Name: development of amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel for in vitro enamel regrowth with a dense interface
Uploaded: 2014-07-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface at JoVE.com

The authors would like to thank Prof. Steven Nutt and Mr. Yuzheng Zhang for assistant with the Focus Ion Beam, and the Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMMA) at USC for electron microscopy. Research was supported by NIH-NIDCR grants; DE-13414 and DE-020099 to J.M.O.

تم استخراج الأضراس الإنسان وفقا للإجراءات القياسية لاستخراج في كلية طب الأسنان OSTROW من جامعة جنوب كاليفورنيا، والتعامل معها على موافقة مجلس المراجعة المؤسساتي. 1. إعداد الأسنان حمض محفورا-شريحة <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-...

<ol>
	<li>Moradian-Oldak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein-+mediated+enamel+mineralization.">Protein- mediated enamel mineralization.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience. 17, 1996-2023 (2012).</li><li>Palmer, L. C., Newcomb, C. J., Kaltz, S. R., Spoerke, E. D., Stupp, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomimetic+Systems+for+Hydroxyapatite+Mineralization+Inspired+By+Bone+and+Enamel.">Biomimetic Systems for Hydroxyapatite Mineralization Inspired By Bone and Enamel.</a> Chem. Rev. 108, 4754-4783 (2008).</li><li>Onuma, K., Yamagishi, K., Oyane, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nucleation+and+growth+of+hydroxyapatite+nanocrystals+for+nondestructive+repair+of+early+caries+lesions.">Nucleation and growth of hydroxyapatite nanocrystals for nondestructive repair of early caries lesions.</a> J. Cryst. Growth. 282, 199-207 (2005).</li><li>Xie, R. Q., Feng, Z. D., Li, S. W., Xu, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EDTA-Assisted+Self-Assembly+of+Fluoride-Substituted+Hydroxyapatite+Coating+on+Enamel+Substrate.">EDTA-Assisted Self-Assembly of Fluoride-Substituted Hydroxyapatite Coating on Enamel Substrate.</a> Cryst. Growth Des. 11, 5206-5214 (2011).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-Inspired+Enamel+Repair+via+Glu-Directed+Assembly+of+Apatite+Nanoparticles:+an+Approach+to+Biomaterials+with+Optimal+Characteristics.">Bio-Inspired Enamel Repair via Glu-Directed Assembly of Apatite Nanoparticles: an Approach to Biomaterials with Optimal Characteristics.</a> Advanced Materials. 23, (2011).</li><li>Yin, Y. J., Yun, S., Fang, J. S., Chen, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+regeneration+of+human+tooth+enamel+under+near-physiological+conditions.">Chemical regeneration of human tooth enamel under near-physiological conditions.</a> Chem. Commun. , 5892-5894 (2009).</li><li>Fan, Y., Sun, Z., Moradian-Oldak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+remineralization+of+enamel+in+the+presence+of+amelogenin+and+fluoride.">Controlled remineralization of enamel in the presence of amelogenin and fluoride.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 478-483 (2009).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair+of+enamel+by+using+hydroxyapatite+nanoparticles+as+the+building+blocks.">Repair of enamel by using hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as the building blocks.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 18, 4079-4084 (2008).</li><li>Chen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acellular+synthesis+of+a+human+enamel-like+microstructure.">Acellular synthesis of a human enamel-like microstructure.</a> Advanced Materials. 18, (2006).</li><li>Yamagishi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+synthetic+enamel+for+rapid+tooth+repair.">A synthetic enamel for rapid tooth repair.</a> Nature. 433, 819-819 (2005).</li><li>Bleek, K., Taubert, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+developments+in+polymer-controlled,+bioinspired+calcium+phosphate+mineralization+from+aqueous+solution.">New developments in polymer-controlled, bioinspired calcium phosphate mineralization from aqueous solution.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 9, 6283-6321 (2013).</li><li>Fletcher, J., Walsh, D., Fowler, C. E., Mann, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrospun+mats+of+PVP/ACP+nanofibres+for+remineralization+of+enamel+tooth+surfaces.">Electrospun mats of PVP/ACP nanofibres for remineralization of enamel tooth surfaces.</a> Crystengcomm. 13, 3692-3697 (2011).</li><li>Fang, P. -. A., Conway, J. F., Margolis, H. C., Simmer, J. P., Beniash, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+self-assembly+of+amelogenin+and+the+regulation+of+biomineralization+at+the+nanoscale.">Hierarchical self-assembly of amelogenin and the regulation of biomineralization at the nanoscale.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108, 14097-14102 (2011).</li><li>Yang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+Amelogenin+Orchestrates+the+Organization+of+Hierarchical+Elongated+Microstructures+of+Apatite.">How Amelogenin Orchestrates the Organization of Hierarchical Elongated Microstructures of Apatite.</a> Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 114, 2293-2300 (2010).</li><li>Li, H., Fujiki, Y., Sada, K., Estroff, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gel+incorporation+inside+of+organic+single+crystals+grown+in+agarose+hydrogels.">Gel incorporation inside of organic single crystals grown in agarose hydrogels.</a> Crystengcomm. 13, 1060-1062 (2011).</li><li>Ruan, Q., Zhang, Y., Yang, X., Nutt, S., Moradian-Oldak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+amelogenin-chitosan+matrix+promotes+assembly+of+an+enamel-like+layer+with+a+dense+interface.">An amelogenin-chitosan matrix promotes assembly of an enamel-like layer with a dense interface.</a> Acta Biomater. 9, 7289-7297 (2013).</li><li>Hu, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning,+cDNA+sequence,+and+alternative+splicing+of+porcine+amelogenin+mRNAs.">Cloning, cDNA sequence, and alternative splicing of porcine amelogenin mRNAs.</a> Journal of Dental Research. 75, 1735-1741 (1996).</li><li>Bromley, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amelogenin+Processing+by+MMP-20+Prevents+Protein+Occlusion+Inside+Calcite+Crystals.">Amelogenin Processing by MMP-20 Prevents Protein Occlusion Inside Calcite Crystals.</a> Cryst. Growth Des. 12, 4897-4905 (2012).</li><li>Fan, Y., Sun, Z., Abbott, C., Moradian-Oldak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+enamel+inspired+nanocomposite+fabrication+through+amelogenin+supramolecular+assembly.">A enamel inspired nanocomposite fabrication through amelogenin supramolecular assembly.</a> Biomaterials. 28, 3034-3042 (2007).</li><li>Wright, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+etiologies+and+associated+phenotypes+of+amelogenesis+imperfecta.">The molecular etiologies and associated phenotypes of amelogenesis imperfecta.</a> Am. J. Med. Gent. A. 140 (23), 2547-2555 (2006).</li><li>Eimar, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+enamel+hardness+by+its+crystallographic+dimensions.">Regulation of enamel hardness by its crystallographic dimensions.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 8, 3400-3410 (2012).</li><li>Ruan, Q., Siddiqah, N., Li, X., Nutt, S., Moradian-Oldak, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amelogenin-chitosan+matrix+for+human+enamel+regrowth:+effects+of+viscosity+and+supersaturation+degree.">Amelogenin-chitosan matrix for human enamel regrowth: effects of viscosity and supersaturation degree.</a> Connect Tissue Res. , (2014).</li><li>Pouget, E. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Initial+Stages+of+Template-Controlled+CaCO3+Formation+Revealed+by+Cryo-TEM.">The Initial Stages of Template-Controlled CaCO3 Formation Revealed by Cryo-TEM.</a> Science. 323, 1455-1458 (2009).</li><li>Gebauer, D., Volkel, A., Colfen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stable+Prenucleation+Calcium+Carbonate+Clusters.">Stable Prenucleation Calcium Carbonate Clusters.</a> Science. 322, 1819-1822 (2008).</li></ol>

في حين أن المحتوى المعدني من المينا وعالية مما يجعلها أصعب الأنسجة المعدنية في جسم الإنسان، وهذا هو bioceramic عرضة لعمليات التنقية، والتي تحدث في كثير من الأحيان كما تسوس الأسنان أو التآكل. طفرات الجينات يمكن أيضا أن يسبب المينا رقيقة أو ناعمة مما يؤدي إلى سلسلة من الأمر...

Dental enamel is the hard mineralized surface of human teeth. It is composed of numerous needle-like apatite crystals, which are bundled in organized, parallel prisms to ensure the unique mechanical strength and biological protection that enamel provides1-2. Unlike other mineralized tissues, such as bone and dentin, mature enamel is acellular and cannot regenerate itself after substantial mineral loss1-2, which often occurs as dental caries or erosion. Commercially available products such as fluoride containing varnishes, tooth pastes and mouthwashes are effective in re-mineralizing enamel but none of them have the potential to promote the formation of organized apatite crystals. Clinically, the conventional treatment for enamel repair involves a filling procedure with artificial materials such as amalgam, ceramics, or composite resin 3. However, these materials usually do not interface well with the natural tissue surrounding the lesion, because their structures, components and properties are different from the natural enamel. As a result, secondary caries frequently develops overtime at the interface between the tooth and foreign materials. Therefore, in situ regrowth of enamel with a dense interface is an attractive target for the fields of materials science and stomatology. One particularly promising way to achieve this purpose is biomimetic synthesis of enamel-like material on the enamel surface. Recently, numerous in vitro attempts have been made to prepare enamel-like materials using biomimetic systems that contain nano-apatites or different organic additives 4-12. However, developing the optimal biomimetic strategy to promote remineralization crystals to achieve a perfect dense interface is still a challenge. 
During enamel mineralization, the oriented growth and elongation of apatite crystals is regulated by an amelogenin-rich matrix 1,13-14. To mimic the organic matrix in developing enamel, herein we describe a detailed protocol for fabricating an amelogenin-chitosan (CS-AMEL) hydrogel for in situ enamel regrowth on an acid-etched enamel surface used as a model for erosive lesions. As &#8220;the most versatile growth media&#8221; for crystals 15, hydrogel matrices have an advantage over a solution system since clinically they are easier to handle. Moreover, CS-AMEL is biocompatible, biodegradable, and has unique antimicrobial and adhesion properties that compare favorably with other biomimetic systems for dental applications 16. Importantly, the in situ mineralization of apatite crystals on the enamel surface provides a dense interface between the repaired layer and the natural enamel, which can potentially improve the durability of restorations and prevent the formation of new caries at the margin of the restoration.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1219">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Material/ Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:331px;">Human Third Molar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">The human molars were extracted following the standard procedures for extraction at the Ostrow School of Dentistry of the University of Southern California and handled with the approval of the Institutional Review Board.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:331px;">Recombinant Pocine Amelogenin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Expression and purification&#160; in lab</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">rP172, full-length&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Chitosan&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">448877</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">medium molecular weight, 75-85% deacetylated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Phosphoric Acid&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AA033266</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Acetic Acid Glacial</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">A036289</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH9292</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Calcium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">223506</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Dibasic Sodium Phosphate Anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH0316</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">BL21-CodonPlus (DE3)-RP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">230255</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ammonium Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH8001</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Trifluoroacetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AAAL06374</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH1103</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Magnesium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH0244</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH9268</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Potassium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">BDH0258</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ammonium Chloride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AAAA15000</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:331px;">HEPES (4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethane-sulfonic acid)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AAA14777</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Sodium Fluoride&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">AA11561</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Tris-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">170-6435</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">10&#215; TBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">EMD Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">12659</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">CalBioChem, Albumin, Bovine Serum, Fraction V, Low Heavy Metals&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">EMD Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">TX1568-1</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Chicken Anti-Amelogenin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">A gift from Prof. Malcolm Snead, University of Southern California</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Bovine Anti-Chicken IgY-FITC</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Sc-2700</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:32px;width:331px;">Equipments</td>
			<td style="width:209px;"></td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:331px;">High Performance Liquid Chromatography System</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Varian Prostar 210</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">C4 column</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Phenomenx&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">Jupiter 5&#956; 300A</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Scanning Electron Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">JEOL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">JSM-7001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">FIB-SEM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">JEOL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">JIB-4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Transmission Electron Microscopy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">JEM-2100F</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Digital Low Speed Diamond Saw</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">MTI Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">SYJ-150</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Fluorescence Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">DMI3000 B</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Ultrasonic Cleaner&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Branson&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">2510</td>
			<td style="width:516px;">42 kHz, 100 W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Nano-indenter&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Agilent Technologies Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:164px;">MTS XP</td>
			<td style="width:516px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel for in vitro enamel regrowth with a dense interface

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction is a significant topic in material science and dentistry as a novel approach for the treatment of dental caries or erosion. Amelogenin has been proven to be a critical protein for controlling the organized growth of apatite crystals. In this paper, we present a detailed protocol for superficial enamel reconstruction by using a novel amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel. Compared to other conventional treatments, such as topical fluoride and mouthwash, this method not only has the potential to prevent the development of dental caries but also promotes significant and durable enamel restoration. The organized enamel-like microstructure regulated by amelogenin assemblies can significantly improve the mechanical properties of etched enamel, while the dense enamel-restoration interface formed by an in situ regrowth of apatite crystals can improve the effectiveness and durability of restorations. Furthermore, chitosan hydrogel is easy to use and can suppress bacterial infection, which is the major risk factor for the occurrence of dental caries. Therefore, this biocompatible and biodegradable amelogenin-chitosan hydrogel shows promise as a biomaterial for the prevention, restoration, and treatment of defective enamel.

وأظهرت فعالية بروتوكول الموصوفة هنا عن طريق المسح الضوئي المجهر الإلكتروني (SEM)، اختارت منطقة حيود الإلكترون (سعيد) وحيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) يحلل. بعد الترميم من قبل أميلوجينين-الشيتوزان (CS-AMEL) هيدروجيل لمدة 7 أيام، وتشكلت طبقة المينا مثل بسماكة 15 ميكرون على سطح المينا...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface at JoVE.com

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

تطوير أميلوجينين-الشيتوزان هيدروجيل ل<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; إعادة نمو المينا مع واجهة الكثيفة

في هذه المقالة، ونحن تصف بروتوكول للافتعال وهيدروجيل-أميلوجينين الشيتوزان لإعادة الإعمار المينا سطحية. نظمت النمو الموضع من بلورات الأباتيت في هيدروجيل في تشكيل واجهة المينا استعادة الكثيفة، التي من شأنها تحسين فعالية ومتانة الترميم.

Biomimetic enamel reconstruction is a significant topic in material science and dentistry as a novel approach for the treatment of dental caries or ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

Encapsulation of Cardiomyocytes in a Fibrin Hydrogel for Cardiac Tissue Engineering

تغليف الخلايا العضلية في هيدروجيل الفايبرين للهندسة الأنسجة القلبية

Culturing cells in a three dimensional hydrogel environment is an important technique for developing constructs for tissue engineering as well as studying ...

Cultivation of Human Neural Progenitor Cells in a 3-dimensional Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogel

زراعة خلايا العصبية السلف في هيدروجيل 3 الابعاد الذاتي تجميع الببتيد

The  influence of 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds on growth, proliferation and finally  neuronal differentiation is of great interest in order to find new ...

Bridging the Bio-Electronic Interface with Biofabrication

سد واجهة الحيوية الالكترونية مع Biofabrication

Advancements in lab-on-a-chip technology promise to revolutionize both research and medicine through lower costs, better sensitivity, portability, and ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

التوليف من البروتين الاصطناعي Intein بوساطة هيدروجيل

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins

هيدروجيل الجسيمات النانوية حصاد البلازما أو البول للكشف عن وفرة البروتينات منخفضة

Novel biomarker discovery plays a crucial role in providing more sensitive and specific disease detection. Unfortunately many low-abundance biomarkers ...

Eye Irritation Test (EIT) for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial (RhCE) Tissue Model

Eye Irritation Test EIT for Hazard Identification of Eye Irritating Chemicals using Reconstructed Human Cornea-like Epithelial RhCE Tissue Model

العين تهيج اختبار (EIT) لتحديد مخاطر العين مهيج للمواد الكيميائية باستخدام يعيد الإنسان القرنية مثل الظهارية (RHCE) الأنسجة نموذج

To comply with the Seventh Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive and EU REACH legislation, validated non-animal alternative methods for reliable and ...

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

In Vitro Model of Physiological and Pathological Blood Flow with Application to Investigations of Vascular Cell Remodeling

في المختبر نموذج الفسيولوجية والمرضية تدفق الدم مع التطبيق على التحقيقات الأوعية الدموية إعادة عرض خلية

Vascular disease is a common cause of death within the United States. Herein, we present a method to examine the contribution of flow dynamics towards ...

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

تطوير<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; بصري منصة لاختبار العدسات اللاصقة

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic ...

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation

تحسين 3D المائية الثقافات من الخلايا الدبقية الأولية لنمذجة في المختبر نيوروينفلاميشن

In the central nervous system, numerous acute injuries and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as implanted devices or biomaterials engineered to enhance ...

Bioprintable Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogel 3D In Vitro Model Systems Induce Cell Spheroid Formation

Bioprintable Alginate/Gelatin Hydrogel 3D In Vitro Model Systems Induce Cell Spheroid Formation

بيوبرينتابل الجينات/الجيلاتين المائية 3D في المختبر النموذجي النظم الحث على تشكيل خلية كروي

The cellular, biochemical, and biophysical heterogeneity of the native tumor microenvironment is not recapitulated by growing immortalized cancer cell ...