Name: reconstitution of &#946;-catenin degradation in xenopus egg extract
Uploaded: 2014-06-17T20:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reconstitution Of ÃŽÂ²-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract at JoVE.com

Vi takker Laurie Lee til kritisk læsning af manuskriptet. TWC er understøttet af en American Heart Association Predoctoral Fellowship (12PRE6590007). MRB er støttet af en National Cancer Institute uddannelse tilskud (T32 CA119925). SSH er støttet af National Institutes of Health (R01DK078640). EL er støttet af National Institutes of Health (R01GM081635 og R01GM103926).

1. Fremstilling af Xenopus æggeekstrakt BEMÆRK: Hver frø giver ca 1 ml brugbar æg ekstrakt. Uddrag fra 10 frøer fremstilles typisk på én gang, og mængden af puffer, der er beskrevet nedenfor, er til at udføre en 10 frø Xenopus æggeekstrakt prep. Buffervolumenet kan justeres efter større eller mindre præparater af æg ekstrakt. Preps genereret på denne måde konsekvent opnåelse proteinkoncentrationer ≥ 50 mg / ml. Processen med at indsamle æg og forarbejdning...

<ol>
	<li>Glotzer, M., Murray, A. W., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclin+is+degraded+by+the+ubiquitin+pathway.">Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway.</a> Nature. 349, 132-138 (1991).</li><li>Salic, A., Lee, E., Mayer, L., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+beta-catenin+stability:+reconstitution+of+the+cytoplasmic+steps+of+the+wnt+pathway+in+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">Control of beta-catenin stability: reconstitution of the cytoplasmic steps of the wnt pathway in Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Molecular Cell. 5, 523-532 (2000).</li><li>Murray, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+cycle+extracts.">Cell cycle extracts.</a> Methods in cell biology. 36, 581-605 (1991).</li><li>Dabauvalle, M. C., Scheer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assembly+of+nuclear+pore+complexes+in+Xenopus+egg+extract.">Assembly of nuclear pore complexes in Xenopus egg extract.</a> Biology of the cell / under the auspices of the European Cell Biology Organization. 72, 25-29 (1991).</li><li>Tutter, A. V., Walter, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosomal+DNA+replication+in+a+soluble+cell-free+system+derived+from+Xenopus+eggs.">Chromosomal DNA replication in a soluble cell-free system derived from Xenopus eggs.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 322, 121-137 (2006).</li><li>Theriot, J. A., Rosenblatt, J., Portnoy, D. A., Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J., Mitchison, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Involvement+of+profilin+in+the+actin-based+motility+of+L.+monocytogenes+in+cells+and+in+cell-free+extracts.">Involvement of profilin in the actin-based motility of L. monocytogenes in cells and in cell-free extracts.</a> Cell. 76, 505-517 (1994).</li><li>Maresca, T. J., Heald, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+studying+spindle+assembly+and+chromosome+condensation+in+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">Methods for studying spindle assembly and chromosome condensation in Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 322, 459-474 (2006).</li><li>Shennan, K. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenopus+egg+extracts:+a+model+system+to+study+proprotein+convertases.">Xenopus egg extracts: a model system to study proprotein convertases.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 322, 199-212 (2006).</li><li>Kornbluth, S., Yang, J., Powers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+cell+cycle+using+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">Analysis of the cell cycle using Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Current protocols in cell biology / editorial board, Juan S. Bonifacino ... [et al.]. 11, (2006).</li><li>Chan, R. C., Forbes, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+study+of+nuclear+assembly+and+nuclear+import+using+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">In vitro study of nuclear assembly and nuclear import using Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 322, 289-300 (2006).</li><li>Masui, Y., Markert, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+control+of+nuclear+behavior+during+meiotic+maturation+of+frog+oocytes.">Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes.</a> The Journal of experimental zoology. 177, 129-145 (1971).</li><li>Forbes, D. J., Kirschner, M. W., Newport, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+formation+of+nucleus-like+structures+around+bacteriophage+DNA+microinjected+into+Xenopus+eggs.">Spontaneous formation of nucleus-like structures around bacteriophage DNA microinjected into Xenopus eggs.</a> Cell. 34, 13-23 (1983).</li><li>Lohka, M. J., Masui, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+in+vitro+of+sperm+pronuclei+and+mitotic+chromosomes+induced+by+amphibian+ooplasmic+components.">Formation in vitro of sperm pronuclei and mitotic chromosomes induced by amphibian ooplasmic components.</a> Science. 220, 719-721 (1983).</li><li>Newport, J. W., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+the+cell+cycle+during+early+Xenopus+development.">Regulation of the cell cycle during early Xenopus development.</a> Cell. 37, 731-742 (1984).</li><li>Mitchison, T., Kirschner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+instability+of+microtubule+growth.">Dynamic instability of microtubule growth.</a> Nature. 312, 237-242 (1984).</li><li>Blow, J. J., Laskey, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+DNA+replication+in+nuclei+and+purified+DNA+by+a+cell-free+extract+of+Xenopus+eggs.">Initiation of DNA replication in nuclei and purified DNA by a cell-free extract of Xenopus eggs.</a> Cell. 47, 577-587 (1986).</li><li>Verma, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ubistatins+inhibit+proteasome-dependent+degradation+by+binding+the+ubiquitin+chain.">Ubistatins inhibit proteasome-dependent degradation by binding the ubiquitin chain.</a> Science. 306, 117-120 (2004).</li><li>Yu, H., King, R. W., Peters, J. M., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+novel+ubiquitin-conjugating+enzyme+involved+in+mitotic+cyclin+degradation.">Identification of a novel ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme involved in mitotic cyclin degradation.</a> Curr Biol. 6, 455-466 (1996).</li><li>Thorne, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-molecule+inhibition+of+Wnt+signaling+through+activation+of+casein+kinase+1alpha.">Small-molecule inhibition of Wnt signaling through activation of casein kinase 1alpha.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 6, 829-836 (2010).</li><li>Thorne, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biochemical+screen+for+identification+of+small-molecule+regulators+of+the+Wnt+pathway+using+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">A biochemical screen for identification of small-molecule regulators of the Wnt pathway using Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 16, 995-1006 (2011).</li><li>Hinkson, I. V., Elias, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dynamic+state+of+protein+turnover:+It's+about+time.">The dynamic state of protein turnover: It's about time.</a> Trends in Cell Biology. 21, 293-303 (2011).</li><li>Kinzler, K. W., Vogelstein, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lessons+from+Hereditary+Colorectal+Cancer.">Lessons from Hereditary Colorectal Cancer.</a> Cell. 87, 159-170 (1996).</li><li>Lee, E., Salic, A., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+regulation+of+[beta]-catenin+stability+by+Tcf3+and+CK1epsilon.">Physiological regulation of [beta]-catenin stability by Tcf3 and CK1epsilon.</a> J Cell Biol. 154, 983-993 (2001).</li><li>Lee, E., Salic, A., Kr&#252;ger, R., Heinrich, R., Kirschner, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+roles+of+APC+and+Axin+derived+from+experimental+and+theoretical+analysis+of+the+Wnt+pathway.">The roles of APC and Axin derived from experimental and theoretical analysis of the Wnt pathway.</a> PLoS Biology. 1, (2003).</li><li>Seeling, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+beta-catenin+signaling+by+the+B56+subunit+of+protein+phosphatase+2A.">Regulation of beta-catenin signaling by the B56 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A.</a> Science. 283, 2089-2091 (1999).</li><li>Guger, K. A., Gumbiner, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=beta-Catenin+has+Wnt-like+activity+and+mimics+the+Nieuwkoop+signaling+center+in+Xenopus+dorsal-ventral+patterning.">beta-Catenin has Wnt-like activity and mimics the Nieuwkoop signaling center in Xenopus dorsal-ventral patterning.</a> Dev Biol. 172, 115-125 (1995).</li><li>Cselenyi, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRP6+transduces+a+canonical+Wnt+signal+independently+of+Axin+degradation+by+inhibiting+GSK3's+phosphorylation+of+&#946;-catenin.">LRP6 transduces a canonical Wnt signal independently of Axin degradation by inhibiting GSK3's phosphorylation of &#946;-catenin.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 8032-8037 (2008).</li><li>Jernigan, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gbetagamma+activates+GSK3+to+promote+LRP6-mediated+beta-catenin+transcriptional+activity.">Gbetagamma activates GSK3 to promote LRP6-mediated beta-catenin transcriptional activity.</a> Science Signaling. 3, (2010).</li><li>Major, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wilms+tumor+suppressor+WTX+negatively+regulates+WNT/beta-catenin+signaling.">Wilms tumor suppressor WTX negatively regulates WNT/beta-catenin signaling.</a> Science. 316, 1043-1046 (2007).</li><li>Cross, M. K., Powers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obtaining+eggs+from+Xenopus+laevis+females.">Obtaining eggs from Xenopus laevis females.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Cross, M. K., Powers, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+fractionation+of+Xenopus+laevis+egg+extracts.">Preparation and fractionation of Xenopus laevis egg extracts.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Willis, J., DeStephanis, D., Patel, Y., Gowda, V., Yan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+the+DNA+damage+checkpoint+using+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">Study of the DNA damage checkpoint using Xenopus egg extracts.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early Development of Xenopus Laevis : A Laboratory Manual. , (2000).</li><li>Rubinfeld, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+GSK3&#946;+to+the+APC-&#946;-Catenin+Complex+and+Regulation+of+Complex+Assembly.">Binding of GSK3&#946; to the APC-&#946;-Catenin Complex and Regulation of Complex Assembly.</a> Science. 272, 1023-1026 (1996).</li><li>Salic, A., King, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+small+molecule+inhibitors+of+the+ubiquitin-proteasome+pathway+in+Xenopus+egg+extracts.">Identifying small molecule inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in Xenopus egg extracts.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 399, 567-585 (2005).</li><li>Trinkle-Mulcahy, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+specific+protein+interaction+partners+using+quantitative+mass+spectrometry+and+bead+proteomes.">Identifying specific protein interaction partners using quantitative mass spectrometry and bead proteomes.</a> J Cell Biol. 183, 223-239 (2008).</li><li>Tan, C. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wnt+signalling+pathway+parameters+for+mammalian+cells.">Wnt signalling pathway parameters for mammalian cells.</a> PLoS One. 7, (2012).</li></ol>

Xenopus æg ekstrakt er et robust biokemisk system til at undersøge β-catenin omsætning. Koncentrationen af β-catenin i Xenopus æggeekstrakt er ~ 25 nM 2. Under optimale betingelser ægget ekstrakt er i stand til at nedbryde β-catenin med en hastighed på 50-100 nM / time og halv-maksimal ved 200 nM 24. Der er flere kritiske trin for vellykket rekonstituering af β-catenin nedbrydning hjælp Xenopus æg ekstrakt. Disse omfatter 1) generering af høj kvalitet Xen...

Xenopus laevis æg ekstrakt har været brugt i udstrakt grad til at studere mange cellebiologiske processer, herunder cytoskeletal dynamik, nuklear samling og import, apoptose, ubiquitin stofskifte, cellecyklusprogression, signaltransduktion, og protein omsætning 1-17. Xenopus æggeekstrakt system er modtagelig for den biokemiske analyse af en legion af cellulære processer, fordi æggeekstrakt repræsenterer væsentlige ufortyndet cytoplasma, der indeholder alle de væsentlige cytoplasmatiske nødvendige komponenter til at udføre disse processer og muliggøre undersøgelse. Store mængder af æg ekstrakt kan tilberedes på én gang for biokemiske manipulationer, der kræver store mængder materiale (f.eks proteinoprensning eller high-throughput screening) 18-20. En anden fordel er, at koncentrationen af specifikke proteiner i Xenopus æggeekstrakt kan indstilles præcist ved tilsætning af rekombinant protein og / eller immunodepletion af endogenous proteiner i modsætning til transfektion af plasmid-DNA, hvor ekspression af proteinet af interesse er vanskeligt at kontrollere. Derudover kan manglen af tilgængelige rekombinante proteiner overvindes ved tilsætning af transkripter, der koder for proteinet af interesse, der udnytter den frisklavet Xenopus æggeekstrakt høje kapacitet til at omsætte exogent tilsat mRNA. Reguleringen af protein nedbrydning er afgørende for kontrollen af mange cellulære veje og processer 21. Xenopus æg ekstrakt har været brugt i udstrakt grad til at studere protein nedbrydning, da systemet giver mulighed for flere måder at overvåge protein omsætning uden forstyrrende påvirkninger af transskription og translation. Wnt signalvejen er en meget bevares signalvej, der spiller afgørende roller i udviklingen og sygdom. Omsætningen af ​​β-catenin, den største effektor af Wnt vej, er stærkt reguleret, og en øget steady-state lEvel af β-catenin er kritisk for aktivering af Wnt målgener. Betydningen af β-catenin nedbrydning fremhæves af det faktum, at mutationer i Wnt-vejen, som inhiberer β-catenin nedbrydning findes i ~ 90% af alle sporadiske tilfælde af kolorektal cancer 22. β-catenin nedbrydning af komponenter i Wnt vej kan trofast gentaget i Xenopus æggeekstrakt at studere den mekanisme af sin omsætning, samt at identificere nye småmolekyle modulatorer af dens nedbrydning 2, 19, 20, 23-29. Fremgangsmåder til fremstilling af Xenopus æggeekstrakt til at studere celle-cyklus er blevet beskrevet i tidligere publikationer JOVÉ 30-32. Den nuværende protokol beskriver en ændring af disse metoder, og er optimeret til nedbrydning af [35S] radioaktivt β-catenin og luciferase-mærkede β-catenin iXenopus æg ekstrakt. Det radioaktivt mærkede nedbrydning assayet giver mulighed for direkte visualisering af protein-niveauer ved autoradiografi. [35S] methionin inkorporeres i proteinet af interesse ved anvendelse af en in vitro translationsreaktion, som derefter kan tilsættes direkte til en forringelse reaktion. Hertil kommer, at det radiomærkede protein turnover assay kræver ikke et antistof mod proteinet af interesse eller et epitopmærke, som kan påvirke proteinstabilitet. Fordi selv små ændringer i protein-niveauerne, som afspejlet i ændringer i intensiteten af det radioaktivt mærkede proteinbånd, let visualiseret ved autoradiografi på [35S]-radiomærket nedbrydning assay udgør en meget nyttig metode til visualisering af protein turnover 2. Fusion af β-catenin til ildflueluciferase (herefter kaldet blot &quot;luciferase&quot;), giver mulighed for præcise og letkøbte kvantitative målinger af protein niveauer, med henblik påat bestemme de kinetiske egenskaber af β-catenin omsætning 19, 20. En stor fordel ved luciferase assayet er, at det giver et stærkt kvantitativt system, der er let skaleres op. Følgende protokol indeholder enkle fremgangsmåder til at analysere β-catenin nedbrydning og en robust, effektiv og effektiv metode til high-throughput screening af nye β-catenin modulatorer.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:709px;" width="710">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Material</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">ProSpec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">hor-272-A</td>
			<td>Reconstituted with distilled water before use.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Human Chorionic Gonadotropin</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CG10-10VL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP366-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Research Products International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S23020-5000.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP214-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AC42352-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP310-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AC17360-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Leupeptin</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L2884-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Aprotinin</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1153-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pepstatin</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4265-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cytochalasin B</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C8273-10MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">3 mL syringe: Luer Lock tip</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">27G1 needle</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">96 well solid white polystyrene microplate, round bottomed</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Steady-Glo Luciferase assay system</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2520</td>
			<td>Store long-term at -80, can store for up to 1 month at -20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TNT Sp6 coupled reticulocyte lysate system</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L4600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">TNT Sp6 High-yield Wheat Germ protein expression system</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L3260</td>
			<td>Generally higher yield than reticulocyte lysate&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">EasyTag Express Protein Labeling Mix [S35]</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEG772007MC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Creatine phosphate</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">27920-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A2383-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Creatine phosphokinase</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C3755-35KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8418-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dual-Glo luciferase assay system</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2920</td>
			<td>Same storage conditions as Steady-Glo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">50 mL Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0556214D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sorvall SS-34 fixed angle rotor</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">115 V 50/60 Hz Minicentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">05-090-128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">mMessage mMachine Sp6 kit</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Ambion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM1340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Anti-Firefly Luciferase antibody</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab16466</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Anti-GSK3 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">610201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FLUOStar Optima</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">BMG Labtech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sorvall RC-6 Plus Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">16&#176;C Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Percival Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reconstitution of &#946;-catenin degradation in xenopus egg extract

Xenopus laevis æg ekstrakt er en velkarakteriseret, robust system til at studere biokemi af diverse cellulære processer. Xenopus æggeekstrakt er blevet brugt til at studere protein-omsætning i mange cellulære sammenhænge, ​​herunder cellecyklus og signaltransduktionsveje 1-3. Heri beskrives en fremgangsmåde til isolering af Xenopus æg ekstrakt, der er optimeret til at fremme nedbrydningen af den kritiske Wnt vej komponent, β-catenin. To forskellige metoder er beskrevet til at vurdere β-catenin protein nedbrydning i Xenopus æg ekstrakt. En metode er visuelt informativ ([35S]-radiomærket proteiner), mens den anden er lettere skaleret for high-throughput assays (ildflue luciferase-mærkede fusionsproteiner). De beskrevne teknikker kan bruges til, men er ikke begrænset til, vurdere β-catenin protein omsætning og identificere molekylære komponenter, der bidrager til virksomhedens omsætning. Derudover koortet til at oprense store mængder af homogen Xenopus æggeekstrakt kombineret med kvantitativ og facile udlæsning af luciferase, mærkede proteiner tillader dette system nemt tilpasses til high-throughput screening for modulatorer af β-catenin-nedbrydning.

En skematisk af β-catenin nedbrydning i Xenopus æggeekstrakt er vist i figur 2A. 35S-mærket β-catenin blev inkuberet i Xenopus æggeekstrakt blev portioner (1 ml ekstrakt ækvivalent) fjernes på passende tidspunkter, og prøverne blev udsat for SDS-PAGE efterfulgt af autoradiografi. β-catenin nedbrydning af bestanddele af Wnt pathway&#39;en er medieret af ubiquitin-proteasom system 2 og nedbrydning af [35S]-radiomærket β-catenin i Xenopus</e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reconstitution Of ÃŽÂ²-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract at JoVE.com

Reconstitution Of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

Der beskrives en fremgangsmåde til analyse af protein-nedbrydning under anvendelse af radioaktivt mærket og luciferase-fusionsproteiner i Xenopus æggeekstrakt og dens tilpasning til high-throughput screening for små molekyler modulatorer af proteinnedbrydning.

Rekonstituering af β-catenin nedbrydning i<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Æggeekstrakt

Xenopus laevis egg extract is a well-characterized, robust system for studying the biochemistry of diverse cellular processes. Xenopus egg extract has ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biology

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

Unit 1

Translation: RNA to Protein

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts

Study of the DNA Damage Checkpoint using Xenopus Egg Extracts

Undersøgelse af DNA beskadigelse checkpoint&#39;et ved hjælp<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Æg Ekstrakter

On a daily basis, cells are subjected to a variety of endogenous and environmental insults. To combat these insults, cells have evolved DNA damage ...

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Produktion af<em&gt; Xenopus tropicalis</em&gt; Egg uddragene Identificer mikrotubuli-associerede RNA

Many  organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and  temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Facial Transplantation i<em&gt; Xenopus laevis</em&gt; Embryoner

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

Den<em&gt; Xenopus</em&gt; Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Spænding-clamp teknik med fluorometri

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In vitro Rekonstituering af lys-høst komplekser af planter og grønne alger

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

Kvantificering af Orofacial fænotyper i<em&gt; Xenopus</em

Xenopus has become an important tool for dissecting the mechanisms governing craniofacial development and defects. A method to quantify orofacial ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

Funktionel Opløsning og kanalaktivitet Målinger af renset Vildtype og Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...