Name: a simple and rapid protocol for measuring neutral lipids in algal cells using fluorescence
Uploaded: 2014-05-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Rapid Protocol for Measuring Neutral Lipids in Algal Cells Using Fluorescence at JoVE.com

笔者想感谢加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会提供该项目的资金支持。

1，干海藻生物质的分离，以用作荧光读数标准<ol><li>除去从生长的藻类培养物，将提供至少200毫克干生物量的样品体积，400-600毫克，是优选的。 </li><li>在以10,000 xg 4℃10分钟离心样品。弃去上清液，并用磷酸缓冲液配制成相同的pH作为生长培养基等体积的洗涤沉淀。 </li><li>共3洗涤步骤重复步骤1.2。 </li><li>重新悬浮在去离子水中沉淀并转移到一个预先称重的称重盘。让表面干燥，50℃培养48小时?...

<ol>
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Energy Efficiency &amp; Renewable Energy.</a> U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biomass Program. , (2010).</li><li>de la Hoz Siegler, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+microalgal+productivity+using+an+adaptive,+non-linear+model+based+strategy.">Optimization of microalgal productivity using an adaptive, non-linear model based strategy.</a> Bioresour. Technol. 104, 537-546 (2012).</li><li>Bligh, E. G., Dyer, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Rapid+method+of+total+lipid+extraction+and+purification.">A Rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification.</a> Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 911-917 (1959).</li><li>Hara, A., Radin, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+extraction+of+tissues+with+a+low-toxicity+solvent.">Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent.</a> Anal. Biochem. 90, 420-426 (1978).</li><li>Han, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+methods+used+for+microalgal+lipid-content+analysis.">Review of methods used for microalgal lipid-content analysis.</a> Energ. Procedia. 12, 944-950 (2011).</li><li>Pino, E. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+high+throughput+microscopic+assessment+of+fat+mass+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Biochemical and high throughput microscopic assessment of fat mass in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (73), (2013).</li><li>Sitepu, I. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+high-throughput+Nile+red+fluorescence+assay+for+estimating+intracellular+lipids+in+a+variety+of+yeast+species.">An improved high-throughput Nile red fluorescence assay for estimating intracellular lipids in a variety of yeast species.</a> J. Microbiol. Meth. 91, 321-328 (2012).</li><li>Izard, J., Limberger, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+screening+method+for+quantitation+of+bacterial+cell+lipids+from+whole+cells.">Rapid screening method for quantitation of bacterial cell lipids from whole cells.</a> J. Microbiol. Meth. 55, 411-418 (2003).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high+throughput+Nile+red+method+for+quantitative+measurement+of+neutral+lipids+in+microalgae.">A high throughput Nile red method for quantitative measurement of neutral lipids in microalgae.</a> J. Microbiol. Meth. 77, 41-47 (2009).</li><li>de la Hoz Siegler, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+reliability+of+fluorescence-based+neutral+lipid+content+measurements+in+microalgal+cultures.">Improving the reliability of fluorescence-based neutral lipid content measurements in microalgal cultures.</a> Algal Res. 1, 176-184 (2012).</li><li>de la Jara, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+determination+of+lipid+content+in+a+marine+dinoflagellate,+Crypthecodinium+cohnii.">Flow cytometric determination of lipid content in a marine dinoflagellate, Crypthecodinium cohnii.</a> J. Appl. Phycol. 15, 433-438 (2003).</li><li>Elsey, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+measurement+of+microalgal+neutral+lipids.">Fluorescent measurement of microalgal neutral lipids.</a> J. Microbiol. Meth. 68, 639-642 (2007).</li><li>Feng, G. -. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+FT-IR+and+Nile+Red+methods+for+microalgal+lipid+characterization+and+biomass+composition+determination.">Evaluation of FT-IR and Nile Red methods for microalgal lipid characterization and biomass composition determination.</a> Bioresour. Technol. 128, 107-112 (2013).</li><li>Guzm&#225;n, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimate+by+means+of+flow+cytometry+of+variation+in+composition+of+fatty+acids+from+Tetraselmis+suecica+in+response+to+culture+conditions.">Estimate by means of flow cytometry of variation in composition of fatty acids from Tetraselmis suecica in response to culture conditions.</a> Aquacult. Int. 18, 189-199 (2010).</li><li>Huang, G. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+screening+method+for+lipid+production+in+alga+based+on+Nile+red+fluorescence.">Rapid screening method for lipid production in alga based on Nile red fluorescence.</a> Biomass Bioenerg. 33, 1386-1392 (2009).</li><li>Lee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+method+for+the+determination+of+lipid+from+the+green+alga+Botryococcus+braunii.">Rapid method for the determination of lipid from the green alga Botryococcus braunii.</a> Biotechnol. Tech. 12, 553-556 (1998).</li><li>Montero, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+high-lipid+content+strains+of+the+marine+microalga+Tetraselmis+suecica+for+biodiesel+production+by+flow+cytometry+and+single-cell+sorting.">Isolation of high-lipid content strains of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica for biodiesel production by flow cytometry and single-cell sorting.</a> J. Appl. Phycol. 23, 1053-1057 (2011).</li><li>Vigeolas, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+partial+characterization+of+mutants+with+elevated+lipid+content+in+Chlorella+sorokiniana+and+Scenedesmus+obliquus.">Isolation and partial characterization of mutants with elevated lipid content in Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus obliquus.</a> J. Biotechnol. 162, 3-12 (2012).</li><li>Bertozzini, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+the+standard+addition+method+for+the+absolute+quantification+of+neutral+lipids+in+microalgae+using+Nile+red.">Application of the standard addition method for the absolute quantification of neutral lipids in microalgae using Nile red.</a> J. Microbiol. Meth. 87, 17-23 (2011).</li><li>Kou, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+measurement+of+lipid+content+in+the+model+organism+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii.">Fluorescent measurement of lipid content in the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.</a> J. Appl. Phycol. , 1-9 (2013).</li></ol>

在标准曲线所用的藻类必须是那些被测量相同的实验条件下培养相同的物种。显著改变培养基组成，栽培技术，和染色的协议会影响读数的荧光的强度。己烷萃取（在第1和2中所述）被用于确定在标准曲线用样品的中性脂质含量。为准确的荧光强度测量结果，所有的样品必须在相同的生物量浓度（5 g / L的是在本研究中所用）进行分析。含油量然后可以通过比较，通过标准曲线来容易地确定。对于?...

由于其存储在一定应力条件下脂质体的能力，藻类已经收到了极大的关注，近年来作为一种潜在的可再生燃料来源1,2。中性脂肪可以在适当的生长条件3占细胞干重的60％以上。然而，金融业并没有一个简单，干净，快速，可靠的标准化协议，以定量藻细胞的脂含量，以适当监测生​​物过程的性能，分析文化和屏幕的新品种。 该布莱-代尔重量法开发了一些50年前之间保持4,5今天最常用的技术。虽然这个过程很简单，可靠，方便外出携带，它是耗时的，就必须大样本量，并使得有毒溶剂的使用。这是不实际的，用于分析许多样品从发酵跑步或筛选新的石油资源丰富的菌株。其他方法有BEEN发达，但通常需要先进的设备和不规范6。 这已经获得了极大的兴趣另一种是尼罗红染色。尼罗红，发荧光优先在非极性环境中的染料，已被用于确定或量化脂质体在各种生物体，包括线虫7，酵母8，细菌9和藻类10-19。涉及尼罗红初始技术大多是定性或半定量的，色斑与单反应杯光度法或流式细胞术结合起来。此外，一些类藻类如绿藻有厚胞孔的大多是不可渗透的染料，这限制了该技术10的范围内。 在尼罗红染色法的最新改进，据报道，绕过协议10,11的初始缺点。在卡尔的存在下细胞染色IER溶剂如DMSO中10或乙醇10,11线性化油含量和吸收率之间的关系，从而允许可靠的定量测量。溶剂可帮助通透细胞膜，使尼罗红分子能够通过。此外，结合分光光度计与微孔板读数功能使适合于定量分析的高通量协议。 在这篇文章中我们详细介绍通过染色文化与尼罗红在乙醇，温和溶剂存在测量藻细胞的含油量的简单方法。为了最准确地解释在测量背景噪声，标准曲线相关联的荧光强度，含油量是使用已知的石油成分的藻细胞开发。该方法是改编自先前公布的协议10,11。通过使用96孔分光光度计，1是能够分析在一小时THA样品相同量的T公司将需要数天由重量法来监测。此外，通过使用所需的藻类物种的代表性样品校准该方法中产生相对精确的测量可直接解释的。存在着许多协议概述藻类染色用尼罗红为不同的菌株和应用进行了优化的方法;这里介绍的协议最初是由德拉奥斯西格勒等 11 Auxenochlorella protothecoides，小球藻 ， 栅藻二形 ，和斜生栅藻 ，虽然它很可能适用于许多种类和类。它的设计与监测生物过程性能的具体应用，它同样适用于预先干燥试样和湿样品从不断增长的文化。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="817">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Dry Weight</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">25 ml disposable pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">13-676-10K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Pipette Bulb</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">13-681-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">40 ml Nalgene Teflon Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">05-562-16A</td>
			<td>Teflon needed for hexane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Weigh Dishes (polypropylene)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">2-202B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">1.5 ml micro-centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sorvall</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">RC6plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Drying Oven (Fisher 625D)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">13-254-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Storage vials</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">0337-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Bench-top microcentrifuge (Eppendorf 5415D)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">05-40-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Gravimetric Quantification</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Porcelain Mortar (Coorstek)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">12-961A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Porcelain Pestle (Coorstek)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">12-961-5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">40 ml Centrifugation tubes (FEP)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">05-562-16A</td>
			<td>Could also use glass tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Pasteur Glass Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">13-678-20C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Aluminum weigh dishes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">08-732-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Hexanes</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">H292-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:18px;width:347px;">Fluorometric quantification of oil content</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:347px;">Fluorescence multi-well plate reader</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Lab Systems</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fluoroskan Ascent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Fluorescence reader software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Thermo Lab Systems</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Ascent Software 2.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">COSTAR 96 well plate with round bottom</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">06-443-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Nile Red&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">N3013-100MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Ethanol (Alcohol reagent grade)</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">AC65109-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Imaging Fluorescent cells</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Leica DMRXA2 (or equivalent) microscope</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">DMRXA2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Microscope cover slips</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">12-541B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Qimaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Retiga Ex</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Imaging software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Qimaging</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">QCapture v.1.1.8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple and rapid protocol for measuring neutral lipids in algal cells using fluorescence

藻类被认为是优秀的候选人，由于其天然脂质存储功能的可再生燃料来源。强有力的监测藻类发酵过程和筛选新的石油资源丰富的菌株需要一个快速，可靠的协议，用于测定细胞内脂质含量。目前的做法主要依靠重力方法来确定油含量，技术开发几十年前是耗时且需要大量的样本量。在本文中，尼罗红，已经被用来确定脂质体在许多类型的有机体的存在下的荧光染料，掺入一种简单，快速和可靠的协议，用于测量Auxenochlorella protothecoides的中性脂质含量，绿色藻类。该方法使用乙醇，相对温和的溶剂，通透染色前的细胞膜和一个96孔微板中的荧光强度测量，以增加样品的容量。它已经设计编带的监测生物过程性能的具体应用。预先干燥的样品或活的样品从生长培养可在测定中使用。

沾上尼罗红染料代表藻细胞如图1所示。部分A和图1显示A的图像乙 protothecoides生长在过量的氮，从而导致非常低的细胞内脂质蓄积。在部分C和D，样品A的在氮气氛下限制生长protothecoides示。根据透射照明，细胞的脂质体，可以可视化通过仔细检查图1C中 ，在那里它们将显示为有光泽?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple and Rapid Protocol for Measuring Neutral Lipids in Algal Cells Using Fluorescence at JoVE.com

A Simple and Rapid Protocol for Measuring Neutral Lipids in Algal Cells Using Fluorescence

一个简单的协议采用尼罗红染色法来确定藻细胞中的中性脂质含量进行说明。这个节省时间的技术提供了一种替代传统的重量为基础的脂质定量协议。它被设计用于监测生物过程性能的具体应用。

一种简单快速的协议用荧光测量中性脂肪在藻细胞

Algae are considered excellent candidates for renewable fuel sources due to their natural lipid storage capabilities. Robust monitoring of algal ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)

Untargeted Metabolomics from Biological Sources Using Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry UPLC-HRMS

不相关的代谢组学，生物源使用超高效液相色谱 - 高分辨质谱（UPLC-HRMS）

Here we present a workflow to analyze the metabolic profiles for biological samples of interest including; cells, serum, or tissue. The sample is first ...

科研

化学

Preparing Adherent Cells for X-ray Fluorescence Imaging by Chemical Fixation

化学固定准备贴壁细胞的X射线荧光成像

X-ray fluorescence imaging allows us to non-destructively measure the spatial distribution and concentration of multiple elements simultaneously over ...

Rapid High-throughput Species Identification of Botanical Material Using Direct Analysis in Real Time High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

植物材料的快速高通量物种鉴定实时高分辨质谱法直接分析

We demonstrate that direct analysis in real time-high resolution mass spectrometry can be used to produce mass spectral profiles of botanical material, ...

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes

功能性降冰片烯的催化聚合插入一种简单高效的协议

Norbornene can be polymerized by a variety of mechanisms, including insertion polymerization whereby the double bond is polymerized and the bicyclic ...

A Protocol for Safe Lithiation Reactions Using Organolithium Reagents

使用有机锂试剂的一个协议安全的锂化反应

Organolithium reagents are powerful tools in the synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox. However, the extreme pyrophoric nature of the most reactive reagents ...

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

一个优化的协议通过使用金纳米粒子的放射性标记效率<sup&gt; 125</sup&gt;我标记的叠氮辅基

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient ...

Simultaneous Measurement of HDAC1 and HDAC6 Activity in HeLa Cells Using UHPLC-MS

同时测量 HDAC1 和 HDAC6 活动在 HeLa 细胞使用 UHPLC 女士

The search for new histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors is of increasing interest in drug discovery. Isoform selectivity has been in the spotlight since ...

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS

利用地图量化 X 射线荧光数据

The quantification of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy maps by fitting the raw spectra to a known standard is crucial for evaluating chemical ...

Fabrication and Testing of Catalytic Aerogels Prepared Via Rapid Supercritical Extraction

快速超临界萃取制备催化气凝胶的制备与试验研究

Protocols for preparing and testing catalytic aerogels by incorporating metal species into silica and alumina aerogel platforms are presented. Three ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

原位金纳米粒子合成快速 Nanoprobe 信号增强

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...