Name: analysis of the epithelial damage produced by entamoeba histolytica infection
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the Institute of Science and Technology of the Federal District (ICyTDF, 64/2012 to EO) and the Mexican Council for Science and Technology (Conacyt, 179895 to MS).

1. Creazione e mantenimento di E. Culture histolytica <ol><li> Crescere in condizioni asettiche (completamente libero di tutti gli altri organismi contaminanti) 1 x 10 5 trofozoiti di Entamoeba histolytica ceppo HML: IMSS clonare un 18 a 16 x 125 mm tubi di coltura con teflon tappi a vite marittimo di linea (o 1 x 10 6 trofozoiti in un usa e getta T- 25 beuta) e 15 ml (o 50 ml in T-25 pallone) di TYI-S-33 medio (TYI brodo supplementato con 3% Diamante vitamin...

<ol>
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Trends Parasitol. 21, 5-7 (2005).</li><li>Ocadiz, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EhCP112+is+an+Entamoeba+histolytica+secreted+cysteine+protease+that+may+be+involved+in+the+parasite-virulence.">EhCP112 is an Entamoeba histolytica secreted cysteine protease that may be involved in the parasite-virulence.</a> Cell Microbiol. 7, 221-232 (2005).</li><li>Sajid, M., McKerrow, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cysteine+proteases+of+parasitic+organisms.">Cysteine proteases of parasitic organisms.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 120, 1-21 (2002).</li><li>Betanzos, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EhCPADH112+complex+of+Entamoeba+histolytica+interacts+with+tight+junction+proteins+occludin+and+claudin-1+to+produce+epithelial+damage.">The EhCPADH112 complex of Entamoeba histolytica interacts with tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 to produce epithelial damage.</a> PLoS One. 8, (2013).</li><li>Lauwaet, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteinase+inhibitors+TPCK+and+TLCK+prevent+Entamoeba+histolytica+induced+disturbance+of+tight+junctions+and+microvilli+in+enteric+cell+layers+in+vitro.">Proteinase inhibitors TPCK and TLCK prevent Entamoeba histolytica induced disturbance of tight junctions and microvilli in enteric cell layers in vitro.</a> Int J Parasitol. 34, 785-794 (2004).</li><li>Leroy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contact-dependent+transfer+of+the+galactose-specific+lectin+of+Entamoeba+histolytica+to+the+lateral+surface+of+enterocytes+in+culture.">Contact-dependent transfer of the galactose-specific lectin of Entamoeba histolytica to the lateral surface of enterocytes in culture.</a> Infect Immun. 63, 4253-4260 (1995).</li><li>Leroy, A., Lauwaet, T., De Bruyne, G., Cornelissen, M., Mareel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+disturbs+the+tight+junction+complex+in+human+enteric+T84+cell+layers.">Entamoeba histolytica disturbs the tight junction complex in human enteric T84 cell layers.</a> FASEB J. 14, 1139-1146 (2000).</li><li>Leroy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disturbance+of+tight+junctions+by+Entamoeba+histolytica:+resistant+vertebrate+cell+types+and+incompetent+trophozoites.">Disturbance of tight junctions by Entamoeba histolytica: resistant vertebrate cell types and incompetent trophozoites.</a> Arch Med Res. 31, (2000).</li><li>Lauwaet, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+trophozoites+transfer+lipophosphopeptidoglycans+to+enteric+cell+layers.">Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites transfer lipophosphopeptidoglycans to enteric cell layers.</a> Int J Parasitol. 34, 549-556 (2004).</li><li>Kissoon-Singh, V., Moreau, F., Trusevych, E., Chadee, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entamoeba+histolytica+Exacerbates+Epithelial+Tight+Junction+Permeability+and+Proinflammatory+Responses+in+Muc2(-/-)+Mice.">Entamoeba histolytica Exacerbates Epithelial Tight Junction Permeability and Proinflammatory Responses in Muc2(-/-) Mice.</a> Am J Pathol. 182, 852-865 (2013).</li><li>Lejeune, M., Moreau, F., Chadee, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prostaglandin+E2+produced+by+Entamoeba+histolytica+signals+via+EP4+receptor+and+alters+claudin-4+to+increase+ion+permeability+of+tight+junctions.">Prostaglandin E2 produced by Entamoeba histolytica signals via EP4 receptor and alters claudin-4 to increase ion permeability of tight junctions.</a> Am J Pathol. 179, 807-818 (2011).</li><li>Orozco, M. 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Per studiare in vitro le interazioni ospite-patogeno in corso di infezione da E. epiteliale histolytica, è fondamentale lavorare con le culture consolidate di entrambe le cellule epiteliali e trofozoiti. Ad esempio, in passato, E. culture histolytica erano stati di solito stabiliti in associazione con alcune specie di batteri o trypanosomatids 22,23. Tuttavia, co-coltivazione di E. culture histolytica è controproducente per lo studio de...

Entamoeba histolytica è un singolo protozoo responsabile della amebiasi umana, un&#39;infezione intestinale delle cellule causando infiammazione e diarrea. E. histolytica infetta fino a 50 milioni di persone ogni anno, ma solo circa il 10% delle persone infette sviluppano i sintomi associati a amebiasi 1. L&#39;infezione avviene per ingestione di alimenti contaminati o acqua contenente E. cisti histolytica. Nell&#39;intestino, cisti producono trofozoiti vivi che aderiscono al colon mucina e proliferano 2. Trofozoiti di solito si formano le cisti che vengono escreti con feci. In altri casi e per ragioni ancora sconosciute, trofozoiti rompere lo strato epiteliale intestinale e invadono i tessuti sottostanti. Nel peggiore dei casi, entrano nel flusso sanguigno e colpiscono altri organi come il fegato 3. Rompere la barriera epiteliale richiede interruzione di strutture transmembranal epiteliali che mantengono le cellule unite. Cellule epitelialicontatti sono formati dal complesso giunzionale apicale costituito stretto (TJ) e adherens giunzioni (AJ), e desmosomi 4. Le giunzioni più apicali sono TJ, e quindi, sono la prima barriera offeso da E. histolytica e di alcuni altri agenti patogeni durante l&#39;invasione host. TJ sono costituiti da recettori di adesione transmembranal come claudine, occludina e molecole di adesione giunzionale (JAM), che si impegnano in interazioni eterofili omo-o con i recettori della cellula vicina. Sono intracellulare vincolati da molecole impalcatura delle occludere zonula (SO) della famiglia che collegano recettori di adesione al citoscheletro di actina per fornire ulteriore resistenza meccanica all&#39;epitelio. TJ sono responsabili per sigillare tessuto intestinale dal lume intestinale, impedendo all&#39;acqua eccessiva e perdita soluto. Così, dopo TJ sono interrotti dal parassita, i tessuti sono invase. E. histolytica secerne diverse molecole quali: (i) quelli coinvolti nella adesione di amebe a targcellule et 5; (Ii) fattori membrana attiva partecipano uccisione delle cellule ospiti per esocitosi, per esempio, i peptidi che formano canali ionici chiamati amoebapores 6,7; e (iii) proteinasi che degradano le proteine ​​della matrice extracellulare e mediano tessuto disintegrazione 5,8,9. La cisteina proteasi EhCP112 e la molecola di adesione EhADH112 che insieme formano il complesso EhCPADH112 sono due E. histolytica virulenza proteine ​​che svolgono un ruolo importante nello smontaggio di TJ 10. Trofozoiti vivi, loro lisati totali e prodotti secreti inducono cambiamenti molecolari nel TJ complesso e funzionale disturbo della barriera epiteliale. In questo studio, è dimostrato che EhCP112 e EhADH112 interagiscono con occludina e claudin-1 proteine ​​che portano alla internalizzazione e la degradazione delle proteine ​​cellulari, facilitando così E. ingresso histolytica attraverso la via paracellulare. I nostri dati e quelli of altri gruppi di 11-17 suggeriscono con forza la necessità di interazioni ospite-patogeno specifiche che consentono parassita invasione. Svelare le basi molecolari di queste interazioni è della massima importanza per una migliore comprensione della patogenesi amebiasi. Disturbo selettivo di TJ da trofozoiti, caratterizzate da un aumento della permeabilità paracellulare, può essere misurata da una diminuzione della resistenza elettrica transepiteliale (TER). Il trasferimento delle proteine ​​parassite verso epiteli ospitanti può essere determinato da immunofluorescenza e microscopia confocale, un metodo che può anche rivelare co-localizzazione di fattori di virulenza amebe con marcatori epiteliali giunzionale indicano possibili interazioni dirette. In questo articolo, descriviamo in dettaglio come le cellule epiteliali e trofozoiti sono coltivati, raccolti e manipolati per esaminare le interazioni ospite-patogeno e le loro conseguenze.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS, Clone A&#160;</td>
			<td>IMSS Hospital, Mexico</td>
			<td>Without/number</td>
			<td>Virulent trophozoites18&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td rowspan="8">TYI broth</td>
			<td rowspan="8">Becton, Dickinson and Company 
			Merck 
			Merck 
			Merck 
			J.T. Baker 
			Reproquifin 
			SIGMA-Aldrich 
			SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
			<td rowspan="8">211862 
			K35625437 626 
			21578 
			4873 
			3252-01 
			CAS 50-81-7 
			C7880 
			F-5879</td>
			<td rowspan="8">3.45% BBL Biosate peptone 
			58 mM glucose 
			39 mM NaCl 
			5 mM KH2PO4 
			6.5 mM K2HPO4 
			16.3 mM ascorbic acid 
			8.1 mM L-cysteine 
			&#160;0.1 mM ferric ammonium citrate, adjust pH 6.819</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum adult</td>
			<td>Microlab , Labs., Mex.</td>
			<td>SU146</td>
			<td>Use at 10% and inactivated to 56&#176; C for 30 min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond&#160; vitamin&#160; mixture- Tween 80</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>SR-07</td>
			<td>Use at 3%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin&#160;</td>
			<td>Lakeside,&#160; M&#233;x.</td>
			<td>34564SSA IV</td>
			<td>0.5 IU/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Lakeside,&#160; M&#233;x.</td>
			<td>75757SSA IV</td>
			<td>35 &#181;g/ mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyrex 15 mL screw cap culture tubes with PTFE lined phenolic caps</td>
			<td>Corning-Pyrex</td>
			<td>9826-16X</td>
			<td>16x125 mm, capacity 15 mL and caps fabricated from special formula resistant to effects of temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plates, 6 Well</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td>Sterile plates, well diameter 34.8 mm and growth area 9.5 cm2.&#160; Rings on lid prevent cross-contamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>430168</td>
			<td>Canted neck flasks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) type I</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>CCL34</td>
			<td>Kidney epithelial cells grown between the 60th and 90th passage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>12800-017</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium with high glucose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonate Calf Serum</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>S-02</td>
			<td>Use at 10%.&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin mixture&#160;</td>
			<td>In vitro&#160;</td>
			<td>A-01</td>
			<td>Stock solution 10,000 U/&#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>AMSA</td>
			<td>398MJ94SSA IV</td>
			<td>Stock solution 100 IU/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin solution&#160;</td>
			<td>In vitro</td>
			<td>EN-005</td>
			<td>0.05% enzyme solution without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75cm2 cell culture flask</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>430720</td>
			<td>Canted neck flasks for trophozoite culture in TYI-S-33 medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transwell permeable supports</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3470</td>
			<td>0.4. &#181;m polyster membrane, 6.5 mm insert in 24 well plate, growth area 0.3 cm2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24 well cell culture dish&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning-Costar</td>
			<td>3524</td>
			<td>Clear polystyrene, treated for optimal cell attachment, sterilized by gamma radiation and certified non-pyrogenic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Mini</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11836 153 001</td>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail inhibits a broad spectrum of serine, cysteine and metallo-proteases. Final concentration 1 mM&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino) butane (E-64)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3132</td>
			<td>Cystein protease inhibitor, final concentration 40 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p&#945;ZO-1&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>402200</td>
			<td>IgG rabbit policlonal&#160; antibody&#160; against&#160; a synthetic peptide in the middle region of the ZO-1 human protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>m&#945;EhCPADH112</td>
			<td>Homemade antibody</td>
			<td>Without/ Number</td>
			<td>IgM mouse monoclonal antibody&#160; against&#160; 444-601 epitope located at C-terminal of EhCPADH11221,27</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-goat anti-mouse IgM</td>
			<td>Zymed</td>
			<td>62-6811</td>
			<td>Fluorescein isotiocyanate (FITC)-labelled goat anti-mouse secondary&#160; antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRITC- goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Zymed</td>
			<td>816114</td>
			<td>Tetramethyl-rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-labelled&#160; goat anti-rabbit IgG&#160; secondary antibody.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STX2 Electrode</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>102711</td>
			<td>Consists of a fixed pair of double electrodes, 4 mm wide and 1 mm thick. Each stick of the electrode pair contains a silver/silver-chloride pellet for measuring voltage and a silver electrode for passing current. For use with EVOM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EVOM epithelial voltohmmeter</td>
			<td>World Precision Instrument&#160;</td>
			<td>12111</td>
			<td>Use in resistance mode and maintain unplugged during TER measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neubauer chamber</td>
			<td>MEARIENFELD</td>
			<td>610610</td>
			<td>Hemocytometer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS_SP5_MO</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Without/number</td>
			<td>Laser confocal microscopy with Leica microsystems CMS Gmbh/leica Las af Lite/BIN software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Mounting medium for fluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#180;, 6-diamino-2-phenylindole (Dapi)</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D-9542</td>
			<td>0.05 mM final concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>US Biological</td>
			<td>A-1310</td>
			<td>0.5%&#160; final concentration for blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of the epithelial damage produced by entamoeba histolytica infection

Entamoeba histolytica è l&#39;agente eziologico di amebiasi umana, una delle principali cause di diarrea e di ascesso epatico nei paesi tropicali. L&#39;infezione è avviata da interazione del patogeno con le cellule epiteliali intestinali. Questa interazione porta alla rottura delle strutture intercellulari come giunzioni strette (TJ). TJ assicurare la chiusura dello strato epiteliale per separare tessuto ospite dal lume intestinale. Recenti studi forniscono prove che la rottura del TJ dalla proteina EhCPADH112 parassita è un prerequisito per E. invasione histolytica che è accompagnato da disfunzione della barriera epiteliale. Pertanto, l&#39;analisi dei meccanismi molecolari coinvolti nella TJ smontaggio durante E. histolytica invasione è di fondamentale importanza per migliorare la nostra comprensione della patogenesi amebiasi. Questo articolo presenta un modello semplice che consente la valutazione delle interazioni iniziali ospite-patogeno e il potenziale parassita invasione. I parametri da analizzare sono transepithelial resistenza elettrica, l&#39;interazione di EhCPADH112 con i recettori di superficie epiteliali, cambiamenti di espressione e la localizzazione di marcatori giunzionale epiteliali e la localizzazione delle molecole del parassita all&#39;interno delle cellule epiteliali.

Per un E. successo cultura histolytica, due importanti condizioni devono essere soddisfatte: la crescita in condizioni axeniche e raccolto in fase logaritmica. In precedenza, colture di E. histolytica erano facilmente stabilita in associazione con alcune specie di batteri o trypanosomatids 22. Tuttavia, al giorno d&#39;oggi è comune avere la coltivazione axenic di questo parassita che significa un subcoltivazione indefinito di amebe in un ambiente privo di batteri che metabolizzano...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection at JoVE.com

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

L&#39;infezione umana da Entamoeba histolytica porta ad amebiasi, una delle principali cause di diarrea nei paesi tropicali. L&#39;infezione è avviata da patogeno con cellule epiteliali intestinali, provocando l&#39;apertura dei contatti cellula-cellula e di conseguenza diarrea, a volte seguita da infezione fegato. Questo articolo fornisce un modello per valutare le interazioni primi ospite-patogeno per migliorare la nostra comprensione della patogenesi amebiasi.

Analisi del danno epiteliale Prodotto da<em&gt; Entamoeba histolytica</em&gt; Infezione

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis, a major cause of diarrhea and hepatic abscess in tropical countries. Infection is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Analysis of the Epithelial Damage Produced by Entamoeba histolytica Infection

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 (Ehmeth) Enzyme

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme

Test in vitro Metilazione tRNA con l&#39;Entamoeba histolytica del DNA e Dnmt2 tRNA metiltransferasi (Ehmeth) Enzyme

Protozoan parasites are among the most devastating infectious agents of humans responsible for a variety of diseases including amebiasis, which is one of ...

Ricerca

Immunologia e infezioni

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Sviluppo di un marcatore negativo selezionabile per Entamoeba histolytica</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

Application of a Mouse Ligated Peyer&#x2019;s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Application of a Mouse Ligated PeyerÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Patch Intestinal Loop Assay to Evaluate Bacterial Uptake by M cells

Applicazione di un mouse legatura Patch Peyer Assay intestinale Loop per valutare assorbimento da parte delle cellule batteriche M

The inside of our gut is inhabited with enormous number of commensal bacteria. The mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed ...

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

A seguito di Cell-destino<em&gt; E. coli</em&gt; Dopo l&#39;infezione da fago lambda

The system comprising bacteriophage (phage) lambda and the bacterium E. coli has long served as a paradigm for cell-fate determination1,2. Following the ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Flusso Isolamento citometrica di primari murini di tipo II cellule alveolari epiteliali per gli studi funzionali e molecolari

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Analysis of the Solvent Accessibility of Cysteine Residues on Maize rayado fino virus Virus-like Particles Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants and Cross-linking of Peptides to VLPs

Analysis of the Solvent Accessibility of Cysteine Residues on Maize rayado fino virus Virus-like Particles Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants and Cross-linking of Peptides to VLPs

Analisi della accessibilità al solvente dei residui di cisteina in<em&gt; Mais Rayado Fino virus</em&gt; Particelle virus-simili Prodotto in<em&gt; Nicotiana benthamiana</em&gt; Piante e Cross-linking di peptidi a VLP

Mimicking  and exploiting virus properties and physicochemical and physical  characteristics holds promise to provide solutions to some of  the world's ...

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Capsular Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae by Latex Agglutination

Capsulare Sierotipizzazione di<em&gt; Streptococcus pneumoniae</em&gt; Da agglutinazione al lattice

Latex agglutination reagents are widely used in microbial diagnosis, identification and serotyping. Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is a major ...

Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH

Analisi rapida di aberrazioni cromosomiche in linfociti B mouse da PNA-FISH

Defective DNA repair leads to increased genomic instability, which is the root cause of mutations that lead to tumorigenesis. Analysis of the frequency ...

Use of the Soft-agar Overlay Technique to Screen for Bacterially Produced Inhibitory Compounds

L&#39;utilizzo della tecnica di sovrapposizione Soft-agar per lo screening composti inibitori bacterially Prodotto

The soft-agar overlay technique was originally developed over 70 years ago and has been widely used in several areas of microbiological research, ...

Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

Ca2 + risposte di imaging durante l'infezione delle cellule epiteliali Shigella

Ca2+ is a ubiquitous ion involved in all known cellular processes. While global Ca2+ responses may affect cell fate, local variations in free Ca2+ ...