Name: combined dna-rna fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) to study x chromosome inactivation in differentiated female mouse embryonic stem cells
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

The authors thank all previous and present members of the department of Reproduction and Development of the Erasmus MC for helpful and stimulating discussions during the past years. We also want to thank the three anonymous reviewers for providing helpful feedback. Work in the Gribnau lab is supported by funding from the Dutch research council (NWO-VICI) and an ERC starting grant.

1. Inductie van differentiatie in vrouwelijke embryonale stamcellen aan X-chromosoom inactivatie Braken OPMERKING: Vrouw muis embryonale stamcellen (op aanvraag) worden geteeld onder standaard ES-cel voorwaarden ontsloten kweekschalen gecoat met muis embryonale fibroblasten (MEF). Wij hier aannemen dat de lezer bekend is met standaard celkweek technieken 39-41. Om differentiatie induceren, wordt ES cellen gekweekt in T25 gerechten worden gescheiden van de MEFs en worden uitgeplaat i...

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Gecombineerde DNA-RNA vis kan worden technisch uitdagend, als omstandigheden die geschikt zijn voor DNA FISH te hard voor minder stabiele RNA-moleculen kunnen worden. Verschillende benaderingen zijn toegepast op zowel DNA als RNA studie in dezelfde cel, omzeilen de noodzaak voor gelijktijdige incubatie met probes detecteren zowel DNA en RNA. Bijvoorbeeld, in een superpositie benadering wordt eerst RNA FISH uitgevoerd en de cellen worden afgebeeld en coördinaten worden genomen. Vervolgens worden dezelfde slides gebruikt...

Studeren cellen en weefsels door middel van fluorescente in situ hybridisatie (FISH) is sinds de invoering ervan in de late jaren 1970 1, mogen onderzoekers genen, chromatine organisatie en de genexpressie te bestuderen op het subcellulaire niveau. DNA FISH wordt vaak gebruikt in cytogenetica, karyotypering 2, kankerdiagnostiek 3 en pre-implantatie genetische screening 4, en heeft een belangrijke rol in moleculair onderzoek 5-6 aangezien het de detectie van nucleïnezuren in hun eigen omgeving. Enkele cel expressie analyse op RNA FISH kunnen inheemse primaire transcripten en niet-coderende RNA&#39;s worden afgeschreven van chromosomen, en biedt voordelen voor andere technieken die op populatieniveau genexpressie te beoordelen, met inbegrip van bijvoorbeeld kwantitatieve RT-PCR, genoom-wijde expressie analyse of Northern blotting . Door het visualiseren van RNA-transcripten die rechtstreeks afkomstig zijn van hun sites van herkomst, heeft het bijvoorbeeld geweestgemerkt dat genexpressie stochastische 7 en soms allelspecifieke 8 zijn. Verbeteringen in de techniek zijn ook toegestaan ​​de detectie en kwantificering van afzonderlijke mRNA-moleculen in de cellen 9-11. Het basisprincipe van FISH bestaat uit hybridisatie van nucleïnezuren in de cel een nucleïnezuur probe door zeer specifieke Watson en Crick baseparing. De probe kan direct of indirect gedetecteerd, waardoor een signaal dat microscopisch kan worden gevisualiseerd. Initiële pogingen bestond uit radioactief gemerkte probes die nadelen had gebaseerd op veiligheid, beperkte ruimtelijke resolutie en de mogelijkheid om slechts een doelwit tegelijk 12-14. De verdere ontwikkeling van niet-radioactieve labels, waaronder fluorochromen, haptenen, en enzymen, heeft geleid tot de brede verspreiding gebruik van FISH als een routine moleculaire biologie techniek. De FISH probe kan direct worden gelabeld met fluorochromes door chemische koppeling van fluorescerende moleculen nucleïnezuur sequenties 15 en integratie van fluorescent gemerkte nucleotiden 16-19, of de sonde kan indirect worden gevisualiseerd na integratie van haptenen (zoals biotine en digoxigenine) en immunologische detectie van haptenen met hapteen antilichamen geconjugeerd aan fluorescerende reportermoleculen 20-21. Deze aanpak maakt signaalversterking door verscheidene lagen fluorescerend gemerkte antilichamen die worden gebruikt om het originele signaal te versterken, en maakt de detectie van RNA-soorten die worden uitgedrukt op lage niveaus. Door directe en indirecte labeling technieken en diverse haptenen kunnen meerdere doelen gelijktijdig worden gevisualiseerd binnen dezelfde cel. Een van de belangrijkste stappen in FISH protocollen is de hybridisatie van de probe aan het doelwit. Hoewel in theorie een probe specifiek alleen binden aan zijn doel in praktijk specificiteitniet altijd bereikt, als probes binden aan homologe gebieden en hybridisatieomstandigheden niet altijd ideaal voor een bepaalde DNA-gebied of RNA soort. Post-hybridisatie wassingen zijn daarom van bijzonder belang, aangezien zij de stringentie van de FISH procedure kan verhogen, en kan voorkomen dat niet-specifieke binding van FISH probes die resulteert in een hoge mate van achtergrondgeluiden. Als RNA-moleculen enkel zijn gestrand zij gemakkelijk kunnen worden gehybridiseerd met een FISH probe. In tegenstelling, het dubbelstrengs DNA-molecuul heeft een eerste denaturatiestap, waarna een probe hybridiseren. Dit wordt gewoonlijk bereikt door verhitting van het monster, waardoor denaturatie van het DNA. Echter, onder deze zware omstandigheden, breekbaar, enkelstrengs RNA-moleculen kunnen verloren gaan. Daarom gecombineerde DNA-RNA FISH vereist aanzienlijke optimalisering van de omstandigheden en is technisch uitdagend vergelijking met de afzonderlijke detectie van enkel RNA of DNA. Hier presentatie weta gedetailleerd protocol van gecombineerde, gelijktijdige DNA-RNA FISH die heeft ons toegestaan ​​om X-chromosoom inactivatie (XCI) studeren in het onderscheiden vrouwelijke muis embryonale stamcellen 22-24. XCI is een cruciaal epigenetisch mechanisme voor vrouwelijke embryonale ontwikkeling 25, en resulteert in heterochromatinization en dus zwijgen van een van de twee X-chromosomen in vrouwelijke individuen 26-27. Van essentieel belang om dit proces is het niet-coderende RNA Xist 28-30, die wordt gereguleerd door de RNF12 22-23 en REX1 24 eiwitten. Xist expressie wordt gereguleerd op de toekomst inactieve X-chromosoom (Xi) tijdens de embryonale ontwikkeling of bij ES celdifferentiatie in vitro en kunnen zich langs de X-chromosoom en daardoor chromatine remodeling enzymen die leiden tot transcriptionele uitschakeling van het X-chromosoom 31 te trekken. Deze verspreiding van Xist RNA kan door RNA FISH worden gevisualiseerd als een bekleding van de X-chromosommige, die ook wel een Xist cloud. Aangezien vrouwelijke ES-cellen een van hun X-chromosomen als gevolg van instabiliteit van het genoom kan verliezen, hebben wij en anderen werkzaam gecombineerde DNA-RNA FISH om XCI bestuderen, om ervoor te zorgen dat alleen karyotypisch stabiele cellen worden beoordeeld in de analyse van dit belangrijke proces 22,32 -34. Zoals bij elke moleculaire biologie technieken, hebben verschillende uitstekende protocollen gepubliceerd 35-38. Hier presenteren we onze werkwijze, uitgaande van de inductie van differentiatie in muizen ES cellen, fixatie van cellen, kenmerken van FISH probes door nick-translatie, voorbehandeling van gefixeerde cellen om permeabilisatie en daaropvolgende opname probe, hybridisatie van de probe aan de doel, en tenslotte detectie van de probe met fluorescent gemerkte antilichamen. De hierin gepresenteerde protocol kan de gelovigen detectie van Xist RNA en het X-chromosoom binnen een termijn van twee dagen, en de basis van deze techniek kan waarschijnlijk worden aangepast aan othaar systemen en onderzoeksgebieden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="874">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">female mouse embryonic stem cells</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">will be made available upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">mouse embryonic fibroblasts</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>can be derived from E13.5 embryos, or via commercial sources e.g Millipore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">ES cell culture medium</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>DMEM, 15% foetal calf serum, 100 U ml-1 penicillin, 100 mg ml-1 streptomycin, non-essential amino acids, 0.1 mM &#223;-mercaptoethanol, and 1000 U ml-1 LIF. Filter sterilize and store at 4&#186;C for maximal 2 weeks.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">LIF</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ESG1107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11960085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Fetal Calf Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">10099141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Penicillin&#8211;streptomycin (100&#215;)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Non-essential aminoacids&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">&#223;-mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">ES cell differentiation medium</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>IMDM-Glutamax, 15% heat inactivated foetal calf serum, 100 U ml-1 penicillin, 100 mg ml-1 streptomycin, non-essential amino acids, 37.8 &#956;l/l monothioglycerol and 50 &#956;g/ml ascorbic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">IMDM-Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31980-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Ascorbic acid (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">monothioglycerol</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">T25 cell culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">690160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">6-well cell culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">662160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">cell culture grade PBS</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Trypsin-EDTA 0.25% (v/v) trypsin/0.2% (w/v) EDTA in PBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">falcon tubes</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">352196</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">24x24 mm coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Menzle</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">780882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1890-100G</td>
			<td>prepare a 0.2% gelatin/cell culture PBS solution, and autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>prepare 4% PFA/PBS solutions, by dissolving PFA in PBS. Stir at 70 &#7484;C until completely dissolved and cool down to room temperature. Aliquots can be stored at -20&#7484;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">absolute 100%&#160; ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">32221-2.5L</td>
			<td>use absolute 100% ethanol and RNAse free water to make 70% and 90% ethanol solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">RNAse free water</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Baxter</td>
			<td>TKF7114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:464px;">sterile filter tips</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Rainin Bio Clean</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GP-L10F, GP-L200F, RT-1000F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">digoxigenin-labeling kit (DIG-Nick translation)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11745816910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">biotin-labeling kit (Biotin Nick translation)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">11745824910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Sephadex G50</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G5080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">2 ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">300013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">sterilized cotton</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">30120086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">yeast tRNA 10 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15401-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Salmon Sperm DNA 10 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15632-011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">mouse cot-1 DNA&#160; 1 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18440-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">eppendorf bench top microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 5417R&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Eppendorf Refrigerated Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 5810R&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">2M NaAc, pH 5.6</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">50+ hybridization solution</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>50% formamide, 2x SSC, 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7, 10% dextran sulfate pH 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">formamide</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Acros organics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3272350000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">dextran sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">31403</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">pepsin</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6887</td>
			<td>prepare a 0.2% solution in RNAse free water, and add 84 &#181;l 37% HCL per 100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">HCL, 37% solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">84422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">object glasses</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Starfrost</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8037/1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">20x SSC</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM9763</td>
			<td>dilute to 2x SSC in RNAse free water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">10 mM Phosphate buffer, pH 7</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>add 57.7 ml of 1M Na2HPO4 and 42.3 ml 1M NaH2PO4; use DEPC treated water and autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">denaturation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>70% Formamide/2xSSC/10mM phosphate buffer pH 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">2M Tris pH 7.5 solution</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">Tris-Saline-Tween washing solution (TST)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>100 ml 10x Saline, 50 ml 2M Tris, 500 &#181;l Tween-20, add RNAse free water till 1 liter&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:464px;">10x Saline solution</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>dissolve 85 g NaCl in 1 liter RNAse free H2O, and autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:464px;">Tris-Saline-BSA (TSBSA)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>500 &#956;l 10x Saline, 250 &#956;l 2 M Tris, 1 ml 100x BSA, 3,25 ml RNAse free H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:464px;">BSA, purified, 100x&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B9001S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">sheep-anti-dig antibody</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Roche diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>use 1:500 diluted in TSBSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit-anti-sheep antibody conjugated with FITC</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Jackson labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>use 1:250 diluted in TSBSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat-anti-rabbit antibody conjugated with FITC</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Jackson labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>use 1:250 diluted in TSBSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">mouse-anti-biotin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Roche diagnostics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>use 1:200 diluted in TSBSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">donkey-anti-mouse antibody conjugated with Rhodamine</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Jackson labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>use 1:250 diluted in TSBSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat-anti-horse antibody conjugated with Rhodamine</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Jackson labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>use 1:250 diluted in TSBSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:464px;">Tris-Saline washing solution (TS)</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>10 ml 10x Saline, 5 ml 2 M Tris, 85 ml RNAse free H2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:124px;">Vectorlabs</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">nail-varnish</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:464px;">fluorescent miscroscope</td>
			<td style="width:124px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined dna-rna fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) to study x chromosome inactivation in differentiated female mouse embryonic stem cells

Fluorescente in situ hybridisatie (FISH) is een moleculaire techniek die de detectie van nucleïnezuren in cellen mogelijk maakt. DNA FISH wordt vaak gebruikt in cytogenetica en kankerdiagnostiek en kunnen afwijkingen van het genoom, die vaak belangrijke klinische implicaties detecteren. RNA FISH kunnen worden gebruikt om RNA-moleculen te detecteren in cellen en heeft belangrijke inzichten in regulatie van genexpressie verschaft. De combinatie van DNA en RNA FISH binnen dezelfde cel is technisch uitdagend, als omstandigheden die geschikt zijn voor DNA FISH te hard voor fragiele, enkelstrengs RNA-moleculen zou kunnen zijn. We stellen hier een gemakkelijk toepasbare protocol dat de gecombineerde gelijktijdige detectie van Xist RNA en DNA gecodeerd door de X-chromosomen mogelijk maakt. Deze gecombineerde DNA-RNA FISH protocol kan waarschijnlijk worden toegepast op andere systemen waar zowel RNA als DNA moeten worden gedetecteerd.

Met behulp van bovenstaande protocol voor gecombineerde DNA-RNA FISH, konden we X-chromosoom inactivatie visualiseren differentiëren vrouwelijke embryonale stamcellen zijn. Figuur 1 toont een representatief voorbeeld van een DNA-RNA FISH experiment waarbij we zowel Xist (die herkend zichtbaar als een zogenaamde Xist RNA wolk op het inactieve X-chromosoom en een basale transcriptie lokaliseren op actieve X-chromosoom), en een gebied van het X-chromosoom, die zichtbaar als lokaliseren s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Gecombineerde DNA-RNA-TL<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie (FISH) aan X-chromosoom inactivatie studeren in Gedifferentieerde vrouwelijke muis embryonale stamcellen

Fluorescente in situ hybridisatie (FISH) maakt de detectie van nucleïnezuren in hun eigen omgeving binnen cellen. We beschrijven hier een protocol voor gecombineerde, gelijktijdige detectie van RNA en DNA door middel van FISH, die kan worden gebruikt om X-chromosoom inactivatie in muis embryonale stamcellen.

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in ...

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Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Unit 2

Studying DNA and RNA

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Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Zebravis hele Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisatie

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

Fluorescentie In situ Hybridisatie (FISH) Protocol in menselijk sperma

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

Isolation and Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Germinal Cells

Isolatie en Afleiding van muis embryonale cellen Germinal

The ability of embryonic germinal cells (EG) to differentiate into primordial germinal cells (PGCs) and later into gametes during early developmental ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Hele Mount<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie van E8.5 aan E11.5 muis embryo&#39;s

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Reprogramming Human Somatic Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells iPSCs Using Retroviral Vector with GFP

Herprogrammeren menselijke somatische cellen in geïnduceerde pluripotente stamcellen (iPSCs) Met behulp van retrovirale vector met GFP

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are pluripotent and an invaluable cellular sources for in vitro disease modeling and regenerative medicine1. It has ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

Detectie van virale RNA door fluorescentie<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie (FISH)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Analyse van de Single-cell gentranscriptie door RNA TL<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosoom repliceren Timing In combinatie met TL-<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Hele Mount RNA TL<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridisatie van<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embryo&#39;s

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

Gecombineerd Immunofluorescentie en DNA FISH op 3D-bewaarde interfase kernen aan veranderingen in 3D Nuclear Organisatie Studie

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes  on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA  FISH) represents the ...