Name: study motor skill learning by single-pellet reaching tasks in mice
Uploaded: 2014-03-04T17:05:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice at JoVE.com

这项工作是由精神卫生研究所授予（1R01MH094449-01A1）以YZ

在这个手稿中描述的实验都是按照规定由加州大学圣克鲁兹分校的机构动物护理和使用委员会的准则和法规的规定执行。 1。设置（请参阅材料清单） <ol><li>用小米种子为食物颗粒。 </li><li>使用一个特制的有机玻璃明确培训室（20厘米高15厘米深，8.5厘米宽，从外部测量，用有机玻璃0.5厘米的厚度），其中包含三个垂直狭缝（一个狭缝上&#39;塑造&#39;的边缘，和两个狭缝在对?...

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重要的塑造阶段： 因为从一个未知的环境是增加焦虑，它通常是困难的小鼠在新环境中21,22的培训。因此，整形的目的是熟悉小鼠的培训室，培训师（ 即降低他们的焦虑程度），任务要求（ 即识别种子作为食物源）。成形的另一个目标是确定为未来训练个体小鼠的优选的肢体。塑造过程中，至关重要的是，小鼠未过形，因为它可以提供多余的“深远的练?...

了解底层机制的学习和记忆是神经科学中最大的挑战之一。在电机系统，购置新的运 ​​动技能和实践通常被称为运动学习，而先前学到运动技能的保留被视为运动记忆1。学习一项新的运动技能通常是体现在改善所需的电机性能随着时间的推移，直到当运动技能要么是完善还是令人满意的一致点。在大多数情况下，所获取的运动记忆可以持续相当长的时间周期，即使是在没有实践的。在人类中，利用正电子发射断层扫描（PET）和功能磁共振成像（fMRI）的神经影像学研究表明，初级运动皮层（M1）的活性变化过程中运动技能学习2-4的采集阶段，并通过货币供应量M1的活动临时干预低频经颅磁刺激导致显ficantly打乱保留马达改善行为5。同样地，前肢特定训练对大鼠诱导功能和解剖可塑性中的货币供应量M1，在M1高速公路对侧前肢训练两者的c-fos基因的活性和突触/神经元的比例在运动技能学习6的后期增加例证。此外，类似的训练模式也加强层在对侧M1三分之二水平连接对应于训练的前肢，从而降低了长时程增强（LTP）和增强长期抑制（LTD）大鼠获得的任务7之后。例如突触修饰，然而，没有在对应于未受过训练的前肢或后肢8的M1皮层区域观察到。或者，当M 1是通过笔划损坏，有在前肢特定电动机技能9戏剧性的缺陷。虽然大多数电动机行为研究已经在人类，猴子进行s和大鼠2-8,10-17，小鼠会因为其强大的遗传学和低成本的一个有吸引力的模型系统。 在这里，我们提出了一个具体的前肢运动技能学习范式：单颗粒深远的任务。在这个范例中，老鼠被训练通过一个狭窄的缝隙的前肢伸到把握和检索定位在一个固定的位置，类似于学习射箭，飞镖投掷，射击和篮球在人类行为的食物颗粒（小米）。这达到了任务已经被修改已显示出小鼠和大鼠18之间类似的结果以前的大鼠的研究。利用双光子成像颅，我们以前的工作一直遵循的树突棘（多数为兴奋性突触的突触后结构）随时间的动态这次培训过程中。我们发现，一个单一的训​​练导致的锥体神经元新的树突棘的运动皮层对侧前肢训练迅速出现。 S同样深远的任务ubsequent培训优先稳定这些学习引起的刺，它坚持很久以后的训练结束19。此外，在达到任务的重复涌现刺倾向于沿着树突聚集，而串联到达执行任务，另一前肢专用电机的任务（ 即面食处理任务）过程中形成的刺没有集群20。 在本视频中，我们描述了一步一步的这种行为模式的设置，从最初的食品匮乏到整形，并以动作训练。我们还描述了小鼠的一般行为执行该行为范式的过程中，以及如何将这些行为进行分类和分析。最后，我们讨论到实践这样的学习模式所需的预防措施，并可能在数据分析中遇到的问题。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="856">
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		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Training chamber in clear acrylic box</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">For dimensions, see Fig. 1A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Tilted tray for shaping</td>
			<td>custom-made from glass slides, see Fig. 1B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Food platform for training</td>
			<td>For dimensions, see Fig. 1C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Millet seeds&#160;</td>
			<td>filtered from &#8220;Wild Bird Food Dove and Quail Blend Wild Bird Food (All Living Things)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>For placing the seeds</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">A weighing scale</td>
			<td>For daily body weight measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">A stopwatch</td>
			<td>For time measurement during shaping/training sessions</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

study motor skill learning by single-pellet reaching tasks in mice

为达到和检索对象需要精确和协调运动动作中的前肢。当小鼠被反复训练来掌握和持久性的训练之后取回定位在特定位置的食物奖励，其机动性能（定义为精度和速度）随时间逐步提高，并且台地。一旦达到这样的功力被掌握，其进一步维护不需要不断的实践。在这里，我们介绍一种单颗粒深远的任务，研究技术前肢运动小鼠的获取和维护。在这段视频中，我们首先描述小鼠被在此学习和记忆范式经常遇到的行为，然后讨论如何分类这些行为并量化观察到的结果。结合小鼠遗传学，这种模式可以用来作为一种行为的平台，探索解剖基础，生理特性，以及学习和记忆的分子机制。

学习曲线： 一个运动技能的掌握往往需要随着时间的推移持续性的做法。一个典型的平均学习曲线是由两个阶段：初始捕获阶段在此期间，成功率逐步提高，而当成功率达到了高原（ 图2C）以后的巩固阶段。应当指出的个别小鼠的学习曲线而变化，不同的小鼠采取不同天数达到坪值，并且单个的学习曲线通常是不一样平滑的平均之一。另一种方式来呈现你的鼠标的...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice at JoVE.com

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

学习运动技能通过单颗粒到达任务小鼠学习

持续练习提高协调运动的精度。在这里，我们介绍一种单颗粒深远的任务，其目的是评估在小鼠的学习和前肢的记忆技能。

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Compensatory Limb Use and Behavioral Assessment of Motor Skill Learning Following Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in a Mouse Model of Ischemic Stroke

补偿肢使用和运动技能学习行为评估以下感觉运动皮层损伤缺血性脑卒中的小鼠模型

Mouse models have become increasingly popular in the field of behavioral neuroscience, and specifically in studies of experimental stroke. As models ...

科研

行为学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

执行任务的行为与颅内电极主题

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

收购高精度熟练的前肢到达任务大鼠

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Novel Object Recognition Test for the Investigation of Learning and Memory in Mice

小鼠学习记忆研究的新对象识别实验

The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...