Name: experimental protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity
Uploaded: 2014-03-13T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity at JoVE.com

我们感谢美国凯斯西储大学的乡绅Valleevue和谷岭农场，包括A. LOCCI，C.债券，和A. Alldridge，帮助建立公共花园。 J.挂钩，L.霍夫曼，L.冈萨雷斯，资深大律师莱希，B. Ochocki，A. Ubiles，三宇，十赵，和NM齐默尔曼提供现场协助。 AJB和JHB由启动资金来自凯斯西储大学到JHBGAD资助是由暑期课程在本科生科研津贴从凯斯西储大学的霍华德·休斯医学研究所的资助支持。这项工作也是由美国国家科学基金会的资助，以JHB（DEB 1250170）的支持。

1。收集现场土壤，产生异构和同构土壤处理<ol><li>识别两个cooccurring植物类似的栖息地和土壤类型的研究（ 例如 图1a）。确定的量的土壤需要根据土壤的贴片尺寸的实验（ 例如三分之一到二分之一的焦点物种的初生根区域或体积由根球包含的）和实验所需的补丁的数量使用（参见方案2和3，下面）。 <ol><li>对于鲁梅克斯属。 （ 图1a），使用10厘米土...

<ol>
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M., Antonovics, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporating+the+soil+community+into+plant+population+dynamics:+the+utility+of+the+feedback+approach.">Incorporating the soil community into plant population dynamics: the utility of the feedback approach.</a> J. Ecol. 85, 561-573 (1997).</li><li>Kulmatiski, A., Beard, K. H., Stevens, J. R., Cobbold, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant-soil+feedbacks:+a+meta-analytical+review.">Plant-soil feedbacks: a meta-analytical review.</a> Ecol. Lett. 11, 980-992 (2008).</li><li>Bever, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rooting+theories+of+plant+community+ecology+in+microbial+interactions.">Rooting theories of plant community ecology in microbial interactions.</a> Trends. Ecol. Evol. 25, 468-478 (2010).</li><li>Brandt, A. J., de Kroon, H., Reynolds, H. L., Burns, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+heterogeneity+generated+by+plant-soil+feedbacks+has+implications+for+species+recruitment+and+coexistence.">Soil heterogeneity generated by plant-soil feedbacks has implications for species recruitment and coexistence.</a> J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+fertility,+heterogeneity,+and+microbes:+towards+an+integrated+understanding+of+grassland+structure+and+dynamics.">Soil fertility, heterogeneity, and microbes: towards an integrated understanding of grassland structure and dynamics.</a> Appl. Veg. Sci. 12, 33-44 (2009).</li><li>Sokal, R. R., Rohlf, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Biometry, 3rd edn. , (1995).</li><li>Klironomos, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feedback+with+soil+biota+contributes+to+plant+rarity+and+invasiveness+in+communities.">Feedback with soil biota contributes to plant rarity and invasiveness in communities.</a> Nature. 417, 67-70 (2002).</li><li>Mommer, L., van Ruijven, J., Jansen, C., van de Steeg, H. M., de Kroon, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+effects+of+nutrient+heterogeneity+and+competition:+implications+for+root+foraging+theory?.">Interactive effects of nutrient heterogeneity and competition: implications for root foraging theory?.</a> Funct. Ecol. 26, 66-73 (2012).</li><li>Felsenstein, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogenies+and+the+comparative+method.">Phylogenies and the comparative method.</a> Am. Natural. 125, 1-15 (1985).</li><li>Burns, J. H., Strauss, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=More+closely+related+species+are+more+ecologically+similar+in+an+experimental+test.">More closely related species are more ecologically similar in an experimental test.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 5302-5307 (2011).</li><li>Fukami, T., Nakajima, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Community+assembly:+alternative+stable+states+or+alternative+transient+states.">Community assembly: alternative stable states or alternative transient states.</a> Ecol. Lett. 14, 973-984 (2011).</li></ol>

植物引起的土壤异质性极有可能在自然群落的植物，因为对它们的土壤环境中的大型和经常特定物种的影响和体验，土壤（ 如彼得曼等 13）随后的植物。然而，我们这种类型的异质性对植物群落的角色的理解是最小的10,14。在这里，我们提出了操纵植物引起的土壤异质性，利用土壤不同来源（不同树种根系的影响，即区域）在该领域的方法。在协议中的关键步...

一个群落生态学的主要目标是解释和预测管辖社区组装的过程。然而，植物群落往往比预测的共存理论更多的多样化，并恢复生态学家需要了解的共存机制，成功还原多样化当地社区2。环境异质性是可以帮助解释高水平群落多样性的一个理论上的重要机制，但非均质性的实验操作是罕见3，专注于非生物异质性（ 例如，在Lundholm 4日 ）。理论，结合异质性通常假定异质性是外在的组装社区。外在的异质性是由因素，如景观类型学，它是独立的群落组成的管辖。外在的异质性可以通过生态位分化（里维会导致共处星期三在墨尔本等。3，如帕卡拉和蒂尔曼5和切森6）。然而，还有许多相关的植物群落对环境的异质性可能是内在的社会，发展成为社会各界及组装根据物种在社会上的身份。内在的异质性可导致生物反馈，可通过负的频率依赖性（ 如贝沃等。7）导致共存。在这里，我们描述了操纵植物引起的土壤异质性，一个类型的土壤异质性是固有的社会和来自植物 - 土壤反馈的新方法。 植物-土壤反馈（PSF）发生时，植物影响土壤结构，化学，生物或在影响着土壤后续工厂绩效的方式，和PSF对原生植物群落8工厂性能大的平均效应。涤纶短纤的研究通常是收集来自现场的土壤或土壤条件实验，然后问植物在土壤中相对同种的表现如何，以异种或灭菌土9。如果植物在土壤相对同种更好的表现来引用的土壤，然后PSF是积极的，而如果植物在土壤中引用有更好的表现，PSF是否定的。友情负PSF可以导致物种7之间的频率依赖性并存。而PSF的平均效果是充分表征8，空间异质性在PSF的影响知之甚少10。 由于PSF发生在个别工厂7的规模和因为植物往往是非随机分布在空间和时间，涤纶短纤有可能导致土壤异质性，我们称之为植物引起的土壤异质性 。不像许多其他形式的异质性（ 如风景的拓扑结构），这heterogeneity是固有的装配社区，从而可能影响社会装配不同于异质性更外在形式。为了了解这种形式的异质性对植物的性能和共存的影响，我们需要操纵植物引起的土壤异质性的实验方法。在这里，我们展示了这样一种方法，即用土壤的两个物种空调创建具有两个土起源和均质处理，这是两个土起源的混合物单独的补丁异构处理。这种土壤混合可以代表在现场至少有两个可能的情况下：（1）干扰（ 如啮齿类动物，农业），其中混合不同来源的土壤或两种接近的成长（2）植物，使得根系影响其区域交融，均质。 我们目前使用的植物引起的土壤异质性在不同LEVE回答关键问题的两个示例实验生态组织的LS：（1）不要植物种群应对种植引起的土壤异质性？及（2）不要单独植物植物引起的土壤异质性反应？我们描述了现场实验用6土壤补丁使用2土壤补丁来解决第二个问题，解决的第一个问题和一个温室试验。量化人口和个别植物对土壤异质性是必不可少的理解异质性影响的社区如何组装。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1119">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Shovel(s)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">It is helpful to have at least two shovels, one for each species of soil origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Trowel(s)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">It is necessary to have at least two trowels of identical size, one for each species of soil origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Gardening gloves can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Diluted bleach</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">We use an ~1:10 concentration of household bleach (containing 5-10% NaClO) to water to sterilize all equipment between soil collections.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:216px;">Plastic grid(s)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">CUSTOM. We used plastic sheeting from the construction of greenhouse walls to create the grid used in the field experiment. However any stiff plastic that can be manipulated can be used. It is helpful to have three grids to produce reciprocal heterogeneous treatments and a homogeneous treatment without needing to sterilize between each experimental unit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="47">
			<td height="47" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Plastic dividers</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">CUSTOM. We used stiff sheets of plastic, cut to fit the pot minimum width, such that they can slide down to the bottom of the pot for the greenhouse experiment. It is helpful to have at least two dividers, one for heterogeneous and one for homogeneous treatments, if investigators want to randomize the order in which experimental units within a block are filled without needing to sterilize the divider in between each experimental unit.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Buckets or wheelbarrows</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Any container for transporting soils.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Seeds</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">We collect seeds in the field by hand. Seeds can also be ordered from horticultural suppliers, if appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Plastic toothpicks</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Soodhalter Plastics, Inc.</td>
			<td>805KP</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">We plant individual seeds glued on toothpick in the field experiment, to facilitate monitoring germination and survival of individuals.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Water soluble glue</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Elmer&#39;s Glue-all</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Any water soluble glue can be used to adhere seeds to plastic toothpicks.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pots</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Pot size will depend on experimental plants used and number of soil patches desired (e.g. 2 or 6).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sand</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Coarse sand may be mixed with field soils to improve drainage in pots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lab tape&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Tape may be used to label equipment used in handling soils with the species of origin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pin flags</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Flags can be used to identify individuals in the field, prior to soil collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Landscape fabric</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:696px;">Landscape fabric can be used in the field to minimize the growth of plants outside experimental plots.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity

共存理论常常被环境异质性作为独立的群落组成的，但生物反馈，如植物 - 土壤反馈（PSF）对植物的性能有很大的影响，并创造环境异质性依赖于群落组成。理解的PSF对植物群落组件的重要性就必须异质性的PSF的作用，除了意味着PSF作用的理解。在这里，我们描述了一个协议，用于操纵植物引起的土壤异质性。两个实验的例子给出：（1）现场实验用6片栅格的土壤测量植物种群的反应和（2）的温室实验2补丁土壤测量单株反应。土壤可以从根影响（从根圈土壤和直接相邻的根际）领域植物从同种和异种的植物物种的区被收集。复制收集离子被用来避免pseudoreplicating土壤样品。这些土壤，然后放入异构治疗或混合的均匀化处理单独的补丁。应注意，以确保异质和同质化的治疗体会土壤扰动程度相同。植物可以被放置在这些土壤处理，以确定植物引起的土壤异质性对设备性能的影响。我们证明了植物诱导异质性的结果，也许是因为这些反馈的动态性质不同的结果比预测由传统的共存模式。理论，结合环境异质性的装配社区和额外的实证工作的影响是必要的，以确定何时异质性内在的组装社会将导致与外在的异质性对群落组成比较不同的装配结果。

种反应以种植引起的土壤异质性不同的方式在人口和个体水平（ 图3和图4），与社区组装的影响。要确定植物种群是否对植物引起的土壤异质性反应，现场试验，采用三对同类物种的确立为协议2。植物种群censused每周三个月，并种植种子发芽和那些苗的总比例，在第一个生长季死亡（其中死亡率表示的生存的倒数）进行计算（ 图3）的总比例。我们发现有显?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity at JoVE.com

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

用于操纵植物诱导土壤异质性的实验协议

理解物种共存的环境异质性的作用通常专注于各类异质性是外在的社会的物种组成。我们提供新的详细的方法使用土壤受植物 - 土壤反馈调节，或异质性固有的群落组成产生土壤异质性的治疗方法。

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A Protocol for Collecting and Constructing Soil Core Lysimeters

一种用于收集和构建土芯协议测渗计

Leaching of nutrients from land applied fertilizers and manure used in agriculture can lead to accelerated eutrophication of surface water. Because the ...

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass

实验协议生产生物柴油与饱和酮的分离从商业余积<em&gt;等鞭金藻</em&gt;藻类生物量

The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. ...

A Gusseted Thermogradient Table to Control Soil Temperatures for Evaluating Plant Growth and Monitoring Soil Processes

一个插角Thermogradient表来控制土壤温度为评估植物生长和监测土壤过程

Thermogradient tables were first developed in the 1950s primarily to test seed germination over a range of temperatures simultaneously without using a ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Cyanobacteria in Liquid and Solid Samples with an Antibody Microarray Chip

用于检测实验方案<em&gt;蓝藻</em&gt;与抗体基因芯片液体和固体样品

Global warming and eutrophication make some aquatic ecosystems behave as true bioreactors that trigger rapid and massive cyanobacterial growth; this has ...

Protocols for Quantifying Transferable Pesticide Residues in Turfgrass Systems

协议在草坪系统量化转换农药残留

Plant canopies in established turfgrass systems can intercept an appreciable amount of sprayed pesticides, which can be transferred through various routes ...

Nanopore DNA Sequencing for Metagenomic Soil Analysis

基因土壤分析的纳米 DNA 测序

This article describes the steps for construction of a DNA library from soil, preparation and use of the nanopore flow cell, and analysis of the DNA ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Experimental Protocol for Detecting Mitochondrial Function in Hepatocytes Exposed to Organochlorine Pesticides

检测暴露于有机氯农药的肝细胞线粒体功能的实验方案

This paper presents detailed methods on detecting hepatic mitochondrial function for a better understanding the cause of metabolic disorders caused by ...