Name: methods to explore the influence of top-down visual processes on motor behavior
Uploaded: 2014-04-16T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior at JoVE.com

作者要感谢视觉研究和感觉 - 运动整合实验室的实验室的成员，帮助学员跑在这项研究中，波林娜Yanovich，约书亚比斯和拓拔Isenhower帮助在最初的设计阶段，而汤姆恩典，他在建设刺激的帮助。这项工作是支持由下列来源：美国国家科学基金会研究生研究奖学金计划：奖＃DGE-0937373，美国国家科学基金会Cyber​​Enabled探索与创新I型（IDEA）：授予＃094158，和罗格斯大学，美国国立卫生研究院UMDNJ生物技术培训计划：格兰特＃ 5T32GM008339-22。

1，构建激励装置<ol><li>构造一个滑动轨道上可移动的平台上。每个刺激将被放置在可移动的平台上根据试验要求的类型。 </li><li>在一个合适的高度，允许为刺激平台是在眼平与该参与者在表中的前坐在轨道固定到一个表中。 </li><li>附上一个可伸缩的弹簧机构，以刺激平台。将输入连接到弹簧机构，以在电路板上。 </li><li>将一组参与者的座椅后面的灯，面对刺激的平台。它均匀地照亮刺激的平?...

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我们的方法提供了一个平台，通过分析整个有关实验任务展开运动，以测试的感知动作模型的有效性。该模式可进行修改，以测试其他类型的视觉刺激，以扩大这方面的研究。例如，其他三维DIIS可以在设备进行测试，看自顶向下和自底向上的过程之间的相互作用如何翻译对各种刺激。该方法也可以适合于测试，可能有干扰感知和动作过程临床人群。此外，在我们的研究中使用的动作捕捉系统可以...

视觉的知觉与视觉换行动为了成功驾驭环境，从视觉系统的信息是用来帮助协调人体运动。如何视觉信息的选择和优先级来影响电机的动作仍不清楚。两大解剖预测从初级视觉皮层出现，形成腹（“什么”，或者“愿景感知”）途径，延伸至颞区和背（“何处”，或“视觉行动”）途径，以顶叶1-2。腹侧神经束被牵连在利用视觉信息的感知过程，如目标识别和鉴定，而背流被认为是专门处理信号的行动指南和空间意识。问的问题是从腹侧流自上而下的过程不论形状，其动作的执行方式。 该f病人的DF amous案例研究，于1992年由古德尔和米尔纳评估，提供了有力的证据和视觉两流假说，谓其腹侧和背侧流过程可分离，感知和行动3的支持。从理论上讲，运动视差和视差的自底向上的信号可以覆盖自上而下的感知信息，例如为了准确地指导我们的行动事先了解和熟悉，这表明运动规划是不受腹侧流控制。 DF，从谁造成双侧枕叶腹侧病变视力表失认受，保留对她有困难识别物体精确的掌握能力，支持可视化两流假说3-4的前提。因为像DF案例研究，人们认为功能性腹，背流的二分法也存在于健康的，非病理性的个体。然而，无论这些结果为ABSO提供证据劳动观念和neurotypical群体行动的琵琶分工已激烈的争论在过去的二十年5-10。 使用幻象分隔知觉与行动为了测试在neurotypical科目视觉两流假说，研究人员使用视错觉，调查环境扭曲感性判断如何影响我们汽车的行动。艾宾浩斯/铁钦纳错觉，例如，使用由这似乎是比同尺寸由大圆圈包围的另一个磁盘更大更小的磁盘包围的磁盘目标;这是由于尺寸对比效果11。当参与者达到掌握目标磁盘，如果两个数据流的假设成立，那么手抓住在磁盘目标的抓地力孔径将由错觉影响，导致参与者采取行动的磁盘目标的真实几何而不是依赖于不正确的知觉大小估算阿泰。 Aglioti 等 。其实报告这种行为，理由是独立的可视化流程管控熟练的操作和意识知觉11。相反，其他团体质疑这些结果，发现感知与行动之间没有分离时，仔细控制的感知和把握任务的匹配，提出视觉流信息的集成，而不是分离12。尽管有过一些后续研究进行验证或反驳使用艾宾浩斯错觉视觉两流的假设，有证据争相件来支持论点13的两侧。 为了进一步探讨视觉感知的行动过程的影响，3D深度反转错觉（DII）也被利用。 DIIS产生虚幻的运动和场景的感知深度反转，其中物理凹角被认为是凸的，反之亦然14。空心面的幻觉是DII生成一个正常的，凸面的感知虽然刺激是物理上凹的，牵连的自上而下的影响，如已有知识和凸偏压的作用，引起的幻觉的知觉15-16的一个例子。尽管在努力伸向上的空心面幻影目标来描述的运动行为，证据仍然模棱两可：一项研究报告对电机输出17的效果，而另一个不18。这些研究依赖于比较的感知深度估计到端点相对的手的距离的计算，以位于所述空心面的幻觉目标。在这种类型的刺激所执行的操作相互矛盾的结果可能是研究人员使用的方法变化的结果。因为在腹侧和背侧流信息被利用的方式仍高达辩论，这场争论的火花需要一个更强大的刺激与运动行为之研究额外的先进措施河这也正是为什么一种技术是使用反向透视刺激，通常被称为“reverspectives”，它形成另一个类DIIS 14的开发。被涂在分段3D平面的表面线性透视线索产生刺激的物理几何形状和实际绘场景之间的竞争。数据驱动的感官信号，如双目视差和运动视差利于物理几何的其实的知觉，而基于经验的熟悉程度来看有利于深度知觉反转（ 图1）。该reverspective的优点在于，它允许在放置目标上的刺激，其表面的假象下感知的空间取向从它的物理方位相差近90度（ 图1E和1F）。这种巨大的差异极大地方便了测试范围作抓握动作是否是或不是INFL由错觉uenced。这个概念的关键是探索在reverspective执行电机的动作是否被受到来自腹侧流自上而下的影响。 在知觉 - 动作模型运动类如果不同的运动策略是对的reverspective刺激目标时抓下虚幻和其实的知觉就业，那么它可以很容易地通过学习手的方法的曲率追踪。此外，从目标导向运动开始整个展开运动的手返回到其静止状态的自发的，自动回缩的分析，可能实际上旁路在过去的试验方法对电机输出的感知影响发现任何缺陷。最近的研究强调研究由神经系统的预测性和预见性控器采用自发段的这两个运动类之间的平衡，以及意义升19-21,23-24。新统计定义的类的自发自动机芯提供了新的指标和功能，变成是一样重要的目标导向的人一直这样远远地跟踪感觉运动的变化和量化自然行为的微妙的方面。 据我们所知，在视觉两流假设现有的研究只集中在目标导向行为，从而忽视了对自动过渡动作是显著的组件来完成视觉动作动作循环的任何影响。因此，重点必须放在自动运动的重要性，以充分把握的运动行为在目前的模式这两种模式，以澄清有关视知觉 - 动作模式的问题。在此方法的开发，以在调节运动行为的故意，目标导向行动领域与自发性，中转一起探讨自上而下的信号在视觉腹侧流中的作用利用一个强大的DII反向的角度刺激有理动作。 合理据推测，如果自上而下的视觉过程影响的感觉运动系统，全运动轨迹朝向嵌入目标下的虚幻知觉的三维反向视角场景将不同于由其实的知觉（ 图1e中引起靶的方法和1F）。因此，此外，由于reverspective刺激的虚幻的知觉是非常相似的，通过适当的（“被迫”）的角度得到的刺激，达到朝向嵌入目标上的reverspective执行应该是相似的特性的影响下进行的下游幻想对reverspective刺激（ 图1c和1F）。 如果自顶向下的视觉影响，不会影响移动轨迹，那么它是假设，作出达到UND呃虚幻的知觉会表现出相同的特征下对reverspective刺激（ 图1e）的不虚伪知觉做出河段。换句话说，既虚幻和不虚伪知觉河段将性质相似，这样既前进轨迹路径将作用于刺激的真实几何形状。如何在向前观察到的效果达到翻译中的手的自动回缩是未知的。通过采用全电机的分析，我们的目标是推动我们的行动和感知的理解循环澄清存在的问题在眼前。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Laboratory bench</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Slidable Track with Retractable Spring</td>
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			<td>built in-house</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Retractable Spring</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Adjustable Lamps</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Switch Box</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Circuit Board</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Arduino</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Smart Projects, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Randot-dot Stereo Test</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Reverse-Perspective Stimulus</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Proper-Perspective Stimulus</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Training Stimuli</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>built in-house</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Polhemus Motion Capture System</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Liberty, Colchester, VT, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:276px;">The Motion Monitor Motion-Tracking Software</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Innovative Sports Training, Inc., Chicago, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">Sport Sweatbands</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:276px;">De-Focusing Lens</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods to explore the influence of top-down visual processes on motor behavior

动觉的意识是非常重要的成功驾驭环境。当我们与我们的日常生活环境进行交互，运动的某些方面是故意策划，而其他人自发地发生下面自觉意识。这种二分法的故意成分已被广泛研究在不同上下文中，而自发的组成部分在很大程度上仍然勘探不足。此外，如何感知过程调节这些运动类，目前尚不得而知。特别是，目前争论的问题是通过一种视觉的错觉产生的空间知觉，还是不受错觉，并管辖，而不是由不虚伪知觉的视觉动作系统是否规范。双稳态知觉，如3D深度反转错觉（DIIS）为研究这种互动和平衡极好的背景下，以达到抓握动作结合使用时尤为如此。在这项研究中，一种方法被开发了使用DI​​I到CLARIFY的自上而下的过程对电动机行动中的作用，特别是在探索如何达到对上一个DII的目标受到影响在这两个故意和自发运动领域。

<html> 1，手路径轨迹结果显示为代表主题的VT。该威尔克的Lambda检验统计量允许我们的三维空间数据还原成一个标值所使用的决定因素。该威尔克的Lambda统计采用似然比检验<img alt="" fo:content-width=".8in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51422/51422eq1.jpg" width="90" /> ，在广场和产品的“内”总和形成矩阵E，和广场和产品的“总”总和形式矩阵（E + H）。该规则指出，当<img alt="" fo:content-width="1in" src="/fil...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior at JoVE.com

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

方法探索自上而下视觉过程对电机性能的影响

目前还不清楚从腹侧视觉流自顶向下的信号如何影响运动。我们开发了一种范式来测试3D深度反转错觉马达朝着一个目标的行为。显著差异报告在两个故意，目标导向运动和自动操作虚幻和不虚伪的观看条件下。

Kinesthetic awareness is important to successfully navigate the environment. When we interact with our daily surroundings, some aspects of movement are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

生物力学分析方法,以评估职业羽毛球运动员的隆起表现

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

Assessing the Influence of Personality on Sensitivity to Magnetic Fields in Zebrafish

特征对斑马鱼磁场敏感性的影响评价

To orient themselves in their environment, animals integrate a wide array of external cues, which interact with several internal factors, such as ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...