Name: the utilization of oropharyngeal intratracheal pamp administration and bronchoalveolar lavage to evaluate the host immune response in mice
Uploaded: 2014-04-02T17:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice at JoVE.com

作者感谢兽药提供该项目的核心和技术支持的VA-MD地区学院。这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院的职业发展奖（K01DK092355）的支持。

所有的研究都根据机构护理和使用委员会（IACUC）的弗吉尼亚理工大学的批准，并按照健康指南的国家研究院实验动物的护理和使用进行。 1。 LPS使用口咽管理气管内（它）接种<ol><li>确保每个动物的特征通过使用一个耳朵打孔，耳标或其他制度上认可的方法进行唯一标识。 </li><li>记录基线体重和体温的每个动物。 </li><li>准备LPS的工作股票。每只小鼠将在1x磷酸盐缓冲?...

<ol>
	<li>Matute-Bello, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+official+American+Thoracic+Society+workshop+report:+features+and+measurements+of+experimental+acute+lung+injury+in+animals.">An official American Thoracic Society workshop report: features and measurements of experimental acute lung injury in animals.</a> Am. J. respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 44, 725-738 (2011).</li><li>Egger, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+bleomycin+via+the+oropharyngeal+aspiration+route+leads+to+sustained+lung+fibrosis+in+mice+and+rats+as+quantified+by+UTE-MRI+and+histology.">Administration of bleomycin via the oropharyngeal aspiration route leads to sustained lung fibrosis in mice and rats as quantified by UTE-MRI and histology.</a> PloS one. 8, (2013).</li><li>Rayamajhi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonsurgical+intratracheal+instillation+of+mice+with+analysis+of+lungs+and+lung+draining+lymph+nodes+by+flow+cytometry.">Nonsurgical intratracheal instillation of mice with analysis of lungs and lung draining lymph nodes by flow cytometry.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2011).</li><li>Revelli, D. A., Boylan, J. A., Gherardini, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+non-invasive+intratracheal+inoculation+method+for+the+study+of+pulmonary+melioidosis.">A non-invasive intratracheal inoculation method for the study of pulmonary melioidosis.</a> Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2, 164 (2012).</li><li>Allen, I. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+NLRP3+in+the+development+of+allergic+airway+disease+in+mice.">Analysis of NLRP3 in the development of allergic airway disease in mice.</a> J. Immunol. 188, 2884-2893 (2012).</li><li>Allen, I. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+NLRP12+during+the+in+vivo+host+immune+response+to+Klebsiella+pneumoniae+and+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Characterization of NLRP12 during the in vivo host immune response to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> PloS one. , (2013).</li><li>Allen, I. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+function+of+NPSR1/GPRA+in+the+lung+before+and+after+induction+of+asthma-like+disease.">Expression and function of NPSR1/GPRA in the lung before and after induction of asthma-like disease.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 291, 1005-1017 (2006).</li><li>Kebaier, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staphylococcus+aureus+alpha-hemolysin+mediates+virulence+in+a+murine+model+of+severe+pneumonia+through+activation+of+the+NLRP3+inflammasome.">Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin mediates virulence in a murine model of severe pneumonia through activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.</a> J. Infect. Dis. 205, 807-817 (2012).</li><li>Roberts, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+murine+immune+response+to+pulmonary+delivery+of+precisely+fabricated+nano-+and+microscale+particles.">Analysis of the murine immune response to pulmonary delivery of precisely fabricated nano- and microscale particles.</a> PloS one. 8, (2013).</li><li>Willingham, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NLRP3+(NALP3,+Cryopyrin)+facilitates+in+vivo+caspase-1+activation,+necrosis,+and+HMGB1+release+via+inflammasome-dependent+and+-independent+pathways.">NLRP3 (NALP3, Cryopyrin) facilitates in vivo caspase-1 activation, necrosis, and HMGB1 release via inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways.</a> J. Immunol. 183, 2008-2015 (2009).</li><li>Kline, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variable+airway+responsiveness+to+inhaled+lipopolysaccharide.">Variable airway responsiveness to inhaled lipopolysaccharide.</a> Am. J. Respir. Crit. Med. 160, 297-303 (1999).</li><li>Cressman, V. L., Hicks, E. M., Funkhouser, W. K., Backlund, D. C., Koller, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationship+of+chronic+mucin+secretion+to+airway+disease+in+normal+and+CFTR-deficient+mice.">The relationship of chronic mucin secretion to airway disease in normal and CFTR-deficient mice.</a> Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19, 853-866 (1998).</li></ol>

成功地评估在小鼠肺部宿主的免疫反应中最关键的步骤如下：1）选择合适的小鼠品系，性别为被评估的模式; 2）优化PAMP输送到肺部; 3）正确收集和处理的支气管肺泡灌洗液; 4）固定好，并准备对肺组织病理学评估。 小鼠品系的选择是在评价宿主免疫反应的重要因素。 C57BL / 6小鼠通常被认为是最佳的鼠标背景用于研究天然免疫由于大多数的PAMP其Th1型偏斜和强有力的反应。同?...

与致病菌种引起的肺部感染是全球发病率和死亡率的常见原因。确定开车到这些病原体的宿主免疫反应的机制将促进新的预防策略和治疗药物，这将削弱这些感染影响的发展。这里所描述的协议的总体目标是为用户提供一种灵活的方法，使用一种病原体相关分子模式（PAMP）来替代活细菌来评价对病原体感染宿主先天免疫反应。大多数以往的研究评估，以细菌宿主先天免疫反应都集中在腹膜车型由于相对容易执行。虽然这些模型是非常有用的，并导致宿主 - 病原体相互作用和全身性炎症领域的显著进步，从这些模型产生的数据并不总是适合于研究involvi纳克呼吸系统。在这里，急性肺部炎症肺模型，提出为经典的腹腔内（IP）注射模型的实用性和临床相关的扩展。所提出的技术允许在一个特定器官模型系统的先天免疫应答的局部评估。 这里描述的方法的目的是提供一个简单而强大的技术，以允许用户评估为脂多糖，这是一种常见的PAMP宿主的免疫反应。该方法是基于气管内毒素，其诱导小鼠和模拟物中的许多人患呼吸道感染和急性肺损伤患1中观察到的病理生理特征的肺部一个健壮的先天免疫反应的（它）滴入。该技术的主要优点是，它允许用户评估宿主的免疫应答，而不与导电体内研究相关 ​​的混杂因素和安全问题用活细菌。同样，在本协议中所述曝光的口咽它的给药途径比其他常用的技术，包括鼻内（中）管理和手术IT管理显著优点。例如，口咽施用它允许相对准确dosaging和肺沉积相比，在施用，其通常从肺沉积的变异性增加患有由于代理在鼻腔的损失和鼻窦2-4。在它的给药途径规避这些空腔，并允许直接进入气管和呼吸道。同样，它的手术方法是一个显著更加病态的给药方法，需要掌握大量的培训。这里所描述的协议还包括一个描述的常用技术，并用于评估炎症的进展，并与描述正确的技术准备禄协议最终替代指标NGS的组织病理学评估。这些协议都集中在最小化通过最大限度地从每个单独的动物所产生的数据需要为每个研究的小鼠的数目。 所描述的协议是非常灵活的，可以很容易地修改，以评估各种不同的PAMP及相关损害的分子模式（D-AMPS）。此外，有一些额外的修改，这些协议也可以被应用到研究评估过敏性气道疾病的进展或与活的细菌，病毒或真菌5-10宿主-病原体相互作用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="596">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:269px;">C57Bl/6J</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Stock 000664</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:269px;">Compact Scale</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Ohaus Scale Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">71142845</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Small Animal Rectal Thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">TH 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Rectal Probe for Rodents</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">RET 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Ear Punch</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">EP-S 901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli 0111:B4</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">InvivoGen</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">LPS-EB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">1x Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">10010-023</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">40032609</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:269px;">Intratrachael Administration and Lung Inflation Stand</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">ICAP Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Rodent Intubation Stand</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">RIS 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scissors (blunt/sharp)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">13-806-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">forceps (straight)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-327-379</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">forceps (45&#186;, curved)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-275</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Scissors (blunt/blunt)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-940</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Pipette (200 &#181;l Capacity)</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">F123601</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">459844</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">&#160;1 ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">301025</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">10 ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">301604</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">27 G x 0.5 in. needle</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD Medical</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">305109</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Refrigerated Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">13-100-676</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:269px;">1.2 mm Tracheal Cannulae with Luer-adapter</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">732836</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">14025-076</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">4-0 Silk Braided Surgical Suture</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A183</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Luer to Tube Connector Kits</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">721406</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Luer Stopcock Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">721664</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Tygon formula E-3603 laboratory tubing</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">R-3603</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10%</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">HT501128-4L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Mouse IL-1&#946; OptEIA ELISA Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">559603</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Mouse IL-6 OptEIA ELISA Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">550950</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Mouse TNF-&#945; OptEIA ELISA Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">560478</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Hausser Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">3520</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Hemacytometer Cover Glasses</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">22-021-801&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SV3008401</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cytology Funel Clips</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-357</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cytology Funels</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-354</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filter Cards</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-030-410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Microscope Slides</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">12-544-1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Cover Glasses</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">12-540A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Cytospin Cytocentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">A78300003&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Diff Quick Staining Kit</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">47733150</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:269px;">Permount Mounting Medium</td>
			<td style="width:181px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">SP15-500</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the utilization of oropharyngeal intratracheal pamp administration and bronchoalveolar lavage to evaluate the host immune response in mice

对病原体的宿主免疫应答是一个复杂的生物过程。大多数体内研究的经典来表征宿主-病原体相互作用取小鼠选择细菌或病原体相关的分子模式（PAMP）的腹膜内注射的优点。虽然这些技术已经取得了与感染性疾病相关的病理生物学巨大的数据，腹腔注射模型并不总是适合于肺宿主 - 病原体相互作用的研究。利用小鼠的急性肺部炎症模型，可以进行先天免疫反应，利用脂多糖（LPS）的主机的高分辨率分析。在这里，我们描述的方法使用非手术口咽气管内给药管理脂多糖，监测与疾病发病机理相关的临床参数，并利用支气管肺泡灌洗液评估宿主的免疫反应。所描述的技术广泛适用于学习到的PAMP和致病菌的多元化宿主先天免疫反应。同样，用小的修改，这些技术也可以用在研究评估过敏性气道炎症和药理用途应用。

革兰氏阴性菌的细胞壁是由LPS，这是环境中的高丰度的。 LPS的敏感人群吸入加剧气道反应性，并能引发强烈的免疫response11的。 LPS也是在小鼠模型中用于引发一个健壮的先天免疫反应的共同PAMP。在这里描述的协议中，小鼠接受LPS的剂量是孤立的从大肠杆菌埃希氏菌 （血清型0111：B4）使用口咽IT管理。在LPS暴露的车型，无论是体温和体重是动物发病和病情恶化的典型的替代指标。在LPS刺激会...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice at JoVE.com

The Utilization of Oropharyngeal Intratracheal PAMP Administration and Bronchoalveolar Lavage to Evaluate the Host Immune Response in Mice

病原菌感染宿主的免疫反应是一种严格的监管过程。利用小鼠脂多糖肺曝光模式，也能够进行与疾病的发病机制相关联的复杂机制的分辨率高的评价。

口咽部气管内PAMP管理和支气管肺泡灌洗的利用率来评估小鼠宿主的免疫反应

The host immune response to pathogens is a complex biological process. The majority of in vivo studies classically employed to characterize host-pathogen ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

测量细菌感染小鼠和免疫反应李斯特菌</em

Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen1. Mouse studies typically employ intravenous injection of ...

科研

免疫与感染

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

An Introduction to Parasitic Wasps of Drosophila and the Antiparasite Immune Response

寄生蜂简介<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;和Antiparasite的免疫反应的

Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. ...

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila

Quantitative Measurement of the Immune Response and Sleep in Drosophila

定量测定的免疫反应和睡眠模式<em&gt;果蝇</em

A complex interaction between the immune response and  host behavior has been described in a wide range of species. Excess sleep, in  particular, is known ...

Using RNA-interference to Investigate the Innate Immune Response in Mouse Macrophages

利用RNA干扰调查的先天免疫反应的小鼠巨噬细胞

Macrophages are key phagocytic innate immune cells.  When macrophages encounter a pathogen, they produce antimicrobial proteins and compounds to kill the ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

在 MyD88的介导的细胞免疫应答西尼罗河病毒变异株感染体外分析

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

保护疗效及肺部免疫反应皮下和鼻内BCG管理在小鼠

Despite global coverage of intradermal BCG vaccination, tuberculosis remains one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Preclinical data ...

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response

Inoculating Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes with Beads to Induce and Measure the Melanization Immune Response

接种<em&gt;冈比亚按蚊</em&gt;珠蚊子诱发和测量黑化免疫反应

The stimulation of immune responses is a common tool in invertebrate studies to examine the efficacy and the mechanisms of immunity. This stimulation is ...

Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration

支气管肺泡灌洗小鼠肺分析炎症细胞浸润

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) is an experimental procedure that is used to examine the cellular and acellular content of the lung lumen ex vivo to gain ...

Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Murine Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Using an Ultrafiltration Centrifugation Technique

利用超滤离心技术分离小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中的细胞外囊

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are newly discovered subcellular components that play important roles in many biological signaling functions during ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

宿主病原学反应及疫苗效果评价

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...