Name: a technique to screen american beech for resistance to the beech scale insect (cryptococcus fagisuga lind.)
Uploaded: 2014-05-27T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. at JoVE.com

作者非常感谢来自美国林务局森林健康保护评估监测和特科技发展计划提供支持的开发，修改和应用在这里描述识别树木，抗性和敏感的山毛榉介壳虫的协议提供资金。我们也感谢霍顿植物园，柯特兰，俄亥俄州，为我们的美国榉木抗性筛选程序的继续合作和支持。

1植物材料：成熟的领域树木，盆栽苗木，盆栽或移植<ol><li>现场测试中，选择显示比例虫蛀或疾病进行检测的可能的阻力的迹象成熟健康的美国山毛榉树。明显地容易树木也将需要确定被用作对照（ 图1）。 </li><li>为了测试盆栽苗或移植物，收集和在科赫和凯里，2004或在凯里等人 ，2013描述的接穗嫁接描述发芽山毛榉。 </li><li>育苗移植或在盆栽土壤混合修订，47克微量营养?...

<ol>
	<li>Houston, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+to+artificially+infest+beech+bark+with+the+scale,+Cryptococcus+fagisuga+(Lindinger).">A technique to artificially infest beech bark with the scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga (Lindinger).</a> U.S. Forest Service. , (1982).</li><li>Houston, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+beech+resistance+to+Cryptococcus+fagisuga.">American beech resistance to Cryptococcus fagisuga.</a> Proceeding, IUFRO beech bark disease working party conference. , 38-42 (1983).</li><li>Ehrlich, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+beech+bark+disease:+a+nectria+disease+of+Fagus,+following+Cryptococcus+fagi.">The beech bark disease: a nectria disease of Fagus, following Cryptococcus fagi.</a> 10, 593-692 (1934).</li><li>Papaik, M. J., Canham, C. D., Latty, E. F., Woods, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+an+introduced+pathogen+on+resistance+to+natural+disturbance:+beech+bark+disease+and+withdrow.">Effects of an introduced pathogen on resistance to natural disturbance: beech bark disease and withdrow.</a> 35, 1832-1843 (2005).</li><li>Miller-Weeks, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+status+of+beech+bark+disease+in+New+England+and+New+York.">Current status of beech bark disease in New England and New York.</a> Proceeding, IUFRO beech bark disease working party conference. , 21-23 (1983).</li><li>Houston, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beech+bark+disease:+The+aftermath+forests+are+structured+for+a+new+outbreak.">Beech bark disease: The aftermath forests are structured for a new outbreak.</a> J. For. 73, 660-663 (1975).</li><li>Twery, M. J., Patterson, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variations+in+beech+bark+disease+and+its+effects+on+species+composition+and+structure+of+northern+hardwood+stands+in+central+New.">Variations in beech bark disease and its effects on species composition and structure of northern hardwood stands in central New.</a> 14, 565-574 (1984).</li><li>Jakubus, W. J., McLaughlin, C. R., Jensen, P. G., McNulty, S. A., Evans, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternate+year+beechnut+production+and+its+influence+on+bear+and+marten+populations.">Alternate year beechnut production and its influence on bear and marten populations.</a> Beech Bark Disease: Proceedings of the Beech Bark Disease Symposium. , 79-87 (2005).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Carey, D. W., Mason, M. E., Nelson, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+beech+scale+resistance+in+full-+and+half-sib+families.">Assessment of beech scale resistance in full- and half-sib families.</a> Can. J. For. Res. 40, 265-272 (2010).</li><li>Koch, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beech+bark+disease:+The+oldest+&#8220;new&#8221;+threat+to+American+beech+in+the+United+States.">Beech bark disease: The oldest &#8220;new&#8221; threat to American beech in the United States.</a> Outlooks Pest Manag. 21, 64-68 (2010).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Mason, M. E., Carey, D. W., Palmieri, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+for+resistance+to+beech+bark+disease:+improvements+and+results+from+seedlings+and+grafted+field+selections.">Screening for resistance to beech bark disease: improvements and results from seedlings and grafted field selections.</a> Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Genetics of Host-Parasite Interactions in Forestry. , (2012).</li><li>Leak, W. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifty+year+impacts+of+the+beech+bark+disease+in+the+Bartlett+Experimental+Forest,+New+Hampshire.">Fifty year impacts of the beech bark disease in the Bartlett Experimental Forest, New Hampshire.</a> Northern J. Appl. For. 23, 141-143 (2006).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Carey, D. W., Yaussy, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+cross-pollinations+with+American+beech+trees+that+are+resistant+to+beech+bark+disease.">Controlled cross-pollinations with American beech trees that are resistant to beech bark disease.</a> Proceedings of the 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference. , 358-364 (2004).</li><li>Carey, D. W., Mason, M. E., Bloese, P., Koch, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hot+callusing+for+propagation+of+American+beech+by+grafting.">Hot callusing for propagation of American beech by grafting.</a> HortSci. 48, 620-624 (2013).</li><li>Koch, J. L., Carey, W. W., Evans, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+resistance+of+American+beech+to+beech+bark+disease:+knowledge+through+2004.">The genetics of resistance of American beech to beech bark disease: knowledge through 2004.</a> Beech Bark Disease: Proceedings of the Beech Bark Disease Symposium. , 98-105 (2005).</li></ol>

需要这种测定法的成功关键步骤包括对所述蛋的可行性测试和在每个站点测试使用容易控制的，并与盆栽材料。同样重要的是使用每树或幼苗多个测试垫。我们发现，无论是在现场，并于盆栽多控制测试中，错误的一个常见来源可以是键盘故障。例如，在现场，即使我们的覆盖测试垫与房子的包裹，以防止多余的水分，水向下流动阀杆可以偏向于树的一侧，并且产生一个测试垫的损失的修改。 </p...

山毛榉树皮病（BBD）自19世纪90年代后期3引入了入侵的山毛榉介壳虫， 隐球菌fagisuga，在新斯科舍省的加拿大省已在北美地区于美国山毛榉产生了不利影响。当山毛榉介壳虫其插入喂食管芯到树皮制作的小裂缝，提供入口感染的Neonectria种真菌（Neonectria ditissima或Neonectria faginata）中的一本昆虫病情复杂启动。由于真菌菌丝体生长，大面积的组织可能会死，最终完全环剥树。从疾病的伤害削弱了树，使它容易出现抢购的大风4。在疾病的第一波死亡率水平已报道高达50％5。幸存的树木往往严重变形，溃疡形成降低了树的值作为木材产品。0;这种树有一个倾向根萌这导致了“山毛榉树丛”，以防止其他更理想的物种建立，减少了支架6的经济和生态价值的形成。虽然山毛榉树皮病是不是很可能导致美国山毛榉灭绝，它改变立场的组成和健康导致食物和栖息地减少对野生动物的7,8。 在受BBD多年看台上，有报道称，依然无任何疾病症状的树木。人工接种试验表明，这些树是耐介壳虫2。如果没有规模虫蛀，有一个Neonectria感染的机会很少，尽量减少真菌的影响。大规模死亡的美国榉木，由于Neonectria感染在没有事先规模为患从未据报道，所以抗阻为BBD山毛榉介壳虫结果。 对BBD的管理最近的研究集中在识别，繁殖，饲养，并保留美国山毛榉树与阻力山毛榉介壳虫的。遗传研究表明，抗介壳虫是可以遗传的，耐树木的精心选育可能会导致在一个世代9显著改善。这一发现得益于在美国的州和国家森林经理努力建立抵抗美国榉木的区域种子园提供遗传多样性BBD性种子的来源进行恢复种植10,11。研究还表明立场遗传学造林操纵去除易感树木和保留性的树木可能会导致林分改造9,12。 &lt;/ P&gt; BBD通过树木改良活动，或通过开展造林处方管理需要来选择和山毛榉规模性和易感树木区分的能力。这里介绍的方法已经改编自一个方法首先由戴维·休斯顿引入人工接种苗木榉规模鸡蛋1。该方法可以作为一种筛选工具，以确定数量性状基因座（QTL）与电阻或在遗传研究抗性和易感盆栽幼苗或接枝分株区分相关联。另外，它可用于筛选成熟的树木在现场以确定种子园的发展，或保留在现场耐树木。易感树木可以识别并删除，以减少疾病的影响。

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a technique to screen american beech for resistance to the beech scale insect (cryptococcus fagisuga lind.)

山毛榉树皮病（BBD）的结果在高水平的初始死亡率，留下幸存者的树木被大大削弱和变形。本病是由喂养侵入山毛榉介壳虫， 隐球菌fagisuga，它由Neonectria种真菌中的一种创造切入点感染活动启动。如果没有规模为患，对于真菌感染的机会很少。使用规模鸡蛋人为侵扰的严重影响BBD看台的健康树木证明，这些树是耐病情复杂1的介壳虫部分。在这里，我们提出，我们已经开发的基础上，由休斯敦2人为侵扰的技术，它可以用于筛查的领域和更小的盆栽苗木移植和规模性树木的协议。规模性树木识别是对BBD的管理，通过树的重要组成部分改进方案和造林操纵。

图6显示了抗苗（C）和两个易感苗（D，E）表现出不同程度的敏感性。一个什么样的易感成熟的树看起来像59周人工接虫试验成立后的一个例子如图5B所示。当泡沫被剥离的树，它是不寻常的介壳虫及其卵簇保持粘在泡沫如示于图7，这就是为什么它是必不可少的，以收集从树和泡沫衬垫的数据。 图8?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind. at JoVE.com

A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.

山毛榉树皮病是由喂养，在树皮真菌创建入口点的山毛榉介壳虫活动启动。树木能够抵抗介壳虫也是疾病的抵抗力。在这里，我们提出，我们已经发展到筛选山毛榉规模抵抗个别山毛榉树的协议。

一种技术，屏幕美国榉木为抵抗山毛榉介壳虫（<em&gt;隐球菌fagisuga</em&gt;林德。）

Beech bark disease (BBD) results in high levels of initial mortality, leaving behind survivor trees that are greatly weakened and deformed.&#160;The ...

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A Technique to Screen American Beech for Resistance to the Beech Scale Insect (Cryptococcus fagisuga Lind.)

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