Name: imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2014-01-23T15:15:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

作者要感谢晃千叶的智力支持，物质支持和股票。感谢朱莉娅Dallman征求意见。

1。飞工作<ol><li>保持苍蝇在室温下10个标准玉米面-琼脂糖蜜酵母培养基。 </li><li>对于十字架，隔离在6小时羽化的处女。穿越到所需基因型的男性后，改变飞行到新瓶每3-4天。 </li></ol>注：对于这些实验，Gal4的线A9被用来驱动转基因的表达在边路。飞股份与股票中心布卢明顿获得。在这些实验中使用的股票包括A9-GAL4（BL＃8761），His2Av-GFP（BL＃5941），在sco / CYO HsCre（BL＃...

<ol>
	<li>Raff, J. W., Jeffers, K., Huang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+roles+of+Fzy/Cdc20+and+Fzr/Cdh1+in+regulating+the+destruction+of+cyclin+B+in+space+and+time.">The roles of Fzy/Cdc20 and Fzr/Cdh1 in regulating the destruction of cyclin B in space and time.</a> J. Cell Biol. 157, 1139-1149 (2002).</li><li>Stramer, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+wound+inflammation+in+Drosophila+embryos+reveals+key+roles+for+small+GTPases+during+in+vivo+cell+migration.">Live imaging of wound inflammation in Drosophila embryos reveals key roles for small GTPases during in vivo cell migration.</a> J. Cell Biol. 168, 567-573 (2005).</li><li>Clark, I. B., Jarman, A. P., Finnegan, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+Drosophila+gonad+formation+reveals+roles+for+Six4+in+regulating+germline+and+somatic+cell+migration.">Live imaging of Drosophila gonad formation reveals roles for Six4 in regulating germline and somatic cell migration.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 7, 52 (2007).</li><li>Fuger, P., Behrends, L. B., Mertel, S., Sigrist, S. J., Rasse, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+synapse+development+and+measuring+protein+dynamics+using+two-color+fluorescence+recovery+after+photo-bleaching+at+Drosophila+synapses.">Live imaging of synapse development and measuring protein dynamics using two-color fluorescence recovery after photo-bleaching at Drosophila synapses.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 3285-3298 (2007).</li><li>Siller, K. H., Serr, M., Steward, R., Hays, T. S., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+Drosophila+brain+neuroblasts+reveals+a+role+for+Lis1/dynactin+in+spindle+assembly+and+mitotic+checkpoint+control.">Live imaging of Drosophila brain neuroblasts reveals a role for Lis1/dynactin in spindle assembly and mitotic checkpoint control.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 16, 5127-5140 (2005).</li><li>Roy, S., Hsiung, F., Kornberg, T. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+of+Drosophila+cytonemes+for+distinct+signaling+pathways.">Specificity of Drosophila cytonemes for distinct signaling pathways.</a> Science. 332, 354-358 (2011).</li><li>Gho, M., Bellaiche, Y., Schweisguth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+the+Drosophila+microchaete+lineage:+a+novel+intrinsically+asymmetric+cell+division+generates+a+glial+cell.">Revisiting the Drosophila microchaete lineage: a novel intrinsically asymmetric cell division generates a glial cell.</a> Development. 126, 3573-3584 (1999).</li><li>Ninov, N., Martin-Blanco, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+epidermal+morphogenesis+during+the+development+of+the+adult+abdominal+epidermis+of+Drosophila.">Live imaging of epidermal morphogenesis during the development of the adult abdominal epidermis of Drosophila.</a> Nat. Protoc. 2, 3074-3080 (2007).</li><li>Edgar, B. A., Lehner, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+control+of+cell+cycle+regulators:+a+fly's+perspective.">Developmental control of cell cycle regulators: a fly's perspective.</a> Science. 274, 1646-1652 (1996).</li><li>Wirtz, R. A., Semey, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+kitchen:+equipment,+media+preparation,+and+supplies.">The Drosophila kitchen: equipment, media preparation, and supplies.</a> Drosophila Information Service. 58, 176-180 (1982).</li><li>Boulina, M., Samarajeewa, H., Baker, J. D., Kim, M. D., Chiba, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+multicolor-labeled+cells+in+Drosophila.">Live imaging of multicolor-labeled cells in Drosophila.</a> Development. 140, 1605-1613 (2013).</li><li>Bainbridge, S. P., Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staging+the+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Staging the metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 66, 57-80 (1981).</li><li>Staudt, T., Lang, M. C., Medda, R., Engelhardt, J., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2,2'-thiodiethanol:+a+new+water+soluble+mounting+medium+for+high+resolution+optical+microscopy.">2,2'-thiodiethanol: a new water soluble mounting medium for high resolution optical microscopy.</a> Microsc. Res. Tech. 70, 1-9 (2007).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nat. Methods. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Meyer, E. J., Ikmi, A., Gibson, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interkinetic+nuclear+migration+is+a+broadly+conserved+feature+of+cell+division+in+pseudostratified+epithelia.">Interkinetic nuclear migration is a broadly conserved feature of cell division in pseudostratified epithelia.</a> Curr. Biol. 21, 485-491 (2011).</li><li>Sauer, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitosis+in+the+neural+tube.">Mitosis in the neural tube.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 62, 377-405 (1935).</li><li>Livet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+strategies+for+combinatorial+expression+of+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+nervous+system.">Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.</a> Nature. 450, 56-62 (2007).</li></ol>

可视化，测量和量化分裂细胞的功能，用于通过His2AvGFP表达细胞共聚焦分析的方法观察有丝分裂的果蝇蛹生活机翼的简单准备所需的开发。这种方法被用来记录该细胞周期中的蛹翼熊强的相似性对细胞周期的假复层上皮细胞中的细胞核转移到他们进入有丝分裂的上皮细胞的顶面。以下末期，核回落到上皮细胞层。因此，这种单层，显然不分层上皮细胞，显示的单元格的限制interkinetic核迁移?...

<html>醋蝇， 果蝇 ，是一种行之有效的模型用于研究生物学的许多方面。 果蝇的研究具有遗传实验的丰富的历史，使基因操作的复杂形式，包括表达，敲除和基因突变。同的荧光蛋白标记的出现，这个曲目已经扩大到包括细胞和蛋白质的研究在活的动物。在果蝇胚胎是一个很好的系统，这样的研究，因为它是小，光学透明的，允许深，高分辨率成像在体内 1-3。飞发展的其他阶段已被证明是易于处理的少，需要麻醉4，解剖和短期培养5,6或增设在角质层成像7,8窗口。这些操作通常是妥协的动物发展的长期或影响动物的方式，限制了成像时间很短。 ENT“&gt;为了研究新的突变基因中像细胞周期调控，有必要找到一个适当的准备，以研究细胞周期的时序和保真度。由于大多数胚胎细胞周期截断（SM或S-G2-M）和所研究的突变体没有表现出缺陷，直到后期，观察细胞周期中蛹期的组织是很重要的。上皮细胞在蛹有一个更典型的G1-S-G2-M期细胞周期和现阶段的蛹是不能够肌肉运动9。初始起点操作包含完整的整体蛹表达Histone2AV-GFP。尽管蛹壳的表观不透明度，这完好制剂被证明是优良的长期的体内成像，这种技术是简单以至于本科生科研人员经常使用它来 ​​研究细胞和发育生物学果蝇的方面，但分辨率是好的足以让的微米尺度特征歧视。用这种方法，过小时，分钟或秒事件的观察是可能简单地通过调节时间序列的参数。使用蓝色，绿色，黄色，橙色，和红色荧光蛋白，或这些的组合的视频，已经作出。重要的是，如果小心，尽量减少激光强度，甚至长期成像对发展的动物或生存没有影响。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

长期以来利用果蝇作为模型细胞和发育生物学取得了一系列工具。总之，这些技术已成功地从各种方法论的角度细胞和发育生物学的分析。实时成像是动态观察细胞过程，如细胞分裂或细胞运动的一个新兴的方法。经分离的突变未知推测细胞周期蛋白成为必不可少使用实时成像，观察有丝分裂原位 。在果蝇中最实时成像研究都集中在那些由于它们的小尺寸和光学清晰度访问操作和观察的萌芽阶段。然而，在这些阶段的细胞周期是不寻常的，因为它缺少一个间隙阶段或两者。相比之下， 果蝇蛹翼的细胞具有典型的细胞周期并经过一段快速的有丝分裂横跨约20小时，蛹的发展。很容易我找出并隔离适当阶段蛹赶在有丝分裂原 。安装完好蛹成像过程中提供易处理性和耐用性的最佳组合，使实验来进行数小时对细胞和动物存活率的影响降至最低。该方法允许观测的特征一样小，或小于飞染色体。的显微镜设置和安装的细节调整，允许延长制剂的可视化相邻小区的膜动力学和荧光标记的蛋白，如微管蛋白。此方法适用于所有测试的荧光蛋白，可以在各种时间尺度的把握亚微米尺度特征。虽然仅限于外20微米的蛹与传统的共聚焦显微镜，这种方法观察蛋白质和细胞动力学在蛹体内的组织一般可有用细胞和发育生物学在这些组织的研究。

细胞的假复层上皮，如显影果蝇眼睛，或显影脊椎动物中枢神经系统的心室层，经历核运动，称为interkinetic核迁移，在时间上与细胞周期。当核是在或接近基底表面和细胞进入有丝分裂时细胞核到达顶端面15,16发生DNA的复制。在头外翻后的前几个小时，蛹翼细胞形成一个快速分裂的单层上皮。收集在XYZT模式的数据从早期蛹翼，采取每节2微米以1分钟的间隔。在所得到的3D电影有丝分?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

本文演示了如何使用直接通过蛹壳快速扫描共聚焦显微镜对细胞图像的行为。将其留在蛹壳完好无损，此方法允许观察和动态细胞过程的测量在果蝇发育的阶段，是很难直接学习。

通过影像学的蛹壳<em&gt;果蝇</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

在果蝇幼虫中枢神经系统的剖析

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

科研

生物学

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

实时成像果蝇胚胎血细胞迁移

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

直立成像果蝇胚胎

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

从成人Oenocytes剖析果蝇</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

分离果蝇睾丸

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

果蝇蛹腹部免疫

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

寿命测量<em&gt;果蝇</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

解剖，成像和药物治疗： 果蝇蛹睾丸和单身男性生殖系囊肿的体外培养

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

解剖和安装的<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;蛹眼光盘

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

的维持<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;人口笼

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...