Name: an improved mechanical testing method to assess bone-implant anchorage
Uploaded: 2014-02-10T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage at JoVE.com

作者要感谢巴奥米特3i的为他们继续提供财政支持，尤其是兰迪·古德曼在定制部件的设计和制造的帮助。斯宾塞贝尔是一个收件人的产业研究生奖学金，由国家科学院和加拿大工程研究理事会（NSERC）提供。我们还要感谢John Brunski博士的手稿准备过程中非常有价值的反馈。

1。植入物的设计，制造及表面处理<ol><li>从工业纯钛（CPTI）;（长x宽x高尺寸4毫米×2.5毫米×1.3毫米）制造长方形的植入物。钻一个孔中央下来的植入物（直径为0.7mm）的长轴手术部位和随后的机械测试（ 图1）内以便尽早植入物的稳定性。 </li><li>处理所述植入物的上表面和下表面。 <ol><li>要创建两个不同的面，使用标准的喷砂（GB）的治疗，以创建一个microtopographically复杂的表面。?...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysing+the+optimal+value+for+titanium+implant+roughness+in+bone+attachment+using+a+tensile+test.">Analysing the optimal value for titanium implant roughness in bone attachment using a tensile test.</a> Biomaterials. 24, 4559-4564 (2003).</li><li>Mendes, V. C., Moineddin, R., Davies, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+discrete+calcium+phosphate+nanocrystals+on+bone-bonding+to+titanium+surfaces.">The effect of discrete calcium phosphate nanocrystals on bone-bonding to titanium surfaces.</a> Biomaterials. 28 (32), 4748-4755 (2007).</li><li>Skedros, J. G., Holmes, J. L., Vajda, E. G., Bloebaum, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cement+lines+of+secondary+osteons+in+human+bone+are+not+mineral+deficient:+new+data+in+a+historical+perspective.">Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral deficient: new data in a historical perspective.</a> Anat Rec. 286, 781-803 (2005).</li><li>McKee, M. D., Nanci, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteopontin+and+the+bone+remodelling+sequence:+colloidal-gold+immunocytochemistry+of+an+interfacial+extracellular+matrix+protein.">Osteopontin and the bone remodelling sequence: colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry of an interfacial extracellular matrix protein.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 760, 177-189 (1995).</li><li>Davies, J. E., Hosseini, M. M., Davies, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histodynamics of endosseous wound healing In: Bone Engineering. , 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Welsh, R. P., Pilliar, R. M., Macnab, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+implants.+The+role+of+surface+porosity+in+fixation+to+bone+and+acrylic.">Surgical implants. The role of surface porosity in fixation to bone and acrylic.</a> J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 53 (5), 963-977 (1971).</li><li>O'Brien, F. J., Taylor, D., Clive, L. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+bone+microstructure+on+the+initiation+and+growth+of+microcracks.">The effect of bone microstructure on the initiation and growth of microcracks.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 23 (2), 475-480 (2005).</li><li>Steflik, , et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrastructural+analyses+of+the+attachment+(bonding)+zone+between+bone+and+implanted+biomaterials.">Ultrastructural analyses of the attachment (bonding) zone between bone and implanted biomaterials.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 39 (4), 611-620 (1998).</li><li>Sul, Y. -. T., Johansson, C., Albrektsson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+in+vivo+method+for+quantifying+the+interfacial+biochemical+bond+strength+of+bone+implants.">A novel in vivo method for quantifying the interfacial biochemical bond strength of bone implants.</a> J. Royal Soc. 7 (42), 81-90 (2010).</li><li>Wong, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+surface+topography+on+the+osseointegration+of+implant+materials+in+trabecular+bone.">Effect of surface topography on the osseointegration of implant materials in trabecular bone.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 29 (12), 1567-1575 (1995).</li><li>Gotfredsen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anchorage+of+titanium+implants+with+different+surface+characteristics:+an+experimental+study+in+rabbits.">Anchorage of titanium implants with different surface characteristics: an experimental study in rabbits.</a> Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res. 2 (3), 120-128 (2000).</li><li>Lekholm, U., Zarb, G. A., Albrektsson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Patient selection and preparation. In: Tissue integrated prostheses. , 199-209 (1985).</li></ol>

此处提供可进行试验力模型提供一种改进性方法评价骨锚地到候选人种植体表面的，容许进行精确垂线或是并联随着applied disruption力轴试样协调一致，骨折区极限到内植入物表面的半毫米。该模型是容易纳入比较的化学或机械方式，修饰的表面的任何范围的有效性的研究，但不适合于光滑表面，因为这些都是从骨标本处理过程中容易脱落。该植入物可以从范围广泛的生物材料来制造。数据很容易?...

评估骨锚固到骨内种植体表面一直相当关注的焦点，为此，许多机械测试方法已经被描述1,2。所有这些方法施加一个力，破坏正在使用的骨/种植体模型，大致可分为剪，一般表现为外推式或拉式模型3,4，反向扭矩3,5，和拉伸类型6， 7。通常在这样的测试中，无论是骨8或植入材料（在脆性玻璃和陶瓷9,10的情况下）被破碎，假设某种形式的锚固的发生，骨/植入物界面保持不变（至少部分地）保持不变。这样的实验的结果的意思是不仅使模型的断裂（或中断）所需的力是不分开的骨/植入物界面11,12所需的力，而且还使产生的裂缝平面内的复杂的表面积可以是难治精确的测量。然而，这种测试可以是临床相关的，因为它们提供的别共面的设计植入到被固定在骨能力的比较标尺。然而，还应当指出，这种比较是唯一有效的范围内的实验模型，而实验模型之间的比较是充满着困难，因为研究人员使用不同种类的动物表现出无论是片状或编织骨;小梁或皮质骨愈合模型和不同的机械测试几何形状和条件。 在努力获得的骨/植入物界面的拉伸强度的测定，许多研究者已经使用的植入物的公称表面积而得出一个“拉伸强度”值，因为抗张强度被测量为每单位面积上的力。这显然​​是给定的，如上面所解释的一个近似值，该骨/植入物界面在许多破坏试验采用保持完好编辑。除了 ​​测量植入物，特别是复杂的地形表面的表面区域中，由测量技术的分辨率由Ronald 等人 13但是所讨论的限制，通过Brunski 等 2，作为评论时的植入物的标称表面积是考虑到，在“抗拉强度”与不同的植入物表面的设计相关联的显着的差异被否定，表明植入物表面具有较高的表面面积提供更大的骨/植入物的接触面积，因此需要更大的力来破碎模型。因此，其含义是，地形更复杂的表面可以增加接触成骨，这会导致更大的骨植入物接触（BIC）和由此产生机械测试更高的中断值。接触成骨是两个不同的现象的产品：骨传导和骨形成。事实上，我们已经表明，增加了骨传导的形貌售货机，ically复杂的表面，可以通过测量所得到的BIC 14进行量化，并且这种表面也导致较高的机械破碎值12。 然而，这是有益的是要注意，种植体周围骨可以通过两种机制形成。在间充质起源的接触成骨细胞迁移到植入物表面（骨传导），分化成骨细胞，并阐述从头骨基质在植入物表面（骨形成）。阐述了第一骨基质是在正常骨重塑看到15矿化水泥线（有很多混乱有关该生物矿化结构，有时被认为是未矿化1或一种融合在骨16的所有接口的文献-有关此主题的完整讨论，请参阅戴维斯和侯赛尼17）。联系成骨是骨的现象的一个重要的先决条件接的，但不必要的是对于骨向内生长18。骨的矿化水泥线机械骨骼比19的矿化胶原舱弱。因此，直观地，如果水泥线矩阵与植入物的纳米特征的交错结合与骨组织生长到植入件的宏观特征相比较，然后破坏前所需的机械力会合理地，可以预料到小于后者，并且我们最近已证明了这一点实验12。 种植体周围骨也可以通过距离成骨形成。在这种情况下，骨沉积在旧骨表面并得到逐步接近导致包含无定形基质和成骨细胞20的遗体的接口的植入物表面。一般情况下，距离成骨与光滑，或加工，骨内种植体表面有关，常见于皮质骨的愈合，而microtopographicaLLY复杂曲面与骨的接触是比较典型的骨小梁愈合有关。使用光滑的植入物表面和皮质骨愈合拉伸试验模型已经能够测试此无定形生物基体与地形复杂表面相关联的接触成骨缺失的粘接性能，并且已经表明，发生所谓的“生物化学”接合提供了一个报告与地形复杂的曲面21的“拉伸强度”值较小的组成部分。与此相反，采用了小梁骨愈合模型中，Wong 等人 22表明植入物表面粗糙度和推出故障负载之间“良好的相关性”，并表示化学键合确实起到了骨锚的作用微乎其微到植入物表面。虽然有可能出现两个接触和距离成骨发生，在不同程度上，在所有的骨内围implaNT愈合车厢，microtopographically复杂的表面已经表明自己是特别有利的小梁骨性愈合舱23。后者在牙科文献24列为III级或IV级骨。 我们的目的是要着眼于接触成骨的机制和产生的骨/种植体支抗可在骨小梁愈合环境随之发生。这锚地，这是依赖于植入物表面的形貌（参见上文），可以发生在不同的尺度范围。一方面，只有亚微米植入物的特点有牵连的骨接合 - 所描述的骨水泥线矩阵与这样的表面的交错结合，并看到了生物活性玻璃，陶瓷和网状金属氧化物。另一方面，骨组织（有时完全与血液的血管）可发育成多微米，或宏观尺度，植入物的表面特征18。这两种情况下水库ULT在骨锚固到植入物表面的一种形式，虽然机制明显不同。然而，大多数的上面引用的机械测试方法的通病是使在一个完全垂直或平行的平面上的干扰力，以使植入物表面的（取决于拉伸或剪切模式是否被采用）。我们在此报告来克服这种限制的方法。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffer solution (DPBS)</td>
			<td >Gibco Life Technologies, Burlington, ON, Canada</td>
			<td >14190-250</td>
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10% neutral buffered formalin solution</td>
			<td >Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC., Canada</td>
			<td >HT501128-4L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Custom-designed rectangular implants (commercially pure titanium; dimensions: 4mm x 2.5mm x 1.3mm with a 0.7mm hole drilled centrally down the long axis)</td>
			<td >Biomet 3i, FL, USA</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Custom-designed breakaway mould</td>
			<td >Biomet 3i, FL, USA</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Isoflurane</td>
			<td >Baxter Internationl Inc.</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Buprenorphine</td>
			<td >Bedford Laboratories</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >10% betadine</td>
			<td >Bruce Medical, MA, US</td>
			<td >FR-2200-90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scalpel</td>
			<td >Almedic, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >2586-M36-0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scalpel blade #15 (sterile)</td>
			<td >Magna, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >2586</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Periosteal elevator #24G</td>
			<td >Spectrum Surgical, OH, USA</td>
			<td >EX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Forceps</td>
			<td >Almedic, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >7747-A10-108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Tissue forceps</td>
			<td >Almedic, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >7722-A10-308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Scissors</td>
			<td >Almedic, Medstore, University of Toronto</td>
			<td >7603-A8-240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Absorbant Fabric General Purpose Drape (sterile)</td>
			<td >Vitality Medical</td>
			<td >1089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Gauze (non-sterile)</td>
			<td >VWR</td>
			<td >89133-260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Needles 25G X 5/8&#34; (disposable)</td>
			<td >BD, Canada</td>
			<td >305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Syringes (sterile)</td>
			<td >VWR, Canada</td>
			<td >CABD309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Needle Driver</td>
			<td >Almedic, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >A17-132</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Dynarex Surgical gloves (sterile)</td>
			<td >Amazon.com</td>
			<td >2475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Surgical masks</td>
			<td >Fisherbrand, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >296360759</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >0.9% sterile saline</td>
			<td >House brand, Medstore, University of Toronto, Canada</td>
			<td >1011-L8001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hair clippers</td>
			<td >Remington, US</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >4-0 Polysorb</td>
			<td >Syneture</td>
			<td >SL5627G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >9mm Wound Clips</td>
			<td >Becton Dickinson, MD, USA</td>
			<td >427631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >ImplantMED DU 900 and WS-75 dental hand piece&#160;</td>
			<td >W&#38;H Dentalwerk, Austria</td>
			<td >DU1000US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.3 mm twist drill</td>
			<td >Brasseler, GA, USA</td>
			<td >203.21.013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.3 mm dental burr&#160;</td>
			<td >Biomet 3i, FL, USA</td>
			<td >custom</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >1.2 mm cylindrical side-cutting burr</td>
			<td >Biomet 3i, FL, USA</td>
			<td >custom</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cylindrical diamond burr</td>
			<td >Brasseler, GA, USA</td>
			<td >H1.21.014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td rowspan="2" >High speed dental drilling system</td>
			<td >Handpiece: KaVo Dental Corporation, IL, USA</td>
			<td rowspan="2" >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Handpiece Control: DCI International, OR, USA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >99.5% Ultra Pure sucrose</td>
			<td >BioShop Canada Inc., Burlington, ON, Canada</td>
			<td >57-50-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Flowable dental composite</td>
			<td >Filtek Supreme Ultra Flowable Restorative, 3M ESPE, St Paul, Minnesota, USA</td>
			<td >6033XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Sapphire Plasma Arc high intensity curing light</td>
			<td >Den-Mat Holdings, Santa Maria, CA, USA</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Instron 4301 with 1000 N load cell</td>
			<td >Instron, Norwood, MA, USA</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td rowspan="2" >Red Wolf 10lb nylon &#64257;shing line</td>
			<td rowspan="2" >Canadian Tire, Canada</td>
			<td rowspan="2" >78-3610-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td ></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Leica Wild M3Z Stereozoom dissecting microscope</td>
			<td >Leica, Heerbrugg, Switzerland</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >QImaging Micropublisher 5.0 RTV digital camera coupled with QCapture 2.90.1 acquisition software</td>
			<td >QImaging, Surrey, BC, Canada</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Electronic digital caliper&#160;</td>
			<td >Fred V. Fowler Company, Inc., Newton, MA, USA</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Mechanical testing instrument</td>
			<td >Instron, Norwood, MA, USA</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an improved mechanical testing method to assess bone-implant anchorage

在材料科学的最新进展已经导致大幅增加种植体表面地形的复杂性，无论是在微观和纳米级。作为描述种植体表面，例如，传统的方法-表面粗糙度，即数值决定因素-是不够的体内性能预测。生物力学测试提供了一个准确和比较平台来分析生物材料表面的性能。一种改进的机械测试方法测试骨锚固候选种植体表面呈现。该方法适用于愈合的早期和晚期阶段，并且可以被用于化学或机械改性的表面的​​任何范围 - 但不是光滑的表面。自定义的矩形植入物在雄性Wistar大鼠的远侧股骨双侧放置并与周围的骨收集。试样制作和使用一种新的分离模具和破坏盆栽测试是使用机械试验机进行的。这种方法精确地垂直或平行，以在植入物表面的平面中允许的干扰力的对准，并提供​​了用于分离一个确切的种植体周围区域进行检测的精确和可重复的方法。

所有的动物下手术的恢复随时间增加他们的活动能力。这很重要，因为负荷对不同的量程范围地形差异的影响，因为我们最近报道12。对试样以下机械试验的代表性力/位移曲线是在图9A，并为每个种植体表面的平均数据列于图9B。由每个试样达到最大力量值，记录和组值平均值进行比较（每组n = 28）。在GB-DCD的表面上，叠加在底层microtopographically复杂曲面亚微米地?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage at JoVE.com

An Improved Mechanical Testing Method to Assess Bone-implant Anchorage

一种改进的机械性能测试方法来评估骨种植体支抗

一种改进的方法以机械测试的骨锚定到候选种植体表面呈现。这种方法精确地垂直或平行，以在植入物表面的平面中允许的干扰力的对准，并提供​​了一​​个准确的方法，可直接进行干扰力为确切的种植体周围区域。

Recent advances in material science have led to a substantial increase in the topographical complexity of implant surfaces, both on a micro- and a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Mechanical Testing of Mouse Carotid Arteries: from Newborn to Adult

小鼠颈动脉的力学性能测试：从新生儿到成人

The large conducting arteries in vertebrates are composed of a specialized extracellular matrix designed to provide pulse dampening and reduce the work ...

科研

生物工程

Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza

微流控芯片的制备及方法检测甲型流感

Fast  and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious  disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we ...

Stress-induced Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing on a Chip

芯片上的压力诱导抗生素易感性测试

We have developed a rapid microfluidic method for antibiotic susceptibility testing in a stress-based environment. Fluid is passed at high speeds over ...

An Improved Method for the Preparation of Type I Collagen From Skin

对于I型胶原蛋白的制备皮肤方法的改进

Soluble type 1 collagen (COL1) is used extensively as an adhesive substrate for cell cultures and as a cellular scaffold for regenerative applications. ...

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

方法和股骨骨折测试在横盘整理的秋天在臀部位置检测的夹具

Mechanical testing of femora brings valuable insights into understanding the contribution of clinically-measureable variables such as bone mineral density ...

A Method to Estimate Cadaveric Femur Cortical Strains During Fracture Testing Using Digital Image Correlation

基于数字图像相关的骨折检测中股骨皮质应变的估算方法

This protocol describes the method using digital image correlation to estimate cortical strain from high speed video images of the cadaveric femoral ...

A Performance-testing Platform for a Conduction Micropump with an FR-4 Copper-clad Electrode Plate

FR-4 铜包电极板导电微泵性能测试平台

Here, a conduction micropump with symmetric planar electrode pairs prepared on flame-retardant glass-reinforced epoxy (FR-4) copper-clad laminate (CCL) is ...

A Millimeter Scale Flexural Testing System for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Marine Sponge Spicules

测量海洋海绵针力学性能的毫米尺度弯曲试验系统

Many load bearing biological structures (LBBSs)&#8212;such as feather rachises and spicules&#8212;are small (&#60;1 mm) but not microscopic. Measuring the ...

Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex

大鼠运动皮质微电极植入所致功能缺损的啮齿动物行为检测

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes ...

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

从癌细胞培养物中收集的介质光谱分析的选定金核素的同步量化

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and ...