Name: recording single neurons' action potentials from freely moving pigeons across three stages of learning
Uploaded: 2014-06-02T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning at JoVE.com

这项研究是由赠款从德​​国研究基金会（DFG），以MCS（FOR 1581，STU 544/1-1）和OG（FOR 1581，SFB 874）的支持。东风集团的网站是http://www.dfg.de/en/index.jsp。资助者在研究设计，数据收集和分析，发布的决定，或准备manuscript.The作者没有作用感谢托马斯Seidenbecher为我们提供了镀金的协议以及托比亚斯奥托的帮助，建立了电录音设备。

操守准则所有实验均按照动物在科学的保养和使用了德国的指引进行。程序批准了北莱茵 - 威斯特法伦州，德国的状态的国家伦理委员会。 系统概述 操作性试验箱操作性室（ 图1）测量34厘米X 34厘米×50厘米。三个半透明的响应键（4厘米×4厘米位于大约20厘米以上的地面水平）的凹入腔室?...

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本协议描述适用于并发单机录制一个复杂的行为的任务。我们所描述的SIFC任务的鸽子，但它可以通过要求的鼻子戳或杆按下，而不是关键啄，而代以通过视觉嗅觉，听觉或触觉的刺激很容易地适应啮齿类动物。 也许是训练过程中最关键的步骤是：1）逐渐减少奖励概率和2）在试验的数目增加。对于间歇性强化的熟悉的刺激，我们决定奖励的概率从0.5到0.8;这些都足以产生稳定?...

学习新的刺激 - 反应 - 结果组织从事广泛的神经可塑性过程。这些过程最终体现在单个神经元的变化尖峰输出。可以说，最经常使用的学习范式之一是与啮齿类动物进行巴甫洛夫恐惧制约。在这种背景下，一个条件反应的采集和灭绝采取了几十个试验2内进行。条件性恐惧的快速发展是有利的，因为它允许在短时间内运行大量的动物。此外，收购和消光可以在几十试验在一天中天真的动物观察到3,4或分布在2〜3天2,5-8。然而，见解学习期间在这些实验中并不一定适用恐惧条件外域上涨约神经活动的变化。例如，目标导向的行为由驱动位置略去钢筋更充分地通过操作性，而不是巴甫洛夫条件反射过程建模，并可能部分依赖于不同的神经基础9,10。此外，恐惧制约发展如此迅速，在CS的神经反应只能为几十个试验中观察到，将神经活动的变化分析严重限制在学习。 不幸的是，操作性通常响应的收购和消灭需要很多天。这是有害的神经生理学研究，因为它是非常困难的在超过几小时来记录单细胞的活性。由于细胞外记录的动作电位波形的高相似性，它要求该记录在一天尖峰是从同一小区产生的尖峰与记录在下一11,12相似的波形，特别是在具有高的区域是有问题细胞密度如海马。 哥伦比亚利维亚经家蝇 ）是经典模式生物在实验心理学13-17。这些鸟能够执行复杂的视觉歧视18，可以灵活适应行为来改变筋突发事件19,20，并且是唯一热衷的工人，进行1,000试验的构件最小配筋量。这些特性使它们特别适用于下述实验。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1379px;" width="1377">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:325px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:471px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Resistance wire (for use as electrodes)</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">California Fine Wire, Grover Beach (CA), USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Stablohm 675; formvar-coated nichrome wires (outer diameter 25 &#181;m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Microconnectors</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Ginder Scientific, Nepean, Ontario, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>GS18PLG-220 (plug) &#38; GS18SKT-220 (socket to build headstage)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Cannulae</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Henke Sass Wolf, Tuttlingen, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>0.4x20mm/ 27Gx3/4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Gold solution for plating</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Neuralynx, Bozeman (MT), USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>SIFCO Process Gold Non-Cyanide, Code 5355</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Solution for ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Alconox, Inc., New York, USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;">1304</td>
			<td>Tergazyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Conductive glue</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Henkel Loctite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LOCTITE 3888 Silver filled, conductive, adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Stainless steel screws</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">J.I. Morris, Southbridge (MA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>F0CE125 self-tapping miniature screws, body length 1/8 inches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Light-curing dental cement</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">van der Ven Dental, Duisburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>Omniceram Evo Flow A2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Light-curing unit</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">van der Ven Dental, Duisburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>Jovident Excelled 215 Curing Light (wireless LED light curing unit)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Filter amplifiers</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">npi electronic GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>DPA-2FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">A/D converter</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td>power 1401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:277px;">Spike2 software</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>Version 7.06a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:305px;">The Mathworks, Natick (MA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:325px;"></td>
			<td>R2012a</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

recording single neurons' action potentials from freely moving pigeons across three stages of learning

而学习的主题，吸引了极大的兴趣来自行为和神经科学家，只有相对少数的研究者观察到单个神经元的活动，而动物被收购的operantly条件反应，或当该响应熄灭。但即使在这种情况下，观察期通常包括学习的只有一个阶段， 即收购或灭绝，但不能同时使用（例外情况包括用人逆转的学习方案;见宾曼等 1中的示例）。然而，收购和灭绝涉及不同的学习机制，因此预期将伴随着不同类型和/或神经可塑性的基因位点。 因此，我们开发了一种行为范式的机构学在一个单一的行为会话和其中三个阶段是非常适合用于同时记录的单个神经元的动作电位。动物重新训练上的单间隔强迫选择的任务，需要各两个可能的选择反应，不同的新颖的视觉刺激（购入）的呈现映射。已达到预定的性能指标，这两个选择反应之一后不再增强（消光）。按照一定的递减在性能水平，正确的反应是再次强化（重捕）。通过使用一套新的在每一个会话的刺激，动物可以反复进行收购灭绝 - 再获取过程。因为学习的三个阶段发生在一个单一的行为会议上，范式是理想的同时观测多个单个神经元的扣球输出。我们用鸽子作为模型系统，但是该任务可以很容易地适应空调能力辨别学习的任何其它物种。

行为 图4A显示了一个动物在一个实例中会话的行为表现。动物的表现水平达到标准的NS 2在180个试验（45刺激演示），并接近100％的NS从1开始。这一策略 - 首先响应相同的密钥进行新的刺激，然后调整反应的刺激之一 - 大约是经常观察到的初始随机响应两个NS。在这个会议上，南北2是随机选择接受灭绝，这意味着下面的这种刺激所有的选择保持无关紧要的（学习阶段?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning at JoVE.com

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

自由移动鸽子穿越三个阶段学习记录单个神经元&#39;动作电位

学习新的刺激 - 反应协会从事范围广泛的神经工序，而最终体现在改变单个神经元的秒杀输出。在这里，我们描述一个行为协议，允许单神经元活动的连续记录，而动物收购，熄灭，和一个实验性会话中重新获取一个条件反应。

While the subject of learning has attracted immense interest from both behavioral and neural scientists, only relatively few investigators have observed ...

Research

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Neuroscience

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

高密度的自由移动，使用基于聚酰亚胺的微电极的小鼠的脑电图记录

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

科研

神经科学

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

逆行荧光染料标记允许有针对性的外单细胞记录技术鉴定神经元<em&gt;在体内</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

阈上的神经活动的单细胞和单穗的分辨率的光学的方法记录

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

电图同时记录和麻醉大鼠视觉诱发电位

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

使用新颖的方法在自由移动的新生大鼠中记录脑电图

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials, Electrocardiogram, Electromyogram, and Breathing Rhythm from a Freely Moving Rat

自由运动大鼠皮质局部电位、心电图、肌电图和呼吸节律的同步记录

Monitoring the physiological dynamics of the brain and peripheral tissues is necessary for addressing a number of questions about how the brain controls ...

Noninvasive EEG Recordings from Freely Moving Piglets

自由移动仔猪的无创脑电图记录

The method allows the recording of high-quality electroencephalograms (EEGs) from freely moving piglets directly in the pigpen. We use a one-channel ...

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

自由运动大鼠脑电图记录过程中兴奋氨基酸的微透析

Microdialysis is a well-established neuroscience technique that correlates the changes of neurologically active substances diffusing into the brain ...

Hybrid Microdrive System with Recoverable Opto-Silicon Probe and Tetrode for Dual-Site High Density Recording in Freely Moving Mice

混合微驱系统,带可回收的光电探头和Tetrode,用于自由移动小鼠的双位点高密度记录

Multi-regional neural recordings can provide crucial information to understanding fine-timescale interactions between multiple brain regions. However, ...

Multi-Fiber Photometry to Record Neural Activity in Freely-Moving Animals

多纤维光测量记录自由移动动物的神经活动

Recording the activity of a group of neurons in a freely-moving animal is a challenging undertaking. Moreover, as the brain is dissected into smaller and ...