Name: a protocol to infect caenorhabditis elegans with salmonella typhimurium
Uploaded: 2014-06-26T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium at JoVE.com

Vi takker Dr. Diane Baronas-Lowell for kritisk læsning af manuskriptet. Dette arbejde blev støttet af en FAU Charles E. Schmidt College of Science Seed Grant og en aldrende stipendium fra Ellison Medical Foundation til KJ

1. XLD (Xylose lysin desoxycholat) agarplader XLD agar er et selektivt vækstmedium for Salmonella, der vises som sorte kolonier på XLD agarplader. Men hvis der ikke er nogen bekymring for forurening, en regelmæssig LB-plade kan være substitueret. <ol><li> Afvejes 5,5 g XLD agar og resuspender i 5 ml deioniseret vand. </li><li> Bland grundigt, indtil al agar er våd. Tilføj 95 ml deioniseret vand, indtil alle klumper er væk, og mediet er helt resuspenderet. </li><li> Kog medi...

<ol>
	<li>Riddle, D. L., Blumenthal, T., Meyer, B. J., Priess, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> C. elegans II. , (1997).</li><li>Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The Genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 77, 71-94 (1974).</li><li>Aballay, A., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans+as+a+host+for+the+study+of+host-pathogen+interactions.">Caenorhabditis elegans as a host for the study of host-pathogen interactions.</a> Curr Opin Microbiol. 5, 97-101 (2002).</li><li>Kurz, C. L., Ewbank, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans:+an+emerging+genetic+model+for+the+study+of+innate+immunity.">Caenorhabditis elegans: an emerging genetic model for the study of innate immunity.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 4, 380-390 (2003).</li><li>Mylonakis, E., Aballay, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Worms+and+flies+as+genetically+tractable+animal+models+to+study+host-pathogen+interactions.">Worms and flies as genetically tractable animal models to study host-pathogen interactions.</a> Infection and Immunity. 73, 3833-3841 (2005).</li><li>Ford, M. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+descriptive+study+of+human+Salmonella+serotype+typhimurium+infections+reported+in+Ontario+from+1990+to+1997.">A descriptive study of human Salmonella serotype typhimurium infections reported in Ontario from 1990 to 1997.</a> Can J Infect Dis. 14, 267-273 (2003).</li><li>Voetsch, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoodNet+estimate+of+the+burden+of+illness+caused+by+nontyphoidal+Salmonella+infections+in+the+United+States.">FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 38 Suppl 3, (2004).</li><li>Aballay, A., Yorgey, P., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Salmonella+typhimurium+proliferates+and+establishes+a+persistent+infection+in+the+intestine+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Salmonella typhimurium proliferates and establishes a persistent infection in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Curr Biol. 10, 1539-1542 (2000).</li><li>Alegado, R. A., Tan, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+antimicrobial+peptides+contributes+to+persistence+of+Salmonella+typhimurium+in+the+C.+elegans+intestine.">Resistance to antimicrobial peptides contributes to persistence of Salmonella typhimurium in the C. elegans intestine.</a> Cell Microbiol. 10, 1259-1273 (2008).</li><li>Jia, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+genes+protect+against+Salmonella+typhimurium+infection+and+mediate+insulin+signaling-regulated+pathogen+resistance.">Autophagy genes protect against Salmonella typhimurium infection and mediate insulin signaling-regulated pathogen resistance.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106, 14564-14569 (2009).</li><li>Tenor, J. L., McCormick, B. A., Ausubel, F. M., Aballay, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caenorhabditis+elegans-based+screen+identifies+Salmonella+virulence+factors+required+for+conserved+host-pathogen+interactions.">Caenorhabditis elegans-based screen identifies Salmonella virulence factors required for conserved host-pathogen interactions.</a> Curr Biol. 14, 1018-1024 (2004).</li><li>Levine, B., Klionsky, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+by+self-digestion:+molecular+mechanisms+and+biological+functions+of+autophagy.">Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy.</a> Developmental Cell. 6, 463-477 (2004).</li><li>Birmingham, C. L., Smith, A. C., Bakowski, M. A., Yoshimori, T., Brumell, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+controls+Salmonella+infection+in+response+to+damage+to+the+Salmonella-containing+vacuole.">Autophagy controls Salmonella infection in response to damage to the Salmonella-containing vacuole.</a> J Biol Chem. 281, 11374-11383 (2006).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+C.+elegans+Sequencing+Consortium.+Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+C.+elegans:+a+platform+for+investigating+biology.">The C. elegans Sequencing Consortium. Genome sequence of the nematode C. elegans: a platform for investigating biology.</a> Science. 282, 2012-2018 (1998).</li><li>Fire, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 391, 806-811 (1998).</li><li>Kamath, R. S., Martinez-Campos, M., Zipperlen, P., Fraser, A. G., Ahringer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+specific+RNA-mediated+interference+through+ingested+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genome Biol. 2, 1-10 (2001).</li><li>Liang, J., Xiong, S., Savage-Dunn, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+RNA-mediated+interference+feeding+strategy+to+screen+for+genes+involved+in+body+size+regulation+in+the+nematode+C+elegans.">Using RNA-mediated interference feeding strategy to screen for genes involved in body size regulation in the nematode C elegans.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (72), (2013).</li><li>Fraser, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genomic+analysis+of+C.+elegans+chromosome+I+by+systematic+RNA+interference.">Functional genomic analysis of C. elegans chromosome I by systematic RNA interference.</a> Nature. 408, 325-330 (2000).</li><li>Stiernagle, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintenance+of+C.+elegans.">Maintenance of C. elegans.</a> WormBook: the online review of C elegans biology. , 1-11 (2006).</li><li>Aballay, A., Ausubel, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmed+cell+death+mediated+by+ced-3+and+ced-4+protects+Caenorhabditis+elegans+from+Salmonella+typhimurium-mediated+killing.">Programmed cell death mediated by ced-3 and ced-4 protects Caenorhabditis elegans from Salmonella typhimurium-mediated killing.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98, 2735-2739 (2001).</li><li>Melendez, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+genes+are+essential+for+dauer+development+and+lifespan+extension+in+C.+elegans.">Autophagy genes are essential for dauer development and lifespan extension in C. elegans.</a> Science. 301, 1387-1391 (2003).</li></ol>

C. elegans er en simpel genetisk model organisme, der spiser bakterier som sin næringskilde. Således er det nemt at sætte sin normale bakterielle mad med en tarm patogen til at undersøge samspillet mellem C. elegans og det valgte patogen. Heri beskrives en protokol er beskrevet at kombinere salmonellainfektion og C. elegans RNAi fodring behandling for at undersøge, hvilken rolle værtsgener i forsvaret mod Salmonella infektion. Tidligere infektion protokoller eksponere <...

Den fritlevende jord rundorm Caenorhabditis elegans er en enkel og genetisk medgørlig model organisme bruges til at studere mange biologiske spørgsmål. C. elegans findes overvejende som selvstændige befrugtende hermafroditter. Hanner spontant dannes af ikke-disjunktion af X-kromosomet under gametogenese 1,2. Ved tilstedeværelse af rigelig mad, C. elegans løbende at udvikle gennem fire larvestadier til voksen. Temperatur også indflydelse C. elegans udvikling; hurtigere udvikling er observeret ved højere temperaturer. I laboratoriet C. elegans er dyrkes ved en standard temperatur på 20 ° C på agarplader med seedede bakterie Escherichia coli (stamme OP50) som fødevarer 1,2. I det sidste årti, C. elegans har vist sig som en hvirvelløse organisme for at studere vært-patogen interaktioner 3-5. I naturen C. elegans spiser bakterier sin nutrient kilde 1,2. Dens normale bakterielle laboratorium mad, OP50, let kan erstattes med andre patogener til at undersøge samspillet mellem C. elegans og helst valgt patogen. Under disse betingelser, tarmen er det primære sted for infektionen. Faktisk har vist en bred vifte af bakterielle patogener, letalt inficere C. elegans 3-5. Gram-negative bakterie Salmonella er en gastrointestinal patogen, der forårsager menneskelig fødevarebåren sygdom på verdensplan 6,7. C. elegans er en god model vært for Salmonella typhimurium, da denne bakterie replikater og udviser vedvarende tarminfektioner 8-10. C. elegans er blevet anvendt til at identificere både hidtil ukendt og tidligere kendt Salmonella virulensfaktorer 11. Interessant C. elegans immunsystemet succes begrænser Salmonella replikation. Det er blevet rapporteret tidligere at inhibition af autophagy gener gør øget Salmonella replikation i C. elegans, hvilket resulterer i tidlig død af inficerede orme 10. Macroautophagy (herefter kaldet autophagy) er en dynamisk proces, der involverer omlægning af subcellulære membraner til at udskille cytoplasma og organeller til levering til lysosomet for nedbrydningen 12. Autophagy er blevet rapporteret at begrænse Salmonella replikation i C. elegans og pattedyr 10,13. C. elegans genomet var det første flercellede eukaryote genom sekventeret; det er lydhør over for RNAi behandling 14-16. Desuden kan RNAi administreres effektivt ved at udsætte orme at indtage bakterier indeholdende dobbeltstrenget RNA af målgenet, kaldet RNAi fodring 16,17. Hele genomet RNAi fodring biblioteker er blevet genereret for genom-dækkende RNAi screening 16,18. Heri en salmonellainfektion protocol kobles med RNAi fodring at tillade test C. elegans gener af interesse for deres evne til at beskytte mod Salmonella infektion.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="621">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LB Broth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP9723-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XLD agar</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>1.05287.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>DF0140-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Peptone</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP1420-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>C69-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">IPTG</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>12481C50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cholesterol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C8667-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>BP1760-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Salmonella typhimurium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC14028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dish 95 x 15mm</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>FB0875714G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Petri Dish 60 x 15mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>08-757-13A&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Serological pipet</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-668-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon Express Pipet-Aid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-675-42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MaxQ6000 shaking incubator&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>SHKE6000-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Incubator</td>
			<td>Percival</td>
			<td>I-36DL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol to infect caenorhabditis elegans with salmonella typhimurium

I det sidste årti, C. elegans er opstået som et invertebrat organisme for at studere samspillet mellem værter og patogener, herunder værtens forsvar mod gram-negativ bakterie Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella etablerer vedvarende infektion i tarmen C. elegans og resulterer i tidlig død af inficerede dyr. Der er identificeret en række immunitetsstandarder mekanismer i C. elegans at forsvare sig mod Salmonella-infektioner. Autophagy en evolutionært bevaret lysosomale nedbrydningsvej, har vist sig at begrænse Salmonella replikation i C. elegans og pattedyr. Her er en protokol beskrevet at inficere C. elegans med Salmonella typhimurium, hvor ormene udsættes for Salmonella i en begrænset tid, svarende til salmonellainfektion hos mennesker. Salmonella infektion betydeligt forkorter levetiden for C. elegans &lt;/ Em&gt;. Brug af afgørende autofagi genet BEC-1 som et eksempel, kombinerede vi denne infektion metode med C. elegans RNAi fodring tilgang og viste denne protokol kan bruges til at undersøge funktionen af C. elegans værtsgener i forsvaret mod Salmonella infektion. Da C. elegans hele genomet RNAi biblioteker er tilgængelige, protokollen gør det muligt at foretage omfattende screene for C. elegans gener, der beskytter mod salmonella og andre tarmpatogener hjælp genom-dækkende RNAi biblioteker.

Ved 20 ° C, den mediane levetid vildtype N2 orme er 17 dag (figur 2a og tabel 2). Salmonella infektion signifikant nedsætter medianen levetid N2 orme til 10,5 dage (p = 0,0002, log-rank test) (figur 2A ). Hvis en C. elegans genet spiller en vigtig rolle i forsvaret mod Salmonella infektion, forventes det, at dens hæmning vil give modtagelighed for salmonellainfektion. I virkeligheden, i forhold til ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium at JoVE.com

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

En protokol til at inficere<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Med<em&gt; Salmonella typhimurium</em

C. elegans har vist sig som en ny genetisk model til at studere vært-patogen interaktioner. Her beskriver vi en protokol til at inficere C. elegans med Salmonella typhimurium kombineret med den dobbelt-strenget RNAi interferens teknik til at undersøge, hvilken rolle værtsgener i forsvaret mod Salmonella infektion.

In the last decade, C. elegans has emerged as an invertebrate organism to study interactions between hosts and pathogens, including the host defense ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

A Protocol to Infect Caenorhabditis elegans with Salmonella typhimurium

An Allelotyping PCR for Identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium

An Allelotyping PCR for Identifying Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis, Hadar, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium

Current commercial PCRs tests for identifying Salmonella target genes unique to this genus.  However, there are two species, six subspecies, and over ...

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

High-throughput Assay to Phenotype Salmonella enterica Typhimurium Association, Invasion, and Replication in Macrophages

Højkapacitetsforskning Assay til Fænotype<em&gt; Salmonella enterica</em&gt; Typhimurium Association, Invasion, og replikering i makrofager

Salmonella species are zoonotic pathogens and leading causes of food borne illnesses in humans and livestock1. Understanding the mechanisms underlying ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Isolering af Salmonella typhimurium-indeholdende Phagosomes fra makrofager

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

A Facile Protocol to Generate Site-Specifically Acetylated Proteins in Escherichia Coli

En letkøbt protokol til at generere Site-Specifically acetyleret proteiner i Escherichia Coli

Post-translational modifications that occur at specific positions of proteins have been shown to play important roles in a variety of cellular processes. ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

En høj overførselshastighed Platform for Screening af Salmonella spp. /Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Evaluating Virulence and Pathogenesis of Aeromonas Infection in a Caenorhabditis elegans Model

Evaluering af virulens og patogenese af Aeromonas infektion i en Caenorhabditis elegans Model

The human pathogen Aeromonas has been clinically shown to cause gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and urinary tract infections. Most human ...

Application of Consistent Massage-Like Perturbations on Mouse Calves and Monitoring the Resulting Intramuscular Pressure Changes

Anvendelse af konsekvente massage lignende forstyrrelser på muse kalve og overvågning af de resulterende intramuskulære trykændringer

Massage is generally recognized to be beneficial for relieving pain and inflammation. Although previous studies have reported anti-inflammatory effects of ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Ved hjælp af human induceret pluripotente stamceller-afledte tarm Organoider til at studere og ændre epitelial cellebeskyttelse mod salmonella og andre patogener

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...

Chronic Salmonella Infection Induced Intestinal Fibrosis

Kronisk salmonella infektion induceret tarm fibrose

Tissue fibrosis characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix such as collagen is the outcome of persistent inflammation and ...

NF-&#954;B-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

NF-ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ÂºB-dependent Luciferase Activation and Quantification of Gene Expression in Salmonella Infected Tissue Culture Cells

NF-κB-afhængig luciferase aktivering og kvantificering af genekspression i salmonella inficerede vævskultur celler

The dimeric transcription factor NF-&#954;B regulates many cellular response pathways, including inflammatory pathways by inducing the expression of ...