Name: laser nanosurgery of cerebellar axons in vivo
Uploaded: 2014-07-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Erica Lorenzetti for technical assistance on the injections and Irene Costantini for making figure 1. The research leading to these results has received funding from LASERLABEUROPE (Grant 284464, European Commission&#8217;s Seventh Framework Programme). This research project has also been supported by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research in the framework of the Flagship Project NANOMAX and by Italian Ministry of Health in the framework of the &#8220;Stem Cells Call for Proposals.&#8221; This work is part of the research activities of the European Flagship Human Brain Project and has been carried out in the framework of the International Center of Computational Neurophotonics foundation supported by &#8220;Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze&#8221;.

1。軸索のラベリング<ol><li>クライミング繊維は、高分子量デキストランまたは蛍光タンパク質26-29の発現を誘導するプラスミド/ウイルスにコンジュゲート有機染料のいずれかを注入することによって標識することができる。このプロトコルでは、有機色素アレクサフルーアデキストラン488が登山繊維を標識し、小脳皮質（ 図1）でそれらを視覚化する下オリーブに注入?...

<ol>
	<li>Strata, P., Rossi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+the+olivocerebellar+pathway.">Plasticity of the olivocerebellar pathway.</a> Trends Neurosci. 21, 407-413 (1998).</li><li>Carulli, D., Buffo, A., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reparative+mechanisms+in+the+cerebellar+cortex.">Reparative mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 72, 373-398 (2004).</li><li>Zipfel, W., Williams, R., Webb, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+magic:+multiphoton+microscopy+in+the+biosciences.">Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 21, 1369-1377 (2003).</li><li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nature Methods. 2, 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Sacconi, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+multiphoton+nanosurgery+on+cortical+neurons.">In vivo multiphoton nanosurgery on cortical neurons.</a> J Biomed Opt. 12, 050502 (2007).</li><li>Allegra Mascaro, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+single+branch+axotomy+induces+GAP-43-dependent+sprouting+and+synaptic+remodeling+in+cerebellar+cortex.">In vivo single branch axotomy induces GAP-43-dependent sprouting and synaptic remodeling in cerebellar cortex.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110, 10824-10829 (2013).</li><li>Ylera, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronically+CNS-injured+adult+sensory+neurons+gain+regenerative+competence+upon+a+lesion+of+their+peripheral+axon.">Chronically CNS-injured adult sensory neurons gain regenerative competence upon a lesion of their peripheral axon.</a> Curr Biol. 19, 930-936 (2009).</li><li>Canty, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-vivo+single+neuron+axotomy+triggers+axon+regeneration+to+restore+synaptic+density+in+specific+cortical+circuits.">In-vivo single neuron axotomy triggers axon regeneration to restore synaptic density in specific cortical circuits.</a> Nat Commun. 4, 2038 (2013).</li><li>Canty, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+elimination+and+protection+after+minimal+injury+depend+on+cell+type+and+their+prelesion+structural+dynamics+in+the+adult+cerebral+cortex.">Synaptic elimination and protection after minimal injury depend on cell type and their prelesion structural dynamics in the adult cerebral cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 33, 10374-10383 (2013).</li><li>Waller, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experiments+on+the+Section+of+the+Glossopharyngeal+and+Hypoglossal+Nerves+of+the+Frog,+and+Observations+of+the+Alterations+Produced+Thereby+in+the+Structure+of+Their+Primitive+Fibres.">Experiments on the Section of the Glossopharyngeal and Hypoglossal Nerves of the Frog, and Observations of the Alterations Produced Thereby in the Structure of Their Primitive Fibres.</a> Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140, 423-429 .</li><li>Hilliard, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+degeneration+and+regeneration+a+mechanistic+tug+of+war.">Axonal degeneration and regeneration a mechanistic tug of war.</a> J Neurochem. 108, 23-32 (2009).</li><li>Kerschensteiner, M., Schwab, M. E., Lichtman, J. W., Misgeld, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+axonal+degeneration+and+regeneration+in+the+injured+spinal+cord.">In vivo imaging of axonal degeneration and regeneration in the injured spinal cord.</a> Nat Med. 11, 572-577 (2005).</li><li>Luo, L., O'Leary, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+retraction+and+degeneration+in+development+and+disease.">Axon retraction and degeneration in development and disease.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 28, 127-156 (2005).</li><li>Chauvet, N., Prieto, M., Alonso, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tanycytes+present+in+the+adult+rat+mediobasal+hypothalamus+support+the+regeneration+of+monoaminergic+axons.">Tanycytes present in the adult rat mediobasal hypothalamus support the regeneration of monoaminergic axons.</a> Exp Neurol. 151, 1-13 (1998).</li><li>Morrison, E. E., Costanzo, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+and+reconnection+in+the+aging+hamster+central+nervous+system.">Regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and reconnection in the aging hamster central nervous system.</a> Neurosci Lett. 198, 213-217 (1995).</li><li>Cafferty, W. B., McGee, A. W., Strittmatter, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+growth+therapeutics+regeneration+or+sprouting+or+plasticity.">Axonal growth therapeutics regeneration or sprouting or plasticity.</a> Trends Neurosci. 31, 215-220 (2008).</li><li>Svoboda, K., Yasuda, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Principles+of+Two-Photon+Excitation+Microscopy+and+Its+Applications+to+Neuroscience.">Principles of Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy and Its Applications to Neuroscience.</a> Neuron. 50, 823-839 (2006).</li><li>Feng, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+multiple+spectral+variants+of+GFP.">Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28, 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Tomomura, M., Rice, D. S., Morgan, J. I., Yuzaki, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Purkinje+cells+by+fluorescence-activated+cell+sorting+from+transgenic+mice+that+express+green+fluorescent+protein.">Purification of Purkinje cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting from transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 14, 57-63 (2001).</li><li>De Paola, V., Arber, S., Caroni, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AMPA+receptors+regulate+dynamic+equilibrium+of+presynaptic+terminals+in+mature+hippocampal+networks.">AMPA receptors regulate dynamic equilibrium of presynaptic terminals in mature hippocampal networks.</a> Nat Neurosci. 6, 491-500 (2003).</li><li>Holtmaat, A., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience-dependent+structural+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+mammalian+brain.">Experience-dependent structural synaptic plasticity in the mammalian brain.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 10, 647-658 (2009).</li><li>De Paola, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+type-specific+structural+plasticity+of+axonal+branches+and+boutons+in+the+adult+neocortex.">Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex.</a> Neuron. 49, 861-875 (2006).</li><li>Allegra Mascaro, A., Sacconi, L., Pavone, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-photon+nanosurgery+in+live+brain.">Multi-photon nanosurgery in live brain.</a> Frontiers in neuroenergetics. 2, 21 (2010).</li><li>Rossi, F., van der Want, J., Wiklund, L., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinnervation+of+cerebellar+Purkinje+cells+by+climbing+fibres+surviving+a+subtotal+lesion+of+the+inferior+olive+in+the+adult+rat.+II.+Synaptic+organization+on+reinnervated+Purkinje+cells.">Reinnervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells by climbing fibres surviving a subtotal lesion of the inferior olive in the adult rat. II. Synaptic organization on reinnervated Purkinje cells.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 308, 536-554 (1991).</li><li>Carulli, D., Buffo, A., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reparative+mechanisms+in+the+cerebellar+cortex.">Reparative mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex.</a> Progress in neurobiology. 72, 373-398 (2004).</li><li>Grasselli, G., Mandolesi, G., Strata, P., Cesare, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+sprouting+and+axonal+atrophy+in+cerebellar+climbing+fibres+following+in+vivo+silencing+of+the+growth-associated+protein+GAP-43.">Impaired sprouting and axonal atrophy in cerebellar climbing fibres following in vivo silencing of the growth-associated protein GAP-43.</a> PLoS One. 6, e20791 (2011).</li><li>Nishiyama, H., Fukaya, M., Watanabe, M., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+motility+and+its+modulation+by+activity+are+branch-type+specific+in+the+intact+adult+cerebellum.">Axonal motility and its modulation by activity are branch-type specific in the intact adult cerebellum.</a> Neuron. 56, 472-487 (2007).</li><li>Shinoda, Y., Sugihara, I., Wu, H. S., Sugiuchi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+entire+trajectory+of+single+climbing+and+mossy+fibers+in+the+cerebellar+nuclei+and+cortex.">The entire trajectory of single climbing and mossy fibers in the cerebellar nuclei and cortex.</a> Prog Brain Res. 124, 173-186 (2000).</li><li>Strata, P., Tempia, F., Zagrebelsky, M., Rossi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reciprocal+trophic+interactions+between+climbing+fibres+and+Purkinje+cells+in+the+rat+cerebellum.">Reciprocal trophic interactions between climbing fibres and Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum.</a> Prog Brain Res. 114, 263-282 (1997).</li><li>Mostany, R., Portera-Cailliau, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+craniotomy+surgery+procedure+for+chronic+brain+imaging.">A craniotomy surgery procedure for chronic brain imaging.</a> J Vis Exp. (12), (2008).</li></ol>

このプロトコルは、蛍光色素で下オリーブのニューロンを標識する方法を示しています。続いて、小脳皮質上の頭蓋窓を実行するための方法が記載されている。この手法は、オリーブ小脳ニューロン、登山繊維の末端部分に光アクセスを提供します。残念ながら、両方のラベリングと開頭手術の結果も、熟練したオペレータの手の中に極めて低い（3匹のマウスのうち、通常は1標識し、3頭側?...

機械的損傷、毒性傷害または神経変性疾患から生じる軸索切断は、通常、細胞体10-13から取り外された軸索の遠位部分の変性が続く。いくつかの例外を除い2,7,14,15で、成体動物のCNS ​​における切断軸索は通常、再成長プログラム16をアクティブにすることはできません。 リトルは、細胞および細胞内レベルでの変性のイベントをリアルタイムでダイナミクスについてはほとんど知られていない。神経損傷を制限し、神経細胞の再生を促進するための新たな戦略の開発を単独で負傷した神経細胞が退化して再生成するメカニズムを明らかにし、最初のステップとして、必要とします。この研究は、最も直接的に生体内での単一ニューロンのダイナミクスを監視することで対処されている。一光子蛍光イメージング技術は、可視光の強い散乱によって制限されるが、二光子励起は、リチウムの深い皮質層に到達する細胞内分解能3,4,17でマウスを見る。蛍光タンパク質を選択的に18-20ニューロンの亜集団で発現させたトランスジェニックマウスを利用して、TPF顕微鏡21,22は、 インビボでの開発の際のシナプスの可塑性および軸索伸長の探査に適用されている。単独で損傷を受けたニューロンのT彼の能力に損傷が特に関心のある軸索を対象と傷害のモデルと2光子イメージングによる生体モニタリングにカップリングすることによって調べることができる後の再成長。フェムト秒パルスの多光子吸収は、単一の樹状突起または単一の棘5,23を破壊するために使用されている。また、この損傷パラダイムは連絡デンドライト6を中断させることなく、単一の軸索の枝を切ることができます。一度損傷し、小脳登山繊維（CFS）、その軸索を再生するために、特定のニューロン集団を許可する機能を解剖するのコンテキスト内で有用なモデルSiがあるNCE彼らも成体動物24,25における損傷後の顕著な塑性特性を保持する。最近でのCFの長期イメージングは、これらの軸索は、レーザー軸索切断6に従う日で再成長させることが可能であることを示した。 このプロトコルは、順行性トレースを通じてオリーブ小脳の神経細胞とその軸索伸長にラベルを付ける方法を説明します。近隣のニューロンが蛍光標識されると、それらは頭蓋窓の下で数週間または数ヶ月間の任意の時点で繰り返し監視することができる。 生体内でのレーザー軸索切断により、単一の軸索の分岐を分析する手順は、次に説明する。 ここで紹介するテクニックは、in vivoでの軸索リモデリングのメカニズムに新たな洞察を提供し、神経変性を制限し、軸索再生を促進するための治療戦略の開発を助けるかもしれない。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab standard stereotaxic, rat and mouse</td>
			<td>Stoelting&#160;</td>
			<td>51670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass with filament</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Inc</td>
			<td>BF100-50-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500 (Glass bead sterilizer)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection dispense system</td>
			<td>Picospritzer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small diameter round cover glass, #1 thickness, 3 mm, 100 pack (CS-3R)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>64-0720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire laser, 120 fs width pulses,&#160; 90 MHz repetition rate</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>Chameleon&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spongostan, haemostatic sponge&#160;</td>
			<td>Ferrosan</td>
			<td>MS0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galvanometric mirrors&#160;</td>
			<td>GSI Lumonics</td>
			<td>VM500+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Olympus</td>
			<td>XLUMPLFLN 20XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezoelectric stage&#160;</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td>P-721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photomultiplier modules&#160;</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>H7710-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabVIEW System Design Software</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Voren, 1 mg/ml (dexamethasone-21- isonicotinate)</td>
			<td>Boheringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rymadil (carprofen)&#160;</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine clorohydrate 2%</td>
			<td>ATI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 dextran</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D22910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser nanosurgery of cerebellar axons in vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

このプロトコルは、単一のニューロンに軸索のラベリング、in vivoイメージングやレーザー軸索切断を実行する方法を説明した。実験のタイムラインを図1に示す。 アレクサフルーア488デキストランで標識し、in vivoでの二光子顕微鏡法による頭蓋窓の下で可視化したCFの一例を図2に報告されている。6,27、以前に報告?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo at JoVE.com

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

レーザーnanodissectionに結合された2つの光子イメージングは​​、細胞内の分解能で中枢神経系の変性と再生のプロセスを研究するための有用なツールである。このプロトコルは、ラベル画像、およびin vivoでの小脳皮質内の単一の登山繊維を分析する方法を示しています。

小脳軸索のレーザーNanosurgery<em&gt;インビボ</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

Research

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Neuroscience

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

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Elucidating the mechanisms of axonal transport has shown to be very important in determining how defects in long distance transport affect different ...

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Neurons communicate with other cells via axons and dendrites, slender membrane extensions that contain pre- or post-synaptic specializations. If a neuron ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

超音波血液脳関門の破壊とマンガン増強MRIを用いた脳機能イメージングの試み

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

小脳顆粒ニューロンの遺伝子操作<em&gt;体外</em&gt;と<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;ニューロンの形態と移行を研究するために、

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

共焦点肉眼検査を使用した生後小脳顆粒細胞の移動のex vivoイメージング

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

同時<em&gt; ex vivoで</emによる二つの網膜の&gt;機能テスト<em&gt; in vivoで</em&gt;電図システム

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

神経細胞死とマウス プライマリ小脳顆粒ニューロンの変性をモデリング

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

In Vivo Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model

In Vivo Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model

生体内でマルチ モーダル イメージングとマウス レーザー誘発脈絡膜新生血管モデルの解析

Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a well-established model to mimic the wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this ...

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

その場で有髄軸索のスペクトル反射型顕微鏡

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

成人小脳スライスにおける長期うつ病誘導の評価

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...