Name: laser nanosurgery of cerebellar axons in vivo
Uploaded: 2014-07-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Erica Lorenzetti for technical assistance on the injections and Irene Costantini for making figure 1. The research leading to these results has received funding from LASERLABEUROPE (Grant 284464, European Commission&#8217;s Seventh Framework Programme). This research project has also been supported by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research in the framework of the Flagship Project NANOMAX and by Italian Ministry of Health in the framework of the &#8220;Stem Cells Call for Proposals.&#8221; This work is part of the research activities of the European Flagship Human Brain Project and has been carried out in the framework of the International Center of Computational Neurophotonics foundation supported by &#8220;Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze&#8221;.

1. Axonale Labeling <ol><li> Klimvezels codeerbaar door het injecteren of organische kleurstoffen geconjugeerd aan hoogmoleculaire dextranen molecuulgewicht of plasmide / virussen die de expressie van fluorescerende eiwitten 26-29 induceren. In dit protocol wordt de organische kleurstof Alexa Fluor Dextran 488 geïnjecteerd in de oliva om klimvezels label en visualiseren in de cerebellaire cortex (figuur 1). Al de hier beschreven procedures zijn goedgekeurd door het Italiaanse ministerie va...

<ol>
	<li>Strata, P., Rossi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+the+olivocerebellar+pathway.">Plasticity of the olivocerebellar pathway.</a> Trends Neurosci. 21, 407-413 (1998).</li><li>Carulli, D., Buffo, A., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reparative+mechanisms+in+the+cerebellar+cortex.">Reparative mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 72, 373-398 (2004).</li><li>Zipfel, W., Williams, R., Webb, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+magic:+multiphoton+microscopy+in+the+biosciences.">Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 21, 1369-1377 (2003).</li><li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 2, 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Sacconi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+multiphoton+nanosurgery+on+cortical+neurons.">In vivo multiphoton nanosurgery on cortical neurons.</a> J Biomed Opt. 12, 050502 (2007).</li><li>Allegra Mascaro, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+single+branch+axotomy+induces+GAP-43-dependent+sprouting+and+synaptic+remodeling+in+cerebellar+cortex.">In vivo single branch axotomy induces GAP-43-dependent sprouting and synaptic remodeling in cerebellar cortex.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110, 10824-10829 (2013).</li><li>Ylera, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronically+CNS-injured+adult+sensory+neurons+gain+regenerative+competence+upon+a+lesion+of+their+peripheral+axon.">Chronically CNS-injured adult sensory neurons gain regenerative competence upon a lesion of their peripheral axon.</a> Curr Biol. 19, 930-936 (2009).</li><li>Canty, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vivo+single+neuron+axotomy+triggers+axon+regeneration+to+restore+synaptic+density+in+specific+cortical+circuits.">In-vivo single neuron axotomy triggers axon regeneration to restore synaptic density in specific cortical circuits.</a> Nat Commun. 4, 2038 (2013).</li><li>Canty, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+elimination+and+protection+after+minimal+injury+depend+on+cell+type+and+their+prelesion+structural+dynamics+in+the+adult+cerebral+cortex.">Synaptic elimination and protection after minimal injury depend on cell type and their prelesion structural dynamics in the adult cerebral cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 33, 10374-10383 (2013).</li><li>Waller, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiments+on+the+Section+of+the+Glossopharyngeal+and+Hypoglossal+Nerves+of+the+Frog,+and+Observations+of+the+Alterations+Produced+Thereby+in+the+Structure+of+Their+Primitive+Fibres.">Experiments on the Section of the Glossopharyngeal and Hypoglossal Nerves of the Frog, and Observations of the Alterations Produced Thereby in the Structure of Their Primitive Fibres.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140, 423-429 .</li><li>Hilliard, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+degeneration+and+regeneration+a+mechanistic+tug+of+war.">Axonal degeneration and regeneration a mechanistic tug of war.</a> J Neurochem. 108, 23-32 (2009).</li><li>Kerschensteiner, M., Schwab, M. E., Lichtman, J. W., Misgeld, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+axonal+degeneration+and+regeneration+in+the+injured+spinal+cord.">In vivo imaging of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the injured spinal cord.</a> Nat Med. 11, 572-577 (2005).</li><li>Luo, L., O'Leary, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+retraction+and+degeneration+in+development+and+disease.">Axon retraction and degeneration in development and disease.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 28, 127-156 (2005).</li><li>Chauvet, N., Prieto, M., Alonso, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tanycytes+present+in+the+adult+rat+mediobasal+hypothalamus+support+the+regeneration+of+monoaminergic+axons.">Tanycytes present in the adult rat mediobasal hypothalamus support the regeneration of monoaminergic axons.</a> Exp Neurol. 151, 1-13 (1998).</li><li>Morrison, E. E., Costanzo, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+and+reconnection+in+the+aging+hamster+central+nervous+system.">Regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and reconnection in the aging hamster central nervous system.</a> Neurosci Lett. 198, 213-217 (1995).</li><li>Cafferty, W. B., McGee, A. W., Strittmatter, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+growth+therapeutics+regeneration+or+sprouting+or+plasticity.">Axonal growth therapeutics regeneration or sprouting or plasticity.</a> Trends Neurosci. 31, 215-220 (2008).</li><li>Svoboda, K., Yasuda, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+Two-Photon+Excitation+Microscopy+and+Its+Applications+to+Neuroscience.">Principles of Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy and Its Applications to Neuroscience.</a> Neuron. 50, 823-839 (2006).</li><li>Feng, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+multiple+spectral+variants+of+GFP.">Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28, 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Tomomura, M., Rice, D. S., Morgan, J. I., Yuzaki, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Purkinje+cells+by+fluorescence-activated+cell+sorting+from+transgenic+mice+that+express+green+fluorescent+protein.">Purification of Purkinje cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 14, 57-63 (2001).</li><li>De Paola, V., Arber, S., Caroni, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptors+regulate+dynamic+equilibrium+of+presynaptic+terminals+in+mature+hippocampal+networks.">AMPA receptors regulate dynamic equilibrium of presynaptic terminals in mature hippocampal networks.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6, 491-500 (2003).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+structural+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+mammalian+brain.">Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 10, 647-658 (2009).</li><li>De Paola, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+type-specific+structural+plasticity+of+axonal+branches+and+boutons+in+the+adult+neocortex.">Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex.</a> Neuron. 49, 861-875 (2006).</li><li>Allegra Mascaro, A., Sacconi, L., Pavone, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-photon+nanosurgery+in+live+brain.">Multi-photon nanosurgery in live brain.</a> Frontiers in neuroenergetics. 2, 21 (2010).</li><li>Rossi, F., van der Want, J., Wiklund, L., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinnervation+of+cerebellar+Purkinje+cells+by+climbing+fibres+surviving+a+subtotal+lesion+of+the+inferior+olive+in+the+adult+rat.+II.+Synaptic+organization+on+reinnervated+Purkinje+cells.">Reinnervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells by climbing fibres surviving a subtotal lesion of the inferior olive in the adult rat. II. Synaptic organization on reinnervated Purkinje cells.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 308, 536-554 (1991).</li><li>Carulli, D., Buffo, A., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reparative+mechanisms+in+the+cerebellar+cortex.">Reparative mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex.</a> Progress in neurobiology. 72, 373-398 (2004).</li><li>Grasselli, G., Mandolesi, G., Strata, P., Cesare, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+sprouting+and+axonal+atrophy+in+cerebellar+climbing+fibres+following+in+vivo+silencing+of+the+growth-associated+protein+GAP-43.">Impaired sprouting and axonal atrophy in cerebellar climbing fibres following in vivo silencing of the growth-associated protein GAP-43.</a> PLoS One. 6, e20791 (2011).</li><li>Nishiyama, H., Fukaya, M., Watanabe, M., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+motility+and+its+modulation+by+activity+are+branch-type+specific+in+the+intact+adult+cerebellum.">Axonal motility and its modulation by activity are branch-type specific in the intact adult cerebellum.</a> Neuron. 56, 472-487 (2007).</li><li>Shinoda, Y., Sugihara, I., Wu, H. S., Sugiuchi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+entire+trajectory+of+single+climbing+and+mossy+fibers+in+the+cerebellar+nuclei+and+cortex.">The entire trajectory of single climbing and mossy fibers in the cerebellar nuclei and cortex.</a> Prog Brain Res. 124, 173-186 (2000).</li><li>Strata, P., Tempia, F., Zagrebelsky, M., Rossi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+trophic+interactions+between+climbing+fibres+and+Purkinje+cells+in+the+rat+cerebellum.">Reciprocal trophic interactions between climbing fibres and Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum.</a> Prog Brain Res. 114, 263-282 (1997).</li><li>Mostany, R., Portera-Cailliau, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+craniotomy+surgery+procedure+for+chronic+brain+imaging.">A craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging.</a> J Vis Exp. (12), (2008).</li></ol>

Dit protocol laat zien hoe de neuronen van de inferieure olijf labelen met een fluorescerende kleurstof. Vervolgens wordt de methode craniaal venster uitvoeren op de cerebellaire cortex beschreven. Deze techniek biedt optische toegang tot het eindgedeelte van olivocerebellair neuronen, het klimmen vezels. Helaas, de uitkomst van zowel de etikettering en craniotomy operatie is vrij laag, zelfs in de handen van geschoolde operatoren (meestal 1 op 3 muizen is gelabeld, en 1 op de 3 craniale ramen helder blijft na 1-2 weken...

Axonale doorsnijding gevolg van mechanische schade, toxische insult of neurodegeneratieve ziekten wordt meestal gevolgd door degeneratie van het distale gedeelte van de axon die wordt losgemaakt van het cellichaam 10-13. Op enkele uitzonderingen na 2,7,14,15, gescheiden axonen in het CZS van volwassen dieren zijn meestal niet in staat om een hergroei programma 16 te activeren. Er is weinig bekend over de real-time dynamiek van degeneratieve gebeurtenissen op cellulair en subcellulair niveau. De ontwikkeling van nieuwe strategieën ter beperking van neuronale schade en het bevorderen van neuronale hergroei vereist, als eerste stap, verduidelijken het mechanisme waarmee singulier gewonde neuronale cellen degenereren en regenereren. Deze studie is het meest rechtstreeks door volgen van de dynamiek van een neuron in vivo. Terwijl de een-foton fluorescentie beeldvormende technieken worden beperkt door intense verstrooiing van zichtbaar licht, twee-foton excitatie diepe corticale lagen in li bereiktve muizen met subcellulaire resolutie 3,4,17. Gebruikmakend van transgene muizen waarin fluorescente proteïnen selectief uitgedrukt in subpopulaties van neuronen 18-20, is TPF microscopie toegepast op de exploratie van synaptische plasticiteit en axonale verlenging tijdens de ontwikkeling in vivo 21,22. D vermogen van singulier beschadigde neuronen teruggroeien na een blessure kan worden onderzocht door het koppelen in vivo controle door twee-foton beeldvorming met een model van letsel specifiek gericht op de axon van belang. Multi-foton absorptie van femtoseconde pulsen is gebruikt om enkele dendrieten of zelfs enkele stekels 5,23 verstoren. Bovendien is deze blessure paradigma laat snijden enkele axonale vertakkingen zonder verstoring van het contacteren van dendriet 6. In het kader van het ontleden van de functies die specifieke neuronale populatie laat hun axonen eenmaal beschadigd, cerebellaire klimvezels (CF) regenereren is een bruikbaar model siNVU ze behouden opmerkelijke plastische eigenschappen na een blessure, zelfs bij volwassen dieren 24,25. Onlangs langdurige beeldvorming van CF toonde aan dat deze axons in staat regrowing in de dagen laser axotomie 6 volgen. Dit protocol beschrijft hoe olivocerebellair neuronen en hun axonen rek labelen door anterograde tracing. Zodra de neuronen van belang fluorescent gelabeld zijn, kunnen ze herhaaldelijk worden gecontroleerd op willekeurige tijdstippen gedurende weken of maanden onder een craniale venster. De procedure enkele axonale vertakkingen ontleden laser axotomie in vivo wordt dan geïllustreerd. De hier gepresenteerde technieken bieden nieuwe inzichten in het mechanisme van axonale remodeling in vivo en kan helpen de ontwikkeling van therapeutische strategieën om neuronale degeneratie te beperken en te bevorderen axonale hergroei.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab standard stereotaxic, rat and mouse</td>
			<td>Stoelting&#160;</td>
			<td>51670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass with filament</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Inc</td>
			<td>BF100-50-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500 (Glass bead sterilizer)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection dispense system</td>
			<td>Picospritzer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small diameter round cover glass, #1 thickness, 3 mm, 100 pack (CS-3R)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>64-0720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire laser, 120 fs width pulses,&#160; 90 MHz repetition rate</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>Chameleon&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spongostan, haemostatic sponge&#160;</td>
			<td>Ferrosan</td>
			<td>MS0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galvanometric mirrors&#160;</td>
			<td>GSI Lumonics</td>
			<td>VM500+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Olympus</td>
			<td>XLUMPLFLN 20XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezoelectric stage&#160;</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td>P-721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photomultiplier modules&#160;</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>H7710-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabVIEW System Design Software</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Voren, 1 mg/ml (dexamethasone-21- isonicotinate)</td>
			<td>Boheringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rymadil (carprofen)&#160;</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine clorohydrate 2%</td>
			<td>ATI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 dextran</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D22910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser nanosurgery of cerebellar axons in vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Dit protocol wordt beschreven hoe axonale etikettering, in vivo beeldvorming en laser axotomy gedrag van individuele neuronen. De tijdlijn van het experiment wordt getoond in figuur 1. Een voorbeeld van CF gelabeld met Alexa Fluor 488 dextraan en zichtbaar gemaakt onder de craniale venster in vivo twee-foton microscopie wordt vermeld in Figuur 2. Zoals eerder gemeld 6,27, opgaande takken vertonen een hoge stabiliteit gedurende de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo at JoVE.com

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Twee-foton beeldvorming, gekoppeld aan laser nanodissection, zijn nuttige hulpmiddelen om degeneratieve en regeneratieve processen te bestuderen in het centrale zenuwstelsel met subcellulaire resolutie. Dit protocol laat zien hoe u een label, afbeelding en ontleden enkele klimmen vezels in de cerebellaire schors in vivo.

Laser nanosurgery van Cerebellar Axonen<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

In vivo Visualization of Synaptic Vesicles Within Drosophila Larval Segmental Axons

In vivo Visualization of Synaptic Vesicles Within Drosophila Larval Segmental Axons

In vivo visualisatie van synaptische blaasjes Binnen Drosophila larven Segmentale Axonen

Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different ...

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

In vivo Laser Axotomy in C. elegans

In vivo Laser axotomy in C. elegans

Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Functionele neuroimaging Met behulp van ultrasone bloed-hersen barrière verstoring en mangaan-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetische Manipulatie van Cerebellaire Korrel Neuronen<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; En<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Om te studeren Neuronale morfologie en Migratie

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex vivo beeldvorming van postnatale cerebellaire Korrel Cell Migration met behulp van confocale Macroscopie

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaan<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Functioneel testen van Two netvliezen door<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Modelleren van neuronale dood en degeneratie in muis primaire cerebellaire submodule neuronen

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

In Vivo Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model

In Vivo Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model

In Vivo Multimodale beeldvorming en analyse van Laser-geïnduceerde Choroidal Neovascularization muismodel

Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a well-established model to mimic the wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this ...

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Spectrale Reflectometric microscopie op Myelinated axonen In Situ

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Beoordeling van langdurige depressie inductie in volwassen cerebellaire schijfjes

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...