.

SiRNA-screening for høj gennemstrømningsgenom
Mtb er i stand til at kolonisere immunceller in vitro samt flere andre lunge epitelceller. For eksempel er Mtbi stand til at inficere og beskadige A549 epitelceller, der almindeligvis bruges som model for human type II pneumocytter5-7. Dectin-1 blev rapporteret som en værtscellereceptor involveret i Mtb-optagelse, proinflammatorisk respons og antibakteriel effekt på intracellulær mycobakteriel vækst...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Microscopic Phenotypic Assay for the Quantification of Intracellular Mycobacteria Adapted for High-throughput/High-content Screening at JoVE.com

A Microscopic Phenotypic Assay for the Quantification of Intracellular Mycobacteria Adapted for High-throughput/High-content Screening

Her beskriver vi en fænotypisk analyse, der gælder for high-throughput/high-content skærme af små-forstyrrende syntetisk RNA (siRNA), kemisk forbindelse, og Mycobacterium tuberkulose mutant biblioteker. Denne metode er baseret på påvisning af fluorescerende mærket Mycobacteriumtuberkulose i fluorescerende mærket værtscelle ved hjælp af automatiseret konfokal mikroskopi.

En mikroskopisk fænotypisk analyse til kvantificering af intracellulære mycobakterier tilpasset til screening med højt gennemløb/højt indhold

Despite the availability of therapy and vaccine, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly and widespread bacterial infections in the world. Since ...

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En Parasite Rescue og transformationsassay for Antileishmanial Screening mod intracellulære<em&gt; Leishmania donovani</em&gt; Amastigoter i THP1 human akut monocytisk leukæmi cellelinje

Leishmaniasis is  one of the world's most neglected diseases, largely affecting the  poorest of the poor, mainly in developing countries. Over 350 million ...

A New Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Thermostable Bacteriolytic Enzymes

En ny screeningsmetode til den Rettede Udviklingen i Termostabile bakteriolytisk Enzymes

Directed evolution is defined as a method to harness natural selection in order to engineer proteins to acquire particular properties that are not ...

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Generation and Multi-phenotypic High-content Screening of Coxiella burnetii Transposon Mutants

Generation og Multi-fænotypisk High-indhold Screening af<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii</em&gt; Transposon Mutants

Invasion and colonization of host cells by bacterial pathogens depend on the activity of a large number of prokaryotic proteins, defined as virulence ...

Visualization of the Charcoal Agar Resazurin Assay for Semi-quantitative, Medium-throughput Enumeration of Mycobacteria

Visualisering af trækul Agar Resazurin Assay til Semi-kvantitativ, Medium-throughput Tælling af mykobakterier

There is an urgent need to discover and progress anti-infectives that shorten the duration of tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the ...

A Simple Fluorescence Assay for Quantification of Canine Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release

A Simple Fluorescens Assay for Kvantificering af Canine Neutrofil Ekstracellulær Trap Frigivelse

Neutrophil extracellular traps are networks of DNA, histones and neutrophil proteins released in response to infectious and inflammatory stimuli. Although ...

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

En Fluorescens-baserede lymfocyt Assay Egnet til high-throughput screening af små molekyler

High-throughput screening (HTS) is currently the mainstay for the identification of chemical entities capable of modulating biochemical reactions or ...

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

System til Effekt og cytotoksicitet Screening af inhibitorer Målretning Intracellulær<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread ...

Quantification of Intracellular Growth Inside Macrophages is a Fast and Reliable Method for Assessing the Virulence of Leishmania Parasites

Quantification of Intracellular Growth Inside Macrophages is a Fast and Reliable Method for Assessing the Virulence of Leishmania Parasites

Kvantificering af intracellulære vækst inde makrofager er en holdbar og pålidelig metode til vurdering af virulens i Leishmania parasitter

The lifecycle of Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniasis, alternates between promastigote and amastigote stages inside the insect and vertebrate ...

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

A High-throughput, High-content, Liquid-based C. elegans Pathosystem

En høj overførselshastighed, High-indhold, væskebaseret C. elegans Pathosystem

The number of new drugs identified by traditional, in vitro screens has waned, reducing the success of this approach in the search for new weapons to ...