Name: urinary bladder distention evoked visceromotor responses as a model for bladder pain in mice
Uploaded: 2014-04-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice at JoVE.com

Vi vil gerne anerkende Drs. Robert Gereau, Henry Lai, og Lara Crock for deres nyttige assistance i oprettelsen af ​​dette system. Vi vil også gerne anerkende finansieringskilder til dette arbejde (BJK - International Association for Study of Pain Early Career Research Grant af Scan | Design Foundation af Inger &amp; JENS BRUUN og Duquesne University Hunkele frygtede sygdom Fund).

Følgende protokol er blevet godkendt af Institutional Animal Care og brug Udvalg på Duquesne University og er i overensstemmelse med retningslinjerne fra National Institutes of Health. 1.. Kirurgisk implantation af Wire elektroder og Urinblæren Kateter med sterile teknikker (total tid 5-10 min) <ol><li> Følgende punkter bør være forberedt før start kirurgi: <ol><li> Aktivt overvåge og justere kroppens temperatur til 37,5 ± 0,5 ° C ved hjælp af overvågningssystem temperatur med ...

<ol>
	<li>Merskey, H., Bogduk, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Classification of Chronic Pain. , (1994).</li><li>Gureje, O., Korff, M. V., Simon, G. E., Gater, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peristent+pain+and+well-being.+A+World+Health+Organization+study+in+primary+care.">Peristent pain and well-being. A World Health Organization study in primary care.</a> J. Am. Med. Assoc. 280, 147-151 (1998).</li><li>Gaskin, D. J., Richard, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+economic+costs+of+pain+in+the+United+States.">The economic costs of pain in the United States.</a> J. Pain. 13, 715-754 (2012).</li><li>Berry, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+Symptoms+of+Bladder+Pain+Syndrome/Interstitial+Cystitis+Among+Adult+Females+in+the+United+States.">Prevalence of Symptoms of Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis Among Adult Females in the United States.</a> J. Urol. 186, 540-544 (2011).</li><li>Tunitsky, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bladder+Pain+Syndrome/Interstitial+Cystitis+in+twin+sisters.">Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis in twin sisters.</a> J. Urol. 187, 148-152 (2012).</li><li>Tettamanti, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+smoking,+coffee,+and+tea+consumption+on+Bladder+Pain+Syndrome+in+female+twins.">Influence of smoking, coffee, and tea consumption on Bladder Pain Syndrome in female twins.</a> Urology. 77, 1313-1317 (2011).</li><li>Warren, J. W., et al., Longo, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. , (2012).</li><li>Baldoni, F., Ercolani, M., Baldaro, B., Trombini, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stressful+events+and+psychological+symptoms+in+patients+with+functional+urinary+disorders.">Stressful events and psychological symptoms in patients with functional urinary disorders.</a> Perceptual Motor Skills. 80, 605-606 (1995).</li><li>Tannenbaum, C., Gray, M., Hoffstetter, S., Cardozo, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comorbidities+associated+with+bladder+dysfunction.">Comorbidities associated with bladder dysfunction.</a> Int. J. Clin. Practice. 67, 105-113 (2013).</li><li>Ness, T. J., Elhefni, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+visceromotor+responses+are+evoked+by+noxious+bladder+distention+in+mice.">Reliable visceromotor responses are evoked by noxious bladder distention in mice.</a> J. Urol. 171, 1704-1708 (2004).</li><li>Ness, T. J., Richter, H. E., Varner, R. E., Fillingim, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+psychophysical+study+of+discomfort+produced+by+repeated+filling+of+the+urinary+bladder.">A psychophysical study of discomfort produced by repeated filling of the urinary bladder.</a> Pain. 76, 61-69 (1998).</li><li>Ness, T. J., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visceral+pain:+a+review+of+experimental+studies.">Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies.</a> Pain. 41, 167-234 (1990).</li><li>Crock, L. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+amygdala+metabotropic+glutamate+receptor+5+in+the+modulation+of+visceral+pain.">Central amygdala metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the modulation of visceral pain.</a> J. Neurosci. 32, 14217-14226 (2012).</li><li>Anderson, R. H., Ness, T. J., Gebhart, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+distension+control+device+useful+for+quantitative+studies+of+hollow+organ+sensation.">A distension control device useful for quantitative studies of hollow organ sensation.</a> Physiol. Behav. 41, 635-638 (1987).</li><li>Dimitrakov, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacologic+Management+of+Painful+Bladder+Syndrome/Interstitial+Cystitis:+A+Systematic+Review.">Pharmacologic Management of Painful Bladder Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis: A Systematic Review.</a> Arch. Intern. Med. 167, 1922-1929 (2007).</li><li>Qin, C., Van Meerveld, B. G. r. e. e. n. w. o. o. d. -., Foreman, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+neuronal+responses+to+urinary+bladder+stimulation+in+rats+with+corticosterone+or+aldosterone+onto+the+amygdala.">Spinal neuronal responses to urinary bladder stimulation in rats with corticosterone or aldosterone onto the amygdala.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 90, 2180-2189 (2003).</li><li>Randich, A., Mebane, H., DeBerry, J. J., Ness, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rostral+ventral+medulla+modulation+of+the+visceromotor+reflex+evoked+by+urinary+bladder+distension+in+female+rats.">Rostral ventral medulla modulation of the visceromotor reflex evoked by urinary bladder distension in female rats.</a> J. Pain. 9, 920-926 (2008).</li></ol>

Hos mennesker, interstitiel cystitis / blære smertesyndrom (IC / BPS) udgør et væsentligt klinisk problem, fordi patienter har invaliderende smerter, der ofte reagerer på regelmæssig smertebehandling 15. En af de store udfordringer i forståelse og i sidste ende behandling af kronisk blære smerter er at forstå den normale neurale processer, der er involveret i respons på skadelige blære udspilning. For at overvinde denne udfordring er det nødvendigt en dyremodel af blæresmerter. Denne model skal v?...

Kroniske smerter er officielt defineret som smerte, der varer i cirka tre måneder eller længere end den normale væv helbredende tid 1. Denne type smerter er en af de vigtigste årsager til, at folk er tvunget til at søge lægehjælp 2 og kan koste op til 635 milliarder dollar dollars årligt 3. Aktuel kroniske smerter mestringsstrategier anses arkaisk; efter årtier med medicinske fremskridt, NSAID (non-steroide anti-inflammatoriske lægemidler) og opioider er stadig de primære behandlinger ordineret af læger. Men disse behandlinger rettet mod alle de forskellige former for smerter på samme måde, som giver smertestillende effekter over hele kroppen i modsætning til specifikt at fokusere på årsagen til, at nøjagtig smerte hændelse. For bedre at kunne hjælpe dem, der lider af kroniske smerter, bør forskningen lægges forskudt mod ætiologi og eventuelle smerter-specifikke behandlinger er forbundet med de mest almindelige årsager til kroniske smerter. Målet med denne manuscript er at beskrive en model, der anvendes til bedre at forstå en tilstand kendt som Interstitiel blærebetændelse / Smertefuld Blære syndrom (IC / BPS). IC / BPS er en invaliderende sygdom, der rammer millioner af mennesker, primært kvinder over en alder af 40 4. De nøjagtige årsager til IC / BPS er ikke kendt, men udbredelsen har været knyttet til genetik 5, specifikke kostvaner, og højt stressniveau 6 . Symptomer på IC / BPS omfatter, men er ikke begrænset til: Øget haster med at urinere, hyppig vandladning, smertende, piercing, eller brændende smerter under blære fyldning og tømning, og nykturi 7. Patienter, der oplever disse betingelser har højere stressniveau og er mere bekymrede 8. Denne øgede stress resulterer i øget smerte, hvilket øger de oprindelige stressniveau. Undersøgelser har vist, at depression og angst niveauet falder følgende behandlinger, der afhjælper urin smerte, således effektivt bryde denne positive-feedback-cyklus <sup&gt; 9.. En af udfordringerne i at opdage nye behandlinger for IC / BPS har været manglen på en grundlæggende videnskab forståelse af blære smerter. For at undersøge nervesystemet bidrag til den tilstand, har mange dyremodeller er blevet udviklet til at efterligne den smerte og symptomer forbundet med IC / BPS. Traditionelt har blærebetændelse blevet genskabt i dyr med indførelsen af ​​forskellige kemikalier såsom sennep olie, acetone, lipopolysaccharid, saltsyre, og cyclophosphamid i blæren. Men ingen udenlandske agenter er til stede i den sterile urin af IC / BPS patienter, og dermed spørgsmålstegn ved gyldigheden af ​​disse modeller. En anden murin model for urologisk smerte er urinblæren udspilet (UBD) 10. I denne model, er komprimeret luft, et specifikt tryk leveret til blære vågen eller let bedøvet dyr over en given tidsperiode. Under hele proceduren ledninger i den overlegne skrå mavemuskler rekord elektrisk aktivitettet fra musklen (med en electromyogram (EMG)). Denne aktivitet er kendt som visceromotor respons (VMR), og er pålidelig, reproducerbar måling af nociception 10. Lignende hule organ udspilning (fx blære, endetarm) hos raske forsøgspersoner producerer følelser af ubehag og betydelige stigninger i rapporteret smerte 11,12, karaktertræk, der ofte anvendes til at diagnosticere IC / BPS. Således i forbindelse med den elektriske, farmakologiske og optogenetic fremgangsmåder til stimulering eller inhibering UBD er en nyttig og gyldig model for forståelse af både de perifere og centrale nervesystem komponenter i blæren nociception og smerte. Her beskriver vi proceduren for UBD som i øjeblikket bruges i vores laboratorium indenfor kvindelige medlemmer af den fælles musestamme, C57BL/6J. Grundet vanskeligheder i kateterisation proces hanner er denne procedure udføres primært i hunmus. Denne protokol er blevet tilpasset fra, der er udviklet af Ness &lt;em&gt; m.fl. 10. og tidligere offentliggjorte fra vores laboratorium 13. Følgende protokol beskriver fire primære komponenter i denne model i bedøvede dyr: (1) blære kateter og optagelse elektrode kirurgi (2) delvis anæstesi induktion (3) blære udspilning og VMR optagelse, og (4) dataanalyse af rå VMR / EMG spor . Subtile forskelle i UBD-VMR procedure på grund af valget af organisme anæstesidybde og induktion, og legemstemperatur er beskrevet nedenfor.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared heating blanket and monitoring system</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>Right-Temp System&#160;</td>
			<td>This system is setup to monitor two separate temperatures.&#160; This should include the animal and the heating blanket.&#160; In addition, the system can automatically adjust the temperature to maintain a set temp.&#160; However, this automatic function produces electrical interference during EMG recording and must be turned off.&#160; Kent can provide a battery pack for the heating pad for use during the riEMG recording part of the experiment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>Draeger</td>
			<td>Vapor 19.1</td>
			<td>Any isoflurane vaporizer will work, but it is helpful to have one that has mutliple notches between 0 and 2% isoflurane.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Oxygen air tank</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>For ventilation of animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air breathing grade</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>For bladder distention</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24GA 0.56inch IV catheter</td>
			<td>BD biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td>381411</td>
			<td>For bladder catheterization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgilube (sterile)</td>
			<td>Savage Laboratories</td>
			<td>0281-0205-02</td>
			<td>Any surgical grade lubricate would work fine.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral oil (sterile)</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline (sterile)</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AG8W Silver Wire, 2 m, 0.20 mm (.008&#34;) D, L, No Insulation&#160;</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments</td>
			<td>W4 64-1318&#160;</td>
			<td>Any silver wire with these specifications will work.&#160; Wire does not need to be &#34;chlorinated.&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>opthalamic ointment</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharp forceps</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>21 Ga needle</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grass amplifier P511 with 3-lead input cable</td>
			<td>Grass Instruments</td>
			<td>P511 (F-P5IC3/REV1)</td>
			<td>This is the &#34;amplifier&#34; used in the protocol.&#160; Amplifier with the following settings: Calibrator = 1 mV; Lo freq = 300 Hz; Amplification = 20; Hi freq = 10 kHz; Line filter = in.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design (CED) 1401 Plus (or equivalent)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design</td>
			<td>1401 Plus</td>
			<td>This is the &#34;digitizer&#34; used in the protocol.&#160; Other digitizer systems from WINDAQ or other companies would work fine; Need inputs for pressure signal, EMG, and stimulus signal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CED Spike2 software</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design</td>
			<td>Spike 2</td>
			<td>This is the the &#34;digitizer software&#34; used in the protocol.&#160; Should be from same manufacturer as digitizer.&#160; Program should be setup with 3 channels for pressure (0-100 mmHg scale), EMG signal (typically -5 to +5 V range), and stimulus marker (0-2 V) range.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow chart from air tank to bladder catheter</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Sequence of connections from pressurized air tank to animal bladder:&#160; Air tank to 1/4 inch tubing to Gilmont flowmeter to Y connector.&#160; Branch 1 of y connector to to sphygmomanometer.&#160; Branch 2 to a single input on the 4-way gang valve to 4-way valve output to the timed pressure regulator to 3/32 tubing from timed pressure regulator to 2nd Y connector (branch 1 to sphygmomanometer) with branch 2 to 3/32 tubing&#160; to a 3rd Y connector.&#160; Branch 1 of Y connector to a 3rd sphygmomanometer and branch 2 to animal bladder catheter.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gilmont Flowmeter&#160;</td>
			<td>Gilmont</td>
			<td>GF8321-1401</td>
			<td>Multiple brands of flowmeters will work.&#160; For bladder distention air, flow meter should be able to handle high pressures (such as this Gilmont meter).&#160; For breathing air, flow rate should be adjustable down to 100 cc/min (typical mouse rate is 500-1000 cc/min).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-way gang valve</td>
			<td>Elite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a specific piece of equipment.&#160; The Elite gang valve is designed for fish tanks at low air pressures.&#160; In the bladder distention setup, this valve acts as a safety valves in case the pressure spikes.&#160; Too high pressure during initial turning on of the tank will ruin the pressure transducer in the Timed pressure regulator and/or the sphygnometers. In addition, by providing a small amount of leak in the system, this valve makes it easier to adjust the pressure between 10-80 mmHg.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/4 inch tubing</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/32 inch tubing</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Y&#34; connectors (1/4 and 3/32 inch)</td>
			<td>Multiple</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sphygmomanometer</td>
			<td>CVS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any analog sphygmomanometer from a drug store will work for this application.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Timed Pressure Regulator</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a custom built machine (Washington University in St. Louis Machine shop) that allows for automated pressure delivery including digitization of air pressure, control of trial length, inter-trial interval automation, control of trial number, and stimulus onset digital signal.&#160; However, the basic components of the system (pressure on and off for a given trial period) could be controlled with a simple on/off in-line switch.&#160;&#160; Such analog control of a trial would necessitate additional analysis parameters (see below section 4).&#160; In addition, one would have to manually assign the pressure based on the analog sphygmomanometer during data analysis.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IGOR Pro</td>
			<td>Wavemetrics</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>For analysis of EMG signal. Many different types of software can be used for data analysis in these experiments.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

urinary bladder distention evoked visceromotor responses as a model for bladder pain in mice

Ca. 3 til 8.000.000 mennesker i USA lider af interstitiel cystitis / blære smertesyndrom (IC / BPS), en invaliderende tilstand karakteriseret ved øget presserende og hyppig vandladning, samt nykturi og generel bækkensmerter, navnlig ved blærefyldning eller tømme. Trods mange års forskning, årsagen til IC / BPS fortsat undvigende og behandling strategier ikke er i stand til at levere komplette nødhjælp til patienterne. For at undersøge nervesystemet bidrag til den tilstand, har mange dyremodeller er blevet udviklet til at efterligne den smerte og symptomer forbundet med IC / BPS. En sådan musemodel er urinblæren udspilet (UBD). I denne model, er komprimeret luft, et specifikt tryk leveres til blæren af ​​en let bedøvet dyr over et bestemt tidsrum. Under hele proceduren ledninger i de overlegne skrå mavemuskler optage elektriske aktivitet fra musklen. Denne aktivitet er kendt som visceromotor respons (VMR) og isa pålidelig og reproducerbar måling af nociception. Her beskriver vi de nødvendige skridt til at udføre denne teknik i mus, herunder kirurgiske manipulationer, fysiologiske optagelse og dataanalyse. Med brugen af ​​denne model, kan koordineringen mellem primære sensoriske neuroner, rygmarv sekundære afferente og højere centralnervesystemet områder involveret i blæresmerter blive bragt i orden. Denne grundlæggende videnskab viden kan derefter klinisk oversættes til at behandle patienter, der lider af IC / BPS.

En illustration af den samlede UBD-VMR opsætning kan ses i figur 1A. Stigende tryk trin inducere en stigning i den rå VMR (dvs. EMG) (figur 1B). Den rå VMR, tryk og stimulus markør signaler, der skal observeres under optagelsen ved hjælp af digitizer software kan ses i figur 2. Den øverste kanal set i Figur 2 er EMG trace (i V). Baggrunden signal EMG spor skal være stabil og lav amplitude (&lt;0,2 V). Hvis baggrunden er høj eller indeho...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice at JoVE.com

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Ca. 3 til 8.000.000 mennesker i USA lider af interstitiel cystitis / blære smertesyndrom (IC / BPS), en invaliderende tilstand karakteriseret dels ved bækkensmerter. For at undersøge nervesystemet bidrag til den tilstand, er en fysiologisk model af urinblæren smerte anvendes i mus og rotter.

Urinblæren Udspilning Evoked Visceromotor Responses som en model for blæresmerter i mus

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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice:  A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Induktion af Invasive Transitional Cell blærecarcinom i Immune intakt humant MUC1 transgene mus: En model for immunterapi Development

A preclinical model of invasive bladder cancer was developed in human mucin 1 (MUC1) transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice for the purpose of evaluating immunotherapy ...

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

Minimalt invasiv Etablering af murine ortotopisk Blære xenotransplantater

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

The Sciatic Nerve Cuffing Model of Neuropathic Pain in Mice

Iskiasnerven infiltration Model af neuropatisk smerte i mus

Neuropathic pain arises as a consequence of a lesion or a disease affecting the somatosensory system. This syndrome results from maladaptive changes in ...

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Glat muskulatur i blæren Strip Kontraktilitet som en metode til at evaluere nedre urinveje Farmakologi

We describe an in vitro method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

Evaluering af effekten af<em&gt; H. pylori</em&gt; Protein HP-NAP som et terapeutisk værktøj til behandling af blærekræft i en ortotopisk murin model

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold ...