Name: laser nanosurgery of cerebellar axons in vivo
Uploaded: 2014-07-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Erica Lorenzetti for technical assistance on the injections and Irene Costantini for making figure 1. The research leading to these results has received funding from LASERLABEUROPE (Grant 284464, European Commission&#8217;s Seventh Framework Programme). This research project has also been supported by the Italian Ministry for Education, University and Research in the framework of the Flagship Project NANOMAX and by Italian Ministry of Health in the framework of the &#8220;Stem Cells Call for Proposals.&#8221; This work is part of the research activities of the European Flagship Human Brain Project and has been carried out in the framework of the International Center of Computational Neurophotonics foundation supported by &#8220;Ente Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze&#8221;.

1.. Aksonal Etiketleme <ol><li> Tırmanma lifler yüksek molekül ağırlıklı dekstranlar veya floresan protein 26-29 sentezlenmesini uyaran plasmid / virüslere karşı konjuge organik boyalar ya da enjekte edilmesi ile etiketlenebilir. Bu protokolde, organik boya Dekstran Alexa Fluor 488 tırmanma elyaflar ve etiket (Şekil 1), serebellar korteks Onları görselleştirmek için alt oliva enjekte edilir. Burada açıklanan tüm prosedürler İtalyan Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından onay...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons+and+reconnection+in+the+aging+hamster+central+nervous+system.">Regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons and reconnection in the aging hamster central nervous system.</a> Neurosci Lett. 198, 213-217 (1995).</li><li>Cafferty, W. B., McGee, A. W., Strittmatter, S. 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Neuroscience. 10, 647-658 (2009).</li><li>De Paola, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+type-specific+structural+plasticity+of+axonal+branches+and+boutons+in+the+adult+neocortex.">Cell type-specific structural plasticity of axonal branches and boutons in the adult neocortex.</a> Neuron. 49, 861-875 (2006).</li><li>Allegra Mascaro, A., Sacconi, L., Pavone, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-photon+nanosurgery+in+live+brain.">Multi-photon nanosurgery in live brain.</a> Frontiers in neuroenergetics. 2, 21 (2010).</li><li>Rossi, F., van der Want, J., Wiklund, L., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reinnervation+of+cerebellar+Purkinje+cells+by+climbing+fibres+surviving+a+subtotal+lesion+of+the+inferior+olive+in+the+adult+rat.+II.+Synaptic+organization+on+reinnervated+Purkinje+cells.">Reinnervation of cerebellar Purkinje cells by climbing fibres surviving a subtotal lesion of the inferior olive in the adult rat. 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Synaptic organization on reinnervated Purkinje cells.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 308, 536-554 (1991).</li><li>Carulli, D., Buffo, A., Strata, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reparative+mechanisms+in+the+cerebellar+cortex.">Reparative mechanisms in the cerebellar cortex.</a> Progress in neurobiology. 72, 373-398 (2004).</li><li>Grasselli, G., Mandolesi, G., Strata, P., Cesare, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+sprouting+and+axonal+atrophy+in+cerebellar+climbing+fibres+following+in+vivo+silencing+of+the+growth-associated+protein+GAP-43.">Impaired sprouting and axonal atrophy in cerebellar climbing fibres following in vivo silencing of the growth-associated protein GAP-43.</a> PLoS One. 6, e20791 (2011).</li><li>Nishiyama, H., Fukaya, M., Watanabe, M., Linden, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+motility+and+its+modulation+by+activity+are+branch-type+specific+in+the+intact+adult+cerebellum.">Axonal motility and its modulation by activity are branch-type specific in the intact adult cerebellum.</a> Neuron. 56, 472-487 (2007).</li><li>Shinoda, Y., Sugihara, I., Wu, H. 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Bu protokol, bir floresan boya ile alt zeytinin nöronlar etiket gösterilmiştir. Daha sonra, serebellar korteks üzerinde bir kafatası pencere yapmak için bir yöntem tarif edilmektedir. Bu teknik olivocerebellar nöronlar, tırmanma liflerin terminal kısmı için optik erişim sağlamaktadır. Ne yazık ki, etiketleme ve kraniotomi cerrahi hem de sonucu (genellikle 3 farelerin üzerinden 1 etiketli ve 1 out of 3 kafatası pencereleri 1-2 hafta sonra açık kalır) bile vasıflı operatörler elinde oldukça düş?...

Mekanik yaralanma, zehirli hakaret ya da nörodejeneratif hastalıklara bağlı aksonal transseksiyon genellikle hücre gövdesi 10-13 ayrılır akson distal kısmının dejenerasyonu tarafından takip edilir. Birkaç istisna dışında 2,7,14,15 ile, yetişkin hayvanların MSS kopmuş aksonlar genellikle büyütme programı 16 aktive edemiyoruz. Küçük, hücresel düzeyde dejeneratif olayların gerçek-zamanlı dinamikleri hakkında bilinmektedir. Nöronal hasarı sınırlama ve sinir hücrelerinin yeniden büyümesini teşvik için yeni stratejilerin geliştirilmesi singularly yaralı nöronal hücreleri ölür ve yeniden hangi mekanizmasını açıklığa kavuşturulması, bir ilk adım olarak, gerektirir. Bu çalışma, en doğrudan in vivo tek bir nöronun dinamiklerinin görüntülenmesi tarafından ele alınmaktadır. Bir foton flüoresan görüntüleme teknikleri görünür ışık yoğun bir saçılma ile sınırlı olsa da, iki foton uyarma li derin kortikal katmanları ulaşırsubsellüler çözünürlük 3,4,17 ile fareler ettik. Floresan proteinleri selektif nöron 18-20 alt grupları olarak ifade edildiği transjenik farelerin yararlanarak, TPF mikroskopi vivo 21,22 gelişme sırasında sinaptik plastisite ve aksonal uzama keşif uygulanmıştır. Tek başına hasar görmüş sinir hücrelerinin T o yeteneği için yaralanma özellikle ilgi akson hedefleyen yaralanma modeli ile iki foton görüntüleme ile vivo izleme bağlantısı ile incelenebilir sonra tekrar kavuştu. Femtosecond palslarının çoklu foton emme tek dendrit ya da tek dikenler 5,23 bozmak için kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu yaralanma paradigma temas dendrit 6 aksatmadan tek akson dalları kesme sağlar. Kez hasar, serebellar tırmanma lifler (CFS) aksonları yeniden belirli nöronal nüfusu izin özellikleri diseksiyon kapsamında yararlı bir model si vardırnce onlar bile yetişkin hayvanlarda 24,25 yaralanmadan sonra olağanüstü plastik özelliklerini korurlar. Son zamanlarda, CFS uzun süreli görüntüleme bu aksonlar lazer axotomy 6 takip günlerde regrowing yeteneğine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu protokol anterograde izlemesi ile olivocerebellar nöronlar ve bunların akson uzamasını etiketlemek için nasıl açıklar. Ilgi konusu nöronlar floresan etiketli sonra, bir kafatası pencerenin altında hafta veya ay boyunca rasgele zaman noktalarında tekrar tekrar izlenebilir. In vivo lazer axotomy tarafından tek akson dalları incelemek için prosedürü daha sonra açıklanacaktır. Burada sunulan teknikler in vivo aksonal yeniden mekanizması yeni bakış açıları ve nöronal dejenerasyonu sınırlamak ve akson büyümesini teşvik etmek için tedavi stratejilerinin geliştirilmesine yardımcı olabilir.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab standard stereotaxic, rat and mouse</td>
			<td>Stoelting&#160;</td>
			<td>51670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass with filament</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Inc</td>
			<td>BF100-50-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500 (Glass bead sterilizer)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection dispense system</td>
			<td>Picospritzer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small diameter round cover glass, #1 thickness, 3 mm, 100 pack (CS-3R)</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>64-0720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ti:Sapphire laser, 120 fs width pulses,&#160; 90 MHz repetition rate</td>
			<td>Coherent</td>
			<td>Chameleon&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spongostan, haemostatic sponge&#160;</td>
			<td>Ferrosan</td>
			<td>MS0005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Galvanometric mirrors&#160;</td>
			<td>GSI Lumonics</td>
			<td>VM500+</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;Olympus</td>
			<td>XLUMPLFLN 20XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezoelectric stage&#160;</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td>P-721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photomultiplier modules&#160;</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td>H7710-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabVIEW System Design Software</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Voren, 1 mg/ml (dexamethasone-21- isonicotinate)</td>
			<td>Boheringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rymadil (carprofen)&#160;</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine clorohydrate 2%</td>
			<td>ATI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 dextran</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D22910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laser nanosurgery of cerebellar axons in vivo

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to understand the mechanism that promotes neuronal regeneration, an in-depth analysis of the neuronal types that can remodel after injury is needed. Several studies showed that damaged climbing fibers are capable of regrowing also in adult animals1,2. The investigation of the time-lapse dynamics of degeneration and regeneration of these axons within their complex environment can be performed by time-lapse two-photon fluorescence (TPF) imaging in vivo3,4. This technique is here combined with laser surgery, which proved to be a highly selective tool to disrupt fluorescent structures in the intact mouse cortex5-9.
This protocol describes how to perform TPF time-lapse imaging and laser nanosurgery of single axonal branches in the cerebellum in vivo. Olivocerebellar neurons are labeled by anterograde tracing with a dextran-conjugated dye and then monitored by TPF imaging through a cranial window. The terminal portion of their axons are then dissected by irradiation with a Ti:Sapphire laser at high power. The degeneration and potential regrowth of the damaged neuron are monitored by TPF in vivo imaging during the days following the injury.

Bu protokol tek nöronların aksonal etiketleme, in vivo görüntüleme ve lazer axotomy nasıl gerçekleştirileceği açıklanmıştır. Deneyin çizelgesi, Şekil 1 &#39;de gösterilmiştir. Alexa Fluor 488 Dekstran ile etiketlenmiş ve in vivo iki foton mikroskobu ile kafatası pencerenin altında görüntülendi CFS bir örnek, Şekil 2&#39;de verilmiştir. Önce 6,27 bildirdiği gibi, artan dalları birkaç gün gözlem sü...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo at JoVE.com

Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

Lazer nanodissection bağlanmış iki foton görüntüleme, hücre içi çözünürlük ile merkezi sinir sisteminin dejeneratif ve rejeneratif işlemlerini incelemek için yararlı araçlardır. Bu protokol, etiket görüntü ve in vivo serebellar korteks bir tırmanma lifleri incelemek için gösterilmiştir.

Serebellar Aksonlar Lazer Nanosurgery<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Only a few neuronal populations in the central nervous system (CNS) of adult mammals show local regrowth upon dissection of their axon. In order to ...

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Laser Nanosurgery of Cerebellar Axons In Vivo

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Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Serebellar Granül Nöronlar Genetik Manipülasyon<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Ve<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Nöronal morfoloji ve Göç Eğitim için

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Ex Vivo Imaging of Postnatal Cerebellar Granule Cell Migration Using Confocal Macroscopy

Konfokal Makroskopi kullanarak Postnatal Serebellar Granül Hücre Göç Ex Vivo Görüntüleme

During postnatal development, immature granule cells (excitatory interneurons) exhibit tangential migration in the external granular layer, and then ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Eşzamanlı<em&gt; Ex vivo</emİki retina&gt; Fonksiyonel Test tarafından<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Elektroretinogram Sistemi

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Modelleme nöronal ölüm ve fare birincil serebellar granül nöronlar dejenerasyon

Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) are a commonly used neuronal model, forming an abundant homogeneous population in the cerebellum. In light of their ...

In Vivo Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model

In Vivo Multimodal Imaging and Analysis of Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization Model

Vivo Multimodal görüntüleme ve fare lazer kaynaklı Choroidal neovaskülarizasyon Model analizi

Laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a well-established model to mimic the wet form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In this ...

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Myelinated akson in Situ üzerinde spektral Reflectometric mikroskobu

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Erişkin Serebellar Dilimlerde Uzun Süreli Depresyon İndüksiyonunun Değerlendirilmesi

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...