Name: laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiencies of pcb congeners to lake trout (salvelinus namaycush) from its prey
Uploaded: 2014-08-29T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey at JoVE.com

This work was funded, in part, by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and the Annis Water Resources Institute. Use of trade, product, or firm names does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. This article is Contribution 1867 of the U. S. Geological Survey Great Lakes Science Center.

1 प्रयोगशाला प्रयोग <ol><li> शिकार मछली प्राप्त प्रयोग के दौरान शिकारी मछली को खिलाया जाए. अधिमानतः इन शिकार मछली क्षेत्र, स्थिर में कब्जा, और के बारे में -30 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर संग्रहित किया जाना चाहिए. शिका?...

<ol>
	<li>Madenjian, C. P., Carpenter, S. R., Rand, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+are+the+PCB+concentrations+of+salmonine+individuals+from+the+same+lake+so+highly+variable?.">Why are the PCB concentrations of salmonine individuals from the same lake so highly variable?.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 51 (4), 800-807 (1994).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiency+of+PCBs+to+Lake+Michigan+coho+salmon+from+their+prey.">Net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan coho salmon from their prey.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 32 (20), 3063-3067 (1998).</li><li>Thomann, R. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioaccumulation+model+of+organic+chemical+distribution+in+aquatic+food+chains.">Bioaccumulation model of organic chemical distribution in aquatic food chains.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 23 (6), 699-707 (1989).</li><li>Calabrese, E. J., Baldwin, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Performing ecological risk assessments. , (1993).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+among+21+PCB+congeners.">Variation in net trophic transfer efficiencies among 21 PCB congeners.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 33 (21), 3768-3773 (1999).</li><li>Jackson, L. J., Schindler, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+estimates+of+net+trophic+transfer+of+PCBs+from+prey+fishes+to+Lake+Michigan+salmonids.">Field estimates of net trophic transfer of PCBs from prey fishes to Lake Michigan salmonids.</a> Environmental Science and Technology. 30 (6), 1861-1865 (1996).</li><li>Gobas, F. A. P. C., Muir, D. C. G., Mackay, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+dietary+bioaccumulation+and+faecal+elimination+of+hydrophobic+organic+chemicals+in+fish.">Dynamics of dietary bioaccumulation and faecal elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish.</a> Chemosphere. 17 (5), 943-962 (1988).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P., Pothoven, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+to+lake+whitefish+(Coregonus+clupeaformis)+from+their+food.">Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from their food.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 27 (3), 631-636 (2008).</li><li>Isosaarl, P., Kiviranta, H., Lie, &. #. 2. 1. 6. ;., Lundebye, A. K., Ritchie, G., Vartiainen, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+and+distribution+of+polychlorinated+dibenzo-p-dioxin,+dibenzofuran,+and+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+in+Atlantic+salmon+(Salmo+salar).">Accumulation and distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, dibenzofuran, and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23 (7), 1672-1679 (2004).</li><li>Buckman, A. H., Brown, S. B., Hoekstra, P. F., Solomon, K. R., Fisk, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicokinetics+of+three+polychlorinated+biphenyl+technical+mixtures+in+rainbow+trout+(Oncorhynchus+mykiss).">Toxicokinetics of three polychlorinated biphenyl technical mixtures in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 23 (7), 1725-1736 (2004).</li><li>Burreau, S., Axelman, J., Broman, D., Jakobsson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+uptake+in+pike+(Esox+lucius)+of+some+polychlorinated+biphenyls,+polychlorinated+naphthalenes+and+polybrominated+diphenyl+ethers+administered+in+natural+diet.">Dietary uptake in pike (Esox lucius) of some polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated naphthalenes and polybrominated diphenyl ethers administered in natural diet.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16 (12), 2508-2513 (1997).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., DeSorcie, T. J., Stedman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ontogenic+and+spatial+patterns+in+diet+and+growth+of+lake+trout+in+Lake+Michigan.">Ontogenic and spatial patterns in diet and growth of lake trout in Lake Michigan.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 127 (2), 236-252 (1998).</li><li>Paterson, G., Whittle, D. M., Drouillard, K. G., Haffner, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Declining+lake+trout+(Salvelinus+namaycush)+energy+density:+are+there+too+many+salmonid+predators+in+the+Great+Lakes?.">Declining lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) energy density: are there too many salmonid predators in the Great Lakes?.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (6), 919-932 (2009).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Nortrup, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+approach+toward+evaluation+of+fish+bioenergetics+models.">A new approach toward evaluation of fish bioenergetics models.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 57 (5), 1025-1032 (2000).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., Pothoven, S. A., Kao, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reevaluation+of+lake+trout+and+lake+whitefish+bioenergetics+models.">Reevaluation of lake trout and lake whitefish bioenergetics models.</a> Journal of Great Lakes Research. 39 (2), 358-364 (2013).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+lake+whitefish+bioenergetics+model.">Evaluation of a lake whitefish bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 135 (1), 61-75 (2006).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O&#8217;Connor, D. V., Chernyak, S. M., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+a+chinook+salmon+(Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha)+bioenergetics+model.">Evaluation of a chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) bioenergetics model.</a> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 61 (4), 627-635 (2004).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., David, S. R., Rediske, R. R., O&#8217;Keefe, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Net+trophic+transfer+efficiencies+of+polychlorinated+biphenyl+congeners+to+lake+trout+(Salvelinus+namaycush)+from+its+prey.">Net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners to lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from its prey.</a> Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 31 (12), 2821-2827 (2012).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., O'Connor, D. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+evaluation+of+a+lake+trout+bioenergetics+model.">Laboratory evaluation of a lake trout bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 128 (5), 802-814 (1999).</li><li>Ballschmiter, K., Bacher, R., Mennel, A., Fischer, R., Riehle, U., Swerev, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+determination+of+chlorinated+biphenyls,+chlorinated+dibenzodioxins,+and+chlorinated+dibenzofurans+by+GC-MS.">The determination of chlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated dibenzodioxins, and chlorinated dibenzofurans by GC-MS.</a> HRC Journal of High Resolution Chromatography. 15 (4), 260-270 (1992).</li><li>Madenjian, C. P., David, S. R., Pothoven, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+activity+and+energy+budget+balancing+algorithm+on+laboratory+performance+of+a+fish+bioenergetics+model.">Effects of activity and energy budget balancing algorithm on laboratory performance of a fish bioenergetics model.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 141 (5), 1328-1337 (2012).</li><li>Lieb, A. J., Bills, D. D., Sinnhuber, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+dietary+polychlorinated+biphenyls+(Aroclor+1254)+by+rainbow+trout.">Accumulation of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) by rainbow trout.</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 22 (4), 638-642 (1974).</li><li>Niimi, A. J., Oliver, B. 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Γ की सबसे सटीक अनुमान के लिए, प्रयोगकर्ता सही ढंग से प्रयोग के दौरान टैंक और टैंक में से प्रत्येक में uneaten भोजन की राशि में से प्रत्येक में रखा भोजन की राशि दोनों ट्रैक करने में सक्षम होना चाहिए. इसे पूरा क?...

Of all of the factors affecting the rate at which fish accumulate contaminants, the efficiency with which fish retain contaminants from the food that they eat is one of the most important1-3. Risk assessment models have been developed to predict future risks to both people and wildlife eating contaminated fish under various scenarios of environmental contamination, and the reliability of these predictions critically depends on the accuracy of the estimates of the efficiency at which fish retain contaminants from their food4.
The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is transported through the gut wall is known as gross trophic transfer efficiency5. A portion of the quantity of the contaminant transported through the gut wall of the predator may eventually be lost through depuration and/or metabolic transformation. The efficiency with which the contaminant in the food ingested by the predator is retained by the predator, including any losses due to elimination and metabolic transformation, is known as net trophic transfer efficiency6.
Gross trophic transfer efficiency of organic contaminants to fish from their prey appears to vary with the contaminant&#8217;s chemical properties, including lipid affiliation as measured by the octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow3,7. According to an empirical relationship developed by Thomann3, gross trophic transfer efficiency is relatively high when log Kow is equal to a value between 5 and 6. Gross trophic transfer efficiency declines exponentially at a rate of 50% per unit of log Kow as log Kow increases from 6 to 10, according to the Thomann3 relationship.
Nevertheless, the gross and net trophic transfer efficiencies of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to fish from their prey do not appear to follow the Thomann3 relationship in most cases. Although the trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) from its food followed the relationship proposed by Thomann8, trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners were either just weakly related or not related at all to log Kow for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)9, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)10, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)11, and northern pike (Esox lucius)11.
The overall goal of this study was to present a laboratory technique for estimating the net trophic transfer efficiencies of PCB congeners to a piscivorous fish from its prey. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was chosen as the piscivorous fish for our experiment because lake trout are relatively easy to maintain in laboratory tanks. Bloater (Coregonus hoyi) was selected as the prey fish to be fed to the lake trout because bloater is eaten by lake trout in its natural setting12. In addition, we determined whether the net trophic transfer efficiencies for lake trout estimated from our laboratory experiment followed the Thomann3 relationship. We also determined whether the degree of activity by the lake trout had a significant effect on net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of the PCB congeners. Activity by lake trout in the Laurentian Great Lakes is believed to have recently increased because changes in the food webs have caused lake trout to allocate more energy toward searching for food13. Lake trout were forced to exercise in one set of tanks by subjecting these lake trout to relatively high flow rates, whereas the other lake trout were permitted to remain relatively inactive by subjecting them to relatively low flow rates. Finally, the specific details of our laboratory procedure that need to be carefully followed to ensure the highest degree of accuracy in the &#947; estimates and to make the laboratory results applicable to the field are discussed, as well as future directions for research building on our laboratory technique. Net trophic transfer efficiency can be estimated both in the laboratory and in the field, and advantages and disadvantages are associated with both approaches. Accuracy in the estimate of &#947; depends on the accuracy of the estimate of food consumption. The amount of food eaten by fish in the laboratory can be accurately determined when proper protocols are followed, whereas the amount of food eaten by fish in the field is typically estimated via bioenergetics modeling. Use of bioenergetics modeling to derive the amount of food eaten has the potential to introduce a substantial amount of uncertainty into the estimates of food consumption. Fish bioenergetics models have been shown to estimate food consumption with no detectable bias for the case of lake trout14,15, but considerable bias in bioenergetics model estimates of food consumption has been detected for the case of lake whitefish15,16. On the other hand, estimates of net trophic transfer efficiency estimated in the laboratory may not be applicable to the field due to a difference in feeding rates between the laboratory and the field17. Evidence from both the laboratory and the field suggest that feeding rate can influence &#947;14,17.
The methodology used in the present study for estimating &#947; in the laboratory is applicable to situations where the predator fish is fed prey fish, and the amount of prey fish eaten by the predator can be accurately tracked. To accomplish this, the experimenter must weigh all of the food before placement in the tank; and the experimenter must be able to remove all of the uneaten food from the tank, and then weigh the uneaten food. In addition, an adequate suite of mixers and blenders should be available to obtain a sufficient degree of homogenization of the samples of both predator and prey fish. Finally, the gas chromatography &#8211; mass spectrometry instrumentation used to determine the PCB congener concentrations must be capable of detecting and quantifying individual PCB congeners at relatively low concentrations.

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		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:259px;">Agilent 5973 GC/MS with chemical ionization</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5973N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:259px;">Internal standard solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Cambridge Isotope Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EC-1410-1.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">PCB congener calibration standards</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Accustandard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C-CSQ-SET</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:259px;">DB-XLB column (60m x 0.25mm, 0.25 micron)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Agilent/ J&#38;W</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">122-1262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiencies of pcb congeners to lake trout (salvelinus namaycush) from its prey

अपने शिकार से मत्स्यभक्षी मछली को पॉलीक्लोरीनेटेड biphenyl (पीसीबी) congeners का शुद्ध पौष्टिकता स्थानांतरण क्षमता (γ) की प्रयोगशाला के आकलन के लिए एक तकनीक के साथ साथ वर्णित है. एक 135 दिन की प्रयोगशाला प्रयोग के दौरान, हम आठ प्रयोगशाला टैंक में रखा bloater झील ट्राउट (Salvelinus namaycush) को लेक मिशिगन में पकड़ा गया था कि (Coregonus hoyi) खिलाया. Bloater झील ट्राउट के लिए एक प्राकृतिक शिकार है. टैंकों की चार में, एक अपेक्षाकृत उच्च प्रवाह की दर एक कम प्रवाह की दर अन्य चार टैंकों में इस्तेमाल किया गया था, जबकि कम झील ट्राउट गतिविधि की अनुमति के लिए, लेक ट्राउट द्वारा अपेक्षाकृत उच्च गतिविधि सुनिश्चित करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया गया था. एक टैंक से टैंक आधार पर प्रयोग के प्रत्येक दिन पर झील ट्राउट द्वारा खाया भोजन की मात्रा दर्ज की गई थी. प्रत्येक झील ट्राउट प्रयोग के शुरू और अंत में तौला गया. आठ टैंकों में से प्रत्येक से चार से नौ झील ट्राउट प्रयोग के शुरू में बलिदान, और टैंकों में से प्रत्येक में शेष सभी 10 लेक ट्राउट euthan थेप्रयोग के अंत में ized. हम प्रयोग के अंत में झील ट्राउट में, प्रयोग के शुरू में झील ट्राउट में 75 पीसीबी congeners की सांद्रता निर्धारित, और bloaters में प्रयोग के दौरान झील ट्राउट को खिलाया. इन मापों के आधार पर, γ आठ टैंकों में से प्रत्येक में 75 पीसीबी congeners से प्रत्येक के लिए गणना की गई. Γ सक्रिय और निष्क्रिय दोनों झील ट्राउट के लिए 75 पीसीबी congeners से प्रत्येक के लिए गणना की गई मतलब है. प्रयोग आठ टैंकों में दोहराया गया था, के बारे में मानक त्रुटि γ अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है मतलब है. प्रयोग के इस प्रकार के परिणाम से पर्यावरण प्रदूषण के विभिन्न परिदृश्यों के तहत दूषित मछली खाने मानव और वन्य जीवन के लिए भविष्य जोखिम की भविष्यवाणी करने के लिए जोखिम मूल्यांकन मॉडल में उपयोगी होते हैं.

प्रारंभिक झील ट्राउट अंतिम झील ट्राउट वजन 853 से 1566 ग्राम (1 टेबल) को लेकर मतलब है, जबकि वजन 694 से 907 ग्राम तक बताया मतलब के रूप में लेक ट्राउट, प्रयोग के दौरान विकास की एक पर्याप्त राशि दिखाया. 135 दिन के प्?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey at JoVE.com

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey

अपने शिकार से मत्स्यभक्षी मछली को पॉलीक्लोरीनेटेड biphenyl (पीसीबी) congeners का शुद्ध पौष्टिकता स्थानांतरण क्षमता की प्रयोगशाला के आकलन के लिए एक तकनीक प्रस्तुत किया है. क्षेत्र के लिए प्रयोगशाला परिणामों की प्रयोज्यता बढ़ाने के लिए, मत्स्यभक्षी मछली आम तौर पर क्षेत्र में खाया जाता है कि शिकार मछली खिलाया जाना चाहिए.

झील ट्राउट के लिए पीसीबी congeners का शुद्ध पोषण से स्थानांतरण क्षमता की प्रयोगशाला आकलन (<em&gt; Salvelinus namaycush</em&gt;) अपने शिकार से

A technique for laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to piscivorous fish from ...

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Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey

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यूरेनियम से cupric ऑक्साइड नैनोकणों से तत्वों का पता लगाने निकालना<em&gt; बगल में</em&gt; रिकवरी भरो पानी और सेल व्यवहार्यता पर उसके प्रभाव

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

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एक आयरन (द्वितीय) की प्रयोगशाला सिमुलेशन अमीर Precambrian समुद्री उमड़ने प्रणाली संश्लेषक जीवाणुओं के विकास का अन्वेषण करने के लिए

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

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