Name: thin-layer chromatographic (tlc) separations and bioassays of plant extracts to identify antimicrobial compounds
Uploaded: 2014-03-27T22:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds at JoVE.com

Vi takker afdøde Dr. Norm Taylor, Afd Plant and Soil Science på University of Kentucky, for at tillade os at bruge prøver fra hans røde kløver grunde til denne undersøgelse. Dette projekt blev finansieret af United States Department of Agriculture.

1.. Udarbejdelse af planteekstrakt <ol><li> Se Kagan og Flythe 10 for udvinding af phenolforbindelser fra Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland. </li><li> At udtrække andre forbindelser i andre planter, så tjek den fytokemiske analyse litteratur for plante-eller metabolit-specifikke udvindingsmetoder (mange er beskrevet), eller kigge efter protokoller såsom dem Khurram et al. 7,8, som isolerer mange forbindelser med en bred udvalg af polariteter. </li></ol> 2. ...

<ol>
	<li>Stahl, E., Ashworth, M. R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Thin-layer chromatography. , (1969).</li><li>Marston, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thin-layer+chromatography+with+biological+detection+in+phytochemistry.">Thin-layer chromatography with biological detection in phytochemistry.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 1218 (19), 2676-2683 .</li><li>Homans, A. L., Fuchs, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+bioautography+on+thin-layer+chromatograms+as+a+method+for+detecting+fungitoxic+substances.">Direct bioautography on thin-layer chromatograms as a method for detecting fungitoxic substances.</a> J. Chromatogr. 51, 327-329 .</li><li>Lund, B. M., Lyon, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+inhibitors+of+Erwinia+carotovora+and+E.+herbicola+on+thin-layer+chromatograms.">Detection of inhibitors of Erwinia carotovora and E. herbicola on thin-layer chromatograms.</a> J. Chromatogr. 110, 193-196 (1975).</li><li>Betina, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioautography+in+paper+and+thin-layer+chromatography+and+its+scope+in+the+antibiotic+field.">Bioautography in paper and thin-layer chromatography and its scope in the antibiotic field.</a> J. Chromatogr. A. 78, 41-51 (1973).</li><li>Weltzien, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ein+biologischer+Test+f&#252;r+fungizide+Substanzen+auf+dem+Papierchromatogramm.">Ein biologischer Test f&#252;r fungizide Substanzen auf dem Papierchromatogramm.</a> Naturwissenschaften. 45, 288-289 (1958).</li><li>Khurram, M., Khan, A. M., Hameed, A., Abbas, N., Quayum, A., Inayat, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antibacterial+activities+of+Dodonaea+viscosa+using+contact+bioautography+technique.">Antibacterial activities of Dodonaea viscosa using contact bioautography technique.</a> Molecules. 14 (3), 1332-1341 (2009).</li><li>Khurram, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+anticandidal+potential+of+Quercus+baloot+Griff.+using+contact+bioautography+technique.">Evaluation of anticandidal potential of Quercus baloot Griff. using contact bioautography technique.</a> Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 5 (12), 1538-1542 (2012).</li><li>Robinson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants. , (1963).</li><li>Kagan, I. A., Flythe, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+affecting+the+separation+and+bioactivity+of+red+clover+(Trifolium+pratense)+extracts+assayed+against+Clostridium+sticklandii,+a+ruminal+hyper+ammonia-producing+bacterium.">Factors affecting the separation and bioactivity of red clover (Trifolium pratense) extracts assayed against Clostridium sticklandii, a ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium.</a> Nat. Prod. Commun. 7 (12), 1605-1608 (2012).</li><li>Mattila, P., Kumpulainen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+free+and+total+phenolic+acids+in+plant-derived+foods+by+HPLC+with+diode-array+detection.">Determination of free and total phenolic acids in plant-derived foods by HPLC with diode-array detection.</a> J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (13), 3660-3667 (2002).</li><li>Hamburger, M. O., Cordell, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+direct+bioautographic+TLC+assay+for+compounds+possessing+antibacterial+activity.">A direct bioautographic TLC assay for compounds possessing antibacterial activity.</a> J. Nat. Prod. 50 (1), 19-22 (1987).</li><li>Flythe, M., Kagan, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimicrobial+effect+of+red+clover+(Trifolium+pratense)+phenolic+extract+on+the+ruminal+hyper+ammonia-producing+bacterium,+Clostridium+sticklandii.">Antimicrobial effect of red clover (Trifolium pratense) phenolic extract on the ruminal hyper ammonia-producing bacterium, Clostridium sticklandii.</a> Curr. Microbiol. 61, 125-131 .</li><li>Rahalison, L., Hamburger, M., Hostettmann, K., Monod, M., Frenk, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+bioautographic+agar+overlay+method+for+the+detection+of+antifungal+compounds+from+higher+plants.">A bioautographic agar overlay method for the detection of antifungal compounds from higher plants.</a> Phytochem. Anal. 2 (5), 199-203 (1991).</li><li>Chomnawang, M. T., Trinapakul, C., Gritsanapan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+antigonococcal+activity+of+Coscinium+fenestratum+stem+extract.">In vitro antigonococcal activity of Coscinium fenestratum stem extract.</a> J. Ethnopharmacol. 122, 445-449 (2009).</li><li>Stahl, E., Kaldewey, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spurenanalyse+physiologisch+aktiver,+einfacher+Indolderivate.">Spurenanalyse physiologisch aktiver, einfacher Indolderivate.</a> Hoppe-Seyler&#8217;s Z. Physiol. Chem. 323, 182-191 .</li><li>Kagan, I. A., Hammerschmidt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+ecotype+variability+in+camalexin+production+and+reaction+to+infection+by+Alternaria+brassicicola.">Arabidopsis ecotype variability in camalexin production and reaction to infection by Alternaria brassicicola.</a> J. Chem. Ecol. 28 (11), 2121-2140 (2002).</li><li>Kline, R. M., Golab, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+in+developing+thin-layer+bioautographs.">A simple technique in developing thin-layer bioautographs.</a> J. Chromatogr. 18, 409-411 (1965).</li><li>Wedge, D. E., Nagle, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+2D-TLC+bioautography+method+for+the+discovery+of+novel+antifungal+agents+to+control+plant+pathogens.">A new 2D-TLC bioautography method for the discovery of novel antifungal agents to control plant pathogens.</a> J. Nat. Prod. 63 (8), 1050-1054 (2000).</li><li>Beck, A. B., Knox, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+acylated+isoflavone+glycosides+from+subterranean+clover+and+red+clover.">The acylated isoflavone glycosides from subterranean clover and red clover.</a> Aust. J. Chem. 24 (7), 1509-1518 (1971).</li><li>Kahn, R. A., Bak, S., Svendsen, I., Halkier, B. A., M&#248;ller, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+reconstitution+of+cytochrome+P450ox+and+in+vitro+reconstitution+of+the+entire+biosynthetic+pathway+of+the+cyanogenic+glucoside+dhurrin+from+sorghum.">Isolation and reconstitution of cytochrome P450ox and in vitro reconstitution of the entire biosynthetic pathway of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin from sorghum.</a> Plant Physiol. 115 (4), (1997).</li><li>Peterson, C. A., Edgington, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+estimation+of+the+fungicide+benomyl+using+a+bioautograph+technique.">Quantitative estimation of the fungicide benomyl using a bioautograph technique.</a> J. Agr. Food Chem. 17 (4), 898-899 (1969).</li></ol>

Denne protokol beskriver en enkel fremgangsmåde til adskillelse af en ekstrakt i delmængder af forbindelser og analysere disse delmængder ved kontakt bioautografi. Metoden er meget lig brugt af Chomnawang et al. 15. at screene for plantemetabolitter hæmmende for gonoré-bakterier. Den type bioautografi ansat til skærmen for antimikrobielle plante forbindelser afhænger af mange faktorer, herunder test mikroorganisme, setup laboratorium og præferencer for den person (er) udfører bioassay. Konta...

Analyse for antimikrobielle forbindelser i planter kræver separering af komponenter i en planteekstrakt, udsætter en test mikroorganisme disse komponenter, og bestemme, hvorvidt mikroorganismen vækst er hæmmet af nogen af ​​forbindelserne. Separationer af papir eller tyndtlagskromatografi (PC eller TLC) er praktisk, fordi mange forbindelser kan adskilles på en plan overflade. Adskillelse er baseret på polaritet, med nogle forbindelser binder tæt til adsorbent (cellulose, i tilfælde af PC, og en række adsorbenter i tilfælde af TLC) og overførslen mindre end andre 1. Figur 1 viser et eksempel på de relative positioner af polære og upolære phenolforbindelser efter separation på en silica-TLC-plade. <img alt="Figur 1" fo:content-width="5in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/51411/51411fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/51411/51411fig1.jpg" /> Figur 1. Diagram, der viser fordelingen af forbindelser med forskellige polariteter efter adskillelse på silicagel tyndtlagskromatografisk (TLC) plade. Phenolforbindelser af rødkløver (Trifolium pratense L.) anvendes som et eksempel. Polære forbindelser, såsom clovamide, har en stærk affinitet for en polær adsorbent som silica og forblive nær oprindelse (OR), mens mindre polære forbindelser, såsom de tre isoflavoner nær opløsningsmiddelfronten (SF), partition lettere i opløsningsmidler (som er mindre polære end silica medmindre vand, syrer eller baser er inkluderet) og migrere længere op pladen. Efter adskillelse af et uddrag på en TLC-plade, kan forsøgsmikroorganismer blive udsat for alle forbindelser på pladen, og dermed fremskynde identifikation af de aktive komponenter i en ekstrakt 2. Hvis en svampe-eller bakteriel kultur udsættes for kromatogrammet, vil mikrobiel vækst forekomme overalt, undtagen i områder med vækst-inhibitory forbindelser. Hæmningszoner så kan visualiseres ved at observere kontrasten mellem mycelievækst og den vækst-fri områder, hvis svampe er blevet anvendt 3 eller ved sprøjtning med forbindelser, der skifter farve når det reduceres eller hydrolyseret af levende celler 4.. Selv om brugen af papir eller tyndtlagschromatogrammer for antimikrobielle assays først blev anvendt antibiotika 5 og fungicider 3,6, er planteekstrakter nu ofte screenes for antimikrobielle stoffer med denne metode, der ofte omtales som bioautografi. De beskrevne protokoller heri gælder bioautografi af tyndtlagschromatogrammer. TLC er almindeligt anvendt, fordi det er relativt hurtig og kan udføres på forskellige adsorbenter (fx silica, stivelse, alumina), såvel som giver god opløsning og følsomhed 1. Planteekstrakter kan fremstilles til TLC på mange måder. Almindelige metoder er bl.a. udvinder plantemateriale alcohol-vand-blandinger, såsom 80% ethanol 7,8, eventuelt med tilsætning af syre eller base 9. Efter ekstraktion i sådanne opløsningsmidler, som indeholder noget vand, og som muligvis er sur eller basisk, skal ekstrakter koncentreres, så de kan anvendes til TLC-plader i et minimalt volumen. Koncentrationen af vand og alkohol ekstrakter kan opnås ved at opdele med vand ikke-blandbare organiske opløsningsmidler 8 eller med en blanding af sådanne opløsningsmidler, såsom ethylacetat-ethylether (1:1, v / v) 10,11. Forskellige plantemetabolitter udvindes i forskellige organiske opløsningsmidler, afhængigt af deres polaritet. For at sikre at plante organiske syrer eller baser er ekstraheret i organiske opløsningsmidler på dette stadium, kan pH af en alkohol-vand-ekstrakt hæves eller sænkes med en vandopløselig syre eller base til at konvertere dissocierede analytter i deres nondissociated former, som derefter opløseligt i neutralt organiske opløsningsmidler 9. Den organiske fase kan derefter evaporated under reduceret tryk eller under nitrogen og justeres til det ønskede volumen til TLC. PH af ekstrakten er usandsynligt, at være dødelige for bioassaydata mikroorganismer på grund af opdelingen af ​​analytter i neutrale opløsningsmidler, lille afsluttende volumen og fordampning af ekstrakten på TLC-pladen forud for separation. Både svampe og bakterier er ansat som test-mikroorganismer i bioautografi af planteekstrakter 2. Sporer af visse svampe, såsom Cladosporium cucumerinum spire på TLC-plader (bortset fra områder med inhiberende forbindelser), hvis sprøjtes på pladerne i en næringsopløsning og inkuberet i et fugtigt miljø i flere dage 3. Den mørke mycelium C. cucumerinum på inhiberende zoner giver en skarp kontrast til zoner gratis mycelievækst. Selvom bakterier er blevet anvendt til tyndtlagskromatografi (TLC) plader på samme måde 4,12, bakterier er også hældes over TLCplade overflader i agar overlejrer 13,14. Gær, såsom Candida albicans, kan anvendes i agar overlejringer samt 14. Alternativt kan TLC-plader placeres med forsiden nedad på agar podet med bakterier 10,15 eller gær 8, en metode, der kaldes kontakt bioautografi 2. Vi beskriver en metode til kontakt bioautografi at screene for antimikrobielle phenolforbindelser fra rødkløver (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland). Testen mikroorganisme Clostridium sticklandii en ruminal hyper ammoniak-producerende bakterie (HAB) og obligate anaerobe. Selv om separationer anvendte ikke løser alle komponenter i ekstraktet, de lette identifikationen af ​​zoner antimikrobiel aktivitet, og dermed indsnævre puljen af ​​mulige antimikrobielle forbindelser. Protokollen anvender standardprocedurer for TLC 1.. Protokollen beskriver også nogle af de teknikker, der kræves til dyrkning forpligtelsergate anaerobe til en sådan analyse, en brug af kontakt bioautografi 15 og en visualisering metode med et tetrazoliumsalt, der farver levende celler 2,4.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="739">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Silica F254 TLC plates, aluminum-backed, 0.2 mm thickness, 20 &#215; 20 cm</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals&#160;</td>
			<td>5554/7</td>
			<td>These plates are coated with silica that contains an indicator fluorescing at 254 nm.&#160; Compounds absorbing at that wavelength appear dark on a fluorescent green background.&#160; Alternative sources include Analtech, Selecto Scientific, Fluka.&#160; Adsorbents other than silica may be needed.&#160; Plastic-backed plates may be suitable, depending on the solvents to be used.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp, heavy-duty scissors&#160;</td>
			<td>any sewing supply company</td>
			<td>similar to Fiskars&#160; 175800-1002</td>
			<td>For cutting TLC plates.&#160; A paper cutter with a sharp blade can be used as well.&#160; Do not inhale silica dust.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drying oven at 100 &#176;C (mechanical convection)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>PR305225M</td>
			<td>Quincy Lab, Inc, Chicago, IL (www.quincylab.com); Cascade Technical Sciences, Hillsboro, OR (www.cascadetek.com)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLC chamber</td>
			<td>Kimble Chase&#160;</td>
			<td>416180-0000</td>
			<td>Alternative sources:&#160; Aldrich. Pyrex beakers or preserving jars can be used for small plates (i.e. 5 &#215; 10 cm).&#160; Cover with aluminum foil (jar lids may contain material extractable by solvent vapors).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50-&#181;L syringe with flat needle tip</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>80965</td>
			<td>For loading amounts of standard or sample exceeding 5-10 &#181;L.&#160; Alternative sources are equivalent.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micropipets</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>2-000-001</td>
			<td>For loading small amounts of standards or samples.&#160; Alternative sources:&#160; VWR.&#160; Also, Pasteur pipets can be stretched to a thinner diameter with a butane torch.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper (#1 grade)</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1001 917</td>
			<td>Serves as a chamber wick.&#160; Other grades of filter paper are OK.&#160; This size can be trimmed for the chambers holding 20 &#215; 20 cm plates.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beaker tongs</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-186</td>
			<td>For putting plates in and out of a large TLC chamber.&#160; Alternate sources: VWR&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flat-edge forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-275</td>
			<td>For putting plates in and out of a small chamber.&#160;&#160; Alternate sources: VWR&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small portable UV lamp with 4-Watt or 6-Watt bulbs for short- and long-wave UV light illumination (254 and 365 nm, respectively)</td>
			<td>Ultraviolet Products&#160;</td>
			<td>95-0271-01</td>
			<td>Alternate sources: Spectronics Corporation (www.spectroline.net)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Viewing cabinet for use with hand-held UV lamp</td>
			<td>Ultraviolet Products&#160;</td>
			<td>Chromato-Vue C-10E</td>
			<td>UV-active bands are more easily circled if plates can be set in here.&#160; Alternate sources: Spectronics Corporation.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodocumentation system with overhead UV lamp and visible lamp</td>
			<td>Kodak&#160;</td>
			<td>Gel Logic 200</td>
			<td>&#160;Alternate sources: Ultraviolet Products (www.uvp.com).&#160; See protocol for homemade alternative.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaerobic Chamber, Type A, Vinyl</td>
			<td>Coy&#160;</td>
			<td>7150000</td>
			<td>This chamber is appropriate for anaerobic bacteria, like Clostridium sticklandii, as described. &#160;However, growth conditions must be tailored to organism used in the assay.&#160; A biosafety cabinet and other precautions should be taken if pathogenic organisms are used. Alternate sources: Anaerobe Systems, BioRad, Plas Labs, others&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrazolium red</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8877</td>
			<td>Alternate sources: MP Biomedicals, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Alfa Aesar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ingredients for HAB media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxamine &#183; 2 HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9380</td>
			<td>For this and for all the other reagents in this table, alternative sources are equivalent.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Riboflavin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nicotinamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>N3376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium D-Pantothenate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8731</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoic Acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p-Aminobenzoic acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9878</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8798</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B4639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3607</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxal HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyridoxine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5669</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;E6758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iron sulfate &#183; 7 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;F8263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc sulfate &#183; 7 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z0251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manganese chloride &#183; 4 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt chloride &#183; 6 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>&#160;C8661</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper chloride &#183; 2 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>459097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel chloride &#183; 6 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>203866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium molybdate &#183; 2 H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>331058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Trypticase (Pancreatic digest of casein)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>B11921</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate monobasic anhydrous</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>P284</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium carbonate &#183; H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>S636</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>50841063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate &#183; 6 H2O</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>7791-18-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride &#183; 2 H2O</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>BP510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cysteine HCl</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>19464780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic anhydrous</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>P290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>BP358</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

thin-layer chromatographic (tlc) separations and bioassays of plant extracts to identify antimicrobial compounds

En fælles skærm for vegetabilske antimikrobielle forbindelser består af adskillelse planteekstrakter af papir eller tyndtlagskromatografi (PC eller TLC), udsætter kromatogrammerne mikrobielle suspensioner (f.eks svampe eller bakterier i bouillon eller agar), giver tid til mikroorganismerne til at vokse i et fugtigt miljø, og visualisere zoner uden mikrobiel vækst. Effektiviteten af ​​denne screeningsmetode, der er kendt som bioautografi, afhænger både kvaliteten af ​​kromatografisk separation og omhu med mikrobielle dyrkningsbetingelser. Dette papir beskriver standard protokoller for TLC og kontakt bioautografi med en roman ansøgning til aminosyre-gærende bakterier. Ekstrakten separeres på fleksible (aluminium-backed) silica TLC-plader, og bands visualiseres under ultraviolet lys (UV). Zoner er skåret ud og inkuberes med forsiden nedad på agar podet med test mikroorganisme. Inhiberende bånd visualiseret ved farvning agarpladens med tetrazolium rød. Metoden anvendes til adskillelse af rødkløver (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) phenolforbindelser og deres screening for aktivitet mod Clostridium sticklandii, en hyper ammoniak-producerende bakterie (HAB), som er hjemmehørende i den bovine vommen. TLC metoder gælder for mange typer planteekstrakter og andre bakteriearter (aerobe eller anaerobe), samt svampe, kan anvendes som testorganismer hvis dyrkningsbetingelserne er modificeret til at passe til kravene i de arter vækst.

Repræsentative silica TLC separationer af rødkløver (Trifolium pratense cv. Kenland) ekstrakter, der indeholder phenolforbindelser, er vist i figur 2.. Adskillelse af rødkløverekstrakt i ethylacetat-hexan (9:1, v / v), mere end 8,5 cm, resulterede i fem bånd, et ufuldstændigt løst fra oprindelsen (figur 2A). Figur 2B viser imidlertid, at omkring dobbelt så mange bands blev afsløret, da en anden prøve af rødkløver ekstrakt (fra samme sort, men dyrket i et separat pl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds at JoVE.com

Thin-layer Chromatographic TLC Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Tyndtlagskromatografisk (TLC) Separations og Bioassays planteekstrakter til at identificere antimikrobielle forbindelser

Fremgangsmåder er beskrevet til tyndtlags kromatografi (TLC) adskillelse af planteekstrakter og kontakt bioautografi til at identificere antibakterielle metabolitter. De metoder, der anvendes til screening af rødkløver phenolforbindelser inhiberer hyper ammoniak-producerende bakterier (HAB) er native for bovin vommen.

A common screen for plant antimicrobial compounds consists of separating plant extracts by paper or thin-layer chromatography (PC or TLC), exposing the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Thin-layer Chromatographic (TLC) Separations and Bioassays of Plant Extracts to Identify Antimicrobial Compounds

Profiling the Triacylglyceride Contents in Bat Integumentary Lipids by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

Profilere triacylglycerid Indhold i Bat Integumentary Lipider ved præparativ tyndtlagskromatografi og MALDI-TOF-massespektrometri

The mammalian integument includes sebaceous glands that secrete an oily material onto the skin surface. Sebum production is part of the innate immune ...

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Methods to Identify the NMR Resonances of the 13C-Dimethyl N-terminal Amine on Reductively Methylated Proteins

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a proven technique for protein structure and dynamic studies. To study proteins with NMR, stable magnetic ...

Analysis of Volatile and Oxidation Sensitive Compounds Using a Cold Inlet System and Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry

Analyse af flygtige og oxidationsfølsomme Forbindelser med kold indsugningssystem og Electron Impact massespektrometri

This video presents a protocol for the mass spectrometrical analysis of volatile and oxidation sensitive compounds using electron impact ionization. The ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Sekventering af Plant Wall Heteroxylans Brug Enzymatisk, Chemical (Methylering) og fysiske (massespektrometri Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Teknikker

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

On-line analyse af nitrogenholdige forbindelser i Kompleks kulbrintestof Matricer

The shift to heavy crude oils and the use of alternative fossil resources such as shale oil are a challenge for the petrochemical industry. The ...

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

Using Capillary Electrophoresis to Quantify Organic Acids from Plant Tissue: A Test Case Examining Coffea arabica Seeds

Brug kapillarelektroforese at kvantificere organiske syrer fra Plant Tissue: En Test Case Undersøgelse<em&gt; Ægte kaffe</em&gt; Frø

Carboxylic acids are organic acids containing one or more terminal carboxyl (COOH) functional groups. Short chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs; carboxylic ...

Synthesis of Plant Phenol-derived Polymeric Dyes for Direct or Mordant-based Hair Dyeing

Syntese af Plant Phenol-afledte Polymere Farvestoffer til direkte eller Mordant-baserede Hårfarvning

Effective hair dyeing through in situ incubation of keratin hair with the products of fungal laccase-catalyzed polymerization of plant phenols has been ...

Raman and IR Spectroelectrochemical Methods as Tools to Analyze Conjugated Organic Compounds

Raman og IR Spectroelectrochemical metoder som redskaber til at analysere konjugeret organiske forbindelser

In the presented work, two spectroelectrochemical techniques are discussed as tools for the analysis of the structural changes occurring in the molecule ...

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Ved hjælp af cyklisk Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR og EPR Spectroelectrochemistry til at analysere organiske forbindelser

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a technique used in the analysis of organic compounds. When this technique is combined with electron paramagnetic resonance ...

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

Elektroforetisk krystallisering af ultratynde højtydende Metal-økologiske rammer membraner

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...