Name: laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiencies of pcb congeners to lake trout (salvelinus namaycush) from its prey
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey at JoVE.com

This work was funded, in part, by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the Annis Water Resources Institute. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. This article is Contribution 1867 of the U. S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center.

1. Labor-Experiment <ol><li> Besorgen Sie sich die Beutefische, um die Raubfische während des Experiments eingespeist werden. Vorzugsweise sind diese Raubfische sollte im Bereich, gefroren erfasst werden, und bei etwa -30 ° C gelagert. Betrachten gewerblichen Fischerei als eine mögliche Quelle für die Raubfische. </li><li> Einführung der Raubfische in den Laborbehältern für den Versuch verwendet werden. Bis zu 15 Raubfische wurden in jede der 870-Liter-Druckbehälter eingeführt worden ist, und bis zu 30 Raubfi...

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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioaccumulation+model+of+organic+chemical+distribution+in+aquatic+food+chains.">Bioaccumulation model of organic chemical distribution in aquatic food chains.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 23 (6), 699-707 (1989).</li><li>Calabrese, E. J., Baldwin, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Performing ecological risk assessments. , (1993).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+among+21+PCB+congeners.">Variation in net trophic transfer efficiencies among 21 PCB congeners.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 33 (21), 3768-3773 (1999).</li><li>Jackson, L. J., Schindler, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+estimates+of+net+trophic+transfer+of+PCBs+from+prey+fishes+to+Lake+Michigan+salmonids.">Field estimates of net trophic transfer of PCBs from prey fishes to Lake Michigan salmonids.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 30 (6), 1861-1865 (1996).</li><li>Gobas, F. A. P. C., Muir, D. C. G., Mackay, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+dietary+bioaccumulation+and+faecal+elimination+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+in+fish.">Dynamics of dietary bioaccumulation and faecal elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish.</a> Chemosphere. 17 (5), 943-962 (1988).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P., Pothoven, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+to+lake+whitefish+(Coregonus+clupeaformis)+from+their+food.">Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from their food.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 27 (3), 631-636 (2008).</li><li>Isosaarl, P., Kiviranta, H., Lie, &. #. 2. 1. 6. ;., Lundebye, A. K., Ritchie, G., Vartiainen, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+and+distribution+of+polychlorinated+dibenzo-p-dioxin,+dibenzofuran,+and+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+in+Atlantic+salmon+(Salmo+salar).">Accumulation and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23 (7), 1672-1679 (2004).</li><li>Buckman, A. H., Brown, S. B., Hoekstra, P. F., Solomon, K. R., Fisk, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicokinetics+of+three+polychlorinated+biphenyl+technical+mixtures+in+rainbow+trout+(Oncorhynchus+mykiss).">Toxicokinetics of three polychlorinated biphenyl technical mixtures in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23 (7), 1725-1736 (2004).</li><li>Burreau, S., Axelman, J., Broman, D., Jakobsson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+uptake+in+pike+(Esox+lucius)+of+some+polychlorinated+biphenyls,+polychlorinated+naphthalenes+and+polybrominated+diphenyl+ethers+administered+in+natural+diet.">Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucius) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16 (12), 2508-2513 (1997).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., DeSorcie, T. J., Stedman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ontogenic+and+spatial+patterns+in+diet+and+growth+of+lake+trout+in+Lake+Michigan.">Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 127 (2), 236-252 (1998).</li><li>Paterson, G., Whittle, D. M., Drouillard, K. G., Haffner, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Declining+lake+trout+(Salvelinus+namaycush)+energy+density:+are+there+too+many+salmonid+predators+in+the+Great+Lakes?.">Declining lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) energy density: are there too many salmonid predators in the Great Lakes?.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (6), 919-932 (2009).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Nortrup, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+approach+toward+evaluation+of+fish+bioenergetics+models.">A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 57 (5), 1025-1032 (2000).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., Pothoven, S. A., Kao, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reevaluation+of+lake+trout+and+lake+whitefish+bioenergetics+models.">Reevaluation of lake trout and lake whitefish bioenergetics models.</a> Journal of Great Lakes Research. 39 (2), 358-364 (2013).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+lake+whitefish+bioenergetics+model.">Evaluation of a lake whitefish bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 135 (1), 61-75 (2006).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Chernyak, S. M., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+chinook+salmon+(Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha)+bioenergetics+model.">Evaluation of a chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bioenergetics model.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 61 (4), 627-635 (2004).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., David, S. R., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+to+lake+trout+(Salvelinus+namaycush)+from+its+prey.">Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from its prey.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 31 (12), 2821-2827 (2012).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O'Connor, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+evaluation+of+a+lake+trout+bioenergetics+model.">Laboratory evaluation of a lake trout bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 128 (5), 802-814 (1999).</li><li>Ballschmiter, K., Bacher, R., Mennel, A., Fischer, R., Riehle, U., Swerev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+determination+of+chlorinated+biphenyls,+chlorinated+dibenzodioxins,+and+chlorinated+dibenzofurans+by+GC-MS.">The determination of chlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and chlorinated dibenzofurans by GC-MS.</a> HRC Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. 15 (4), 260-270 (1992).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., David, S. R., Pothoven, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+activity+and+energy+budget+balancing+algorithm+on+laboratory+performance+of+a+fish+bioenergetics+model.">Effects of activity and energy budget balancing algorithm on laboratory performance of a fish bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 141 (5), 1328-1337 (2012).</li><li>Lieb, A. J., Bills, D. D., Sinnhuber, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+dietary+polychlorinated+biphenyls+(Aroclor+1254)+by+rainbow+trout.">Accumulation of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) by rainbow trout.</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 22 (4), 638-642 (1974).</li><li>Niimi, A. J., Oliver, B. 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Um die genauesten Schätzung der γ muß der Experimentator in der Lage, genau zu verfolgen, sowohl die Menge der Nahrung in jedem der Tanks und der Menge des Futterreste in jedem der Behälter während des Verlaufs des Experiments platziert werden. Um dies zu erreichen, muss der Experimentator in der Lage, alle Futterreste aus den Tanks zu entfernen und das Gewicht genau zu bestimmen sein. Zusätzlich zur genauen Verfolgung der Nahrung tatsächlich durch die Raubfische verzehrt, kann eine genaue Abschätzung der γ auc...

Of all of the factors affecting the rate at which fish accumulate contaminants, the efficiency with which fish retain contaminants from the food that they eat is one of the most important1-3. Risk assessment models have been developed to predict future risks to both people and wildlife eating contaminated fish under various scenarios of environmental contamination, and the reliability of these predictions critically depends on the accuracy of the estimates of the efficiency at which fish retain contaminants from their food4.
The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is transported through the gut wall is known as gross trophic transfer efficiency5. A portion of the quantity of the contaminant transported through the gut wall of the predator may eventually be lost through depuration and/or metabolic transformation. The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is retained by the predator, including any losses due to elimination and metabolic transformation, is known as net trophic transfer efficiency6.
Gross trophic transfer efficiency of organic contaminants to fish from their prey appears to vary with the contaminant&#8217;s chemical properties, including lipid affiliation as measured by the octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow3,7. According to an empirical relationship developed by Thomann3, gross trophic transfer efficiency is relatively high when log Kow is equal to a value between 5 and 6. Gross trophic transfer efficiency declines exponentially at a rate of 50% per unit of log Kow as log Kow increases from 6 to 10, according to the Thomann3 relationship.
Nevertheless, the gross and net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to fish from their prey do not appear to follow the Thomann3 relationship in most cases. Although the trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from its food followed the relationship proposed by Thomann8, trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners were either just weakly related or not related at all to log Kow for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)9, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)10, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)11, and northern pike (Esox lucius)11.
The overall goal of this study was to present a laboratory technique for estimating the net trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to a piscivorous fish from its prey. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was chosen as the piscivorous fish for our experiment because lake trout are relatively easy to maintain in laboratory tanks. Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) was selected as the prey fish to be fed to the lake trout because bloater is eaten by lake trout in its natural setting12. In addition, we determined whether the net trophic transfer efficiencies for lake trout estimated from our laboratory experiment followed the Thomann3 relationship. We also determined whether the degree of activity by the lake trout had a significant effect on net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of the PCB congeners. Activity by lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes is believed to have recently increased because changes in the food webs have caused lake trout to allocate more energy toward searching for food13. Lake trout were forced to exercise in one set of tanks by subjecting these lake trout to relatively high flow rates, whereas the other lake trout were permitted to remain relatively inactive by subjecting them to relatively low flow rates. Finally, the specific details of our laboratory procedure that need to be carefully followed to ensure the highest degree of accuracy in the &#947; estimates and to make the laboratory results applicable to the field are discussed, as well as future directions for research building on our laboratory technique. Net trophic transfer efficiency can be estimated both in the laboratory and in the field, and advantages and disadvantages are associated with both approaches. Accuracy in the estimate of &#947; depends on the accuracy of the estimate of food consumption. The amount of food eaten by fish in the laboratory can be accurately determined when proper protocols are followed, whereas the amount of food eaten by fish in the field is typically estimated via bioenergetics modeling. Use of bioenergetics modeling to derive the amount of food eaten has the potential to introduce a substantial amount of uncertainty into the estimates of food consumption. Fish bioenergetics models have been shown to estimate food consumption with no detectable bias for the case of lake trout14,15, but considerable bias in bioenergetics model estimates of food consumption has been detected for the case of lake whitefish15,16. On the other hand, estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency estimated in the laboratory may not be applicable to the field due to a difference in feeding rates between the laboratory and the field17. Evidence from both the laboratory and the field suggest that feeding rate can influence &#947;14,17.
The methodology used in the present study for estimating &#947; in the laboratory is applicable to situations where the predator fish is fed prey fish, and the amount of prey fish eaten by the predator can be accurately tracked. To accomplish this, the experimenter must weigh all of the food before placement in the tank; and the experimenter must be able to remove all of the uneaten food from the tank, and then weigh the uneaten food. In addition, an adequate suite of mixers and blenders should be available to obtain a sufficient degree of homogenization of the samples of both predator and prey fish. Finally, the gas chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry instrumentation used to determine the PCB congener concentrations must be capable of detecting and quantifying individual PCB congeners at relatively low concentrations.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">Name&#160;</td>
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			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:259px;">Internal standard solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EC-1410-1.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">PCB congener calibration standards</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Accustandard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-CSQ-SET</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">DB-XLB column (60m x 0.25mm, 0.25 micron)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Agilent/ J&#38;W</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">122-1262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiencies of pcb congeners to lake trout (salvelinus namaycush) from its prey

Eine Technik zur Schätzung der Netto-Labor trophische Transfereffizienz (γ) von polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) Kongenere piscivorous Fisch von Beute wird hier beschrieben. Während eines 135-Tage-Laborexperiment, wir gefüttert Bückling (Coregonus hoyi), die in den Lake Michigan zu Seeforelle (Salvelinus namaycush) gefangen worden war in acht Labortanks gehalten. Bückling ist eine natürliche Beute für Seeforellen. In vier der Tanks wurde eine relativ hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeit verwendet werden, um relativ hohe Aktivität von der Seeforelle zu gewährleisten, wohingegen ein niedriger Flussrate wurde in den anderen vier Tanks verwendet, so dass für niedrige Seeforelle Aktivität. An einem Tank-Nebentank Grundlage wurde die Menge der Nahrung durch die Forelle an jedem Tag des Experiments aufgezeichnet gegessen. Jede Forelle wurde zu Beginn und am Ende des Versuchs gewogen. Vier bis neun Forelle aus jeder der acht Tanks wurden zu Beginn des Experiments getötet und alle in jedem der Tanks verbleibenden 10 Seforelle waren euthanized am Ende des Experiments. Wir bestimmten Konzentrationen der PCB 75 in der Forelle zu Beginn des Experiments in der Forelle am Ende des Experiments und bloaters See Forellen während des Versuchs zugeführt. Basierend auf diesen Messungen wurde γ für jede PCB 75 in jeder der acht Tanks berechnet. Mittlere γ wurde für jeden der 75 PCB für aktive und inaktive Seeforelle berechnet. Da das Experiment wurde in acht Tanks repliziert, der Standardfehler zu bedeuten γ geschätzt werden konnte. Ergebnisse aus dieser Art von Experiment sind bei der Risikobewertungsmodelle für zukünftige Gefahr für Mensch und Tier Verzehr von kontaminierten Fischen unter verschiedenen Szenarien von einer Kontamination der Umwelt vorherzusagen.

Seeforelle zeigte eine erhebliche Menge an Wachstum während des Experiments, als die ersten Seeforelle bedeuten Gewichte reichten von 694 bis 907 g, während die letzten Seeforelle bedeuten Gewichte reichten von 853 bis 1.566 g (Tabelle 1). Die durchschnittliche Menge der Nahrung durch eine Seeforelle im Laufe der 135-Tage-Experiment verbraucht reichten von 641 bis 2.649 g. Bedeuten, PCB-Konzentrationen in der Kongeners Seeforelle erhöht während des Experiments, als mittlere PCB-Konzentrationen Konge...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey at JoVE.com

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey

Eine Technik für Labor-Schätzung des Netto trophische Transfereffizienz von polychlorierten Biphenylen (PCB) Kongenere fischfressenden Fisch aus ihrer Beute wird vorgestellt. Anwendbarkeit der Laborergebnisse auf dem Gebiet maximieren, sollte die fischfressenden Fische Beutefische, die in der Regel im Feld gegessen werden zugeführt werden.

Labor Schätzung der Netto Trophic Transfereffizienz von PCB auf Seeforelle (<em&gt; Salvelinus namaycush</em&gt;) Von seiner Beute

A technique for laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to piscivorous fish from ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Labor-Phosphor bestimmt Flux von Seesedimenten als Maß der internen Phosphorbelastung

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

Forschung

Umwelt

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Ein Fisch-Fütterung Labor Bioassay die antipredatory Aktivität von Sekundärmetaboliten aus dem Gewebe mariner Organismen beurteilen

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Automatisierte Gel Größenauswahl, um die Qualität der nächsten Generation Sequencing Libraries von Umweltwasserproben vorbereitet verbessern

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Die Entfernung der Spurenelemente von Kupferoxid Nanopartikeln aus Uranium<em&gt; In-situ-</em&gt; Wiederherstellung Blutwasser und Auswirkungen auf die Zelllebensfähigkeit

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

Labor Simulation eines Eisen (II) -reichen Präkambrium Meeres Upwelling-System das Wachstum von Bakterien zu erkunden Photosynthetic

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Development of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Mycoinsecticide: From Isolation to Field Performance

Development of Metarhizium anisopliae as a Mycoinsecticide: From Isolation to Field Performance

Entwicklung von<em&gt; Metarhizium anisopliae</em&gt; Als Mycoinsektizid: Von der Isolation bis zur Field Performance

A major concern when developing commercial mycoinsecticides is the kill speed compared to that of chemical insecticides. Therefore, isolation and ...

Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas

Verfahren der Labor-Begasung für die Schädlingsbekämpfung mit Gas Stickstoffmonoxid

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

Einhaltung von Bakterien auf Flächen, die im Labor ermittelten Pflanzen

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

Ecosystem Fabrication (EcoFAB) Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

Ecosystem Fabrication EcoFAB Protocols for The Construction of Laboratory Ecosystems Designed to Study Plant-microbe Interactions

Ökosystem-Herstellung (EcoFAB)-Protokolle für den Bau von Labor Ökosysteme entwickelt, um die Pflanze-Mikroben Interaktionen zu untersuchen

Beneficial plant-microbe interactions offer a sustainable biological solution with the potential to boost low-input food and bioenergy production. A ...

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Labor und Feld-Protokoll für die Schätzung der Blatt-Erosion-Raten von Dendrogeomorphology

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to ...