Name: cortical source analysis of high-density eeg recordings in children
Uploaded: 2014-06-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children at JoVE.com

我们要感谢教授约翰·理查兹，南卡罗来纳大学，授予我们访问发育的MRI数据库和有益的讨论。我们还要感谢我们的资助者大奥蒙德街儿童慈善，伦敦大学学院的影响及大挑战。

儿童1。设计脑电图与事件相关电位实验注：一个简单的实验是专为这篇文章可用于研究人脸处理幼儿的目的。下面的章节将描述实验，并解释如何利用MATLAB R2012b和Psychtoolbox V3.0.11 23,24来实现它。被用于这个例子从NimStim组情绪面部表情25拍摄的照片。根据要求这种刺激是一套可用于研究目的（ <a href="http://www.macbrain.org/resources.htm">http://www.macbrain.org/resources.htm</a> ?...

<ol>
	<li>Michel, C. M., Murray, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+utilization+of+EEG+as+a+brain+imaging+tool.">Towards the utilization of EEG as a brain imaging tool.</a> NeuroImage. 61 (2), 371-385 (2012).</li><li>Brodbeck, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+microstates+of+wakefulness+and+NREM+sleep.">EEG microstates of wakefulness and NREM sleep.</a> NeuroImage. 62 (3), 2129-2139 (2012).</li><li>Sanchez, C. E., Richards, J. E., Almli, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-specific+MRI+templates+for+pediatric+neuroimaging.">Age-specific MRI templates for pediatric neuroimaging.</a> Developmental Neuropsychology. 37 (5), 379-399 (2012).</li><li>Umutlu, L., Ladd, M. E., Forsting, M., Lauenstein, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=7+Tesla+MR+Imaging:+Opportunities+and+Challenges.">7 Tesla MR Imaging: Opportunities and Challenges.</a> RoFo : Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Rontgenstrahlen und der Nuklearmedizin. 186 (2), 121-129 (2014).</li><li>Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bold+claims+for+optogenetics.">Bold claims for optogenetics.</a> Nature. 468 (7323), (2010).</li><li>Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+we+can+do+and+what+we+cannot+do+with+fMRI.">What we can do and what we cannot do with fMRI.</a> Nature. 453 (7197), 869-878 (2008).</li><li>Roche-Labarbe, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+electroencephalography+and+source+localization+in+neonates.">High-resolution electroencephalography and source localization in neonates.</a> Human Brain Mapping. 29 (2), 167-176 (2008).</li><li>Johnson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+Specialization:+A+domain-general+framework+for+human+functional+brain+development.">Interactive Specialization: A domain-general framework for human functional brain development.</a> Developmental cognitive neuroscience. 1, 7-21 (2010).</li><li>Nelson, C. A., McCleery, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Event-Related+Potentials+in+the+Study+of+Typical+and+Atypical+Development.">Use of Event-Related Potentials in the Study of Typical and Atypical Development.</a> Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry. 47 (11), (2008).</li><li>Michel, C. M., Murray, M. M., Lantz, G., Gonzalez, S., Spinelli, L., Grave de Peralta, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+source+imaging.">EEG source imaging.</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 115 (10), 2195-2222 (2004).</li><li>Bathelt, J., O'Reilly, H., Clayden, J. D., Cross, J. H., de Haan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+brain+network+organisation+of+children+between+2+and+5years+derived+from+reconstructed+activity+of+cortical+sources+of+high-density+EEG+recordings.">Functional brain network organisation of children between 2 and 5years derived from reconstructed activity of cortical sources of high-density EEG recordings.</a> NeuroImage. 82, 595-604 (2013).</li><li>David, O., Cosmelli, D., Friston, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+different+measures+of+functional+connectivity+using+a+neural+mass+model.">Evaluation of different measures of functional connectivity using a neural mass model.</a> NeuroImage. 21 (2), 659-673 (2004).</li><li>Grech, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+on+solving+the+inverse+problem+in+EEG+source+analysis.">Review on solving the inverse problem in EEG source analysis.</a> Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 5 (1), 25 (2008).</li><li>Wendel, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG/MEG+source+imaging:+methods,+challenges,+and+open+issues.">EEG/MEG source imaging: methods, challenges, and open issues.</a> Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2009, 13 (2009).</li><li>Richards, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localizing+cortical+sources+of+event-related+potentials+in+infants'+covert+orienting.">Localizing cortical sources of event-related potentials in infants' covert orienting.</a> Developmental Science. 8 (3), 255-278 (2005).</li><li>Hauk, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keep+it+simple:+a+case+for+using+classical+minimum+norm+estimation+in+the+analysis+of+EEG+and+MEG+data.">Keep it simple: a case for using classical minimum norm estimation in the analysis of EEG and MEG data.</a> NeuroImage. 21 (4), 1612-1621 (2004).</li><li>Pascual-Marqui, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+resolution+brain+electromagnetic+tomography+(LORETA)+functional+imaging+in+acute,+neuroleptic-naive,+first-episode,+productive+schizophrenia.">Low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) functional imaging in acute, neuroleptic-naive, first-episode, productive schizophrenia.</a> Psychiatry Research. 90 (3), 169-179 (1999).</li><li>Pascual-Marqui, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+low-resolution+brain+electromagnetic+tomography+(sLORETA):+technical+details.+Methods+and+findings+in+experimental+and+clinical+pharmacology.">Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology.</a> 24 Suppl D. , 5-12 (2002).</li><li>Phillips, C., Rugg, M. D., Friston, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+regularization+of+linear+inverse+solutions+of+the+EEG+source+localization+problem.">Systematic regularization of linear inverse solutions of the EEG source localization problem.</a> NeuroImage. 17 (1), 287-301 (2002).</li><li>Yao, J., Dewald, J. P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+different+cortical+source+localization+methods+using+simulated+and+experimental+EEG+data.">Evaluation of different cortical source localization methods using simulated and experimental EEG data.</a> NeuroImage. 25 (2), 369-382 (2005).</li><li>Tandonnet, C., Burle, B., Hasbroucq, T., Vidal, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+enhancement+of+EEG+traces+by+surface+Laplacian+estimation:+Comparison+between+local+and+global+methods.">Spatial enhancement of EEG traces by surface Laplacian estimation: Comparison between local and global methods.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 116 (1), 18-24 (2005).</li><li>Tenke, C. E., Kayser, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generator+localization+by+current+source+density+(CSD):+implications+of+volume+conduction+and+field+closure+at+intracranial+and+scalp+resolutions.">Generator localization by current source density (CSD): implications of volume conduction and field closure at intracranial and scalp resolutions.</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 123 (12), 2328-2345 (2012).</li><li>Brainard, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+psychophysics+toolbox.">The psychophysics toolbox.</a> Spatial vision. , (1997).</li><li>Kleiner, M., Brainard, D., Pelli, D., Ingling, A., Murray, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What's+new+in+Psychtoolbox-3.">What's new in Psychtoolbox-3.</a> Perception. , (2007).</li><li>Tottenham, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+NimStim+set+of+facial+expressions:+judgments+from+untrained+research+participants.">The NimStim set of facial expressions: judgments from untrained research participants.</a> Psychiatry Research. 168 (3), 242-249 (2009).</li><li>Chaste, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjusting+head+circumference+for+covariates+in+autism:+Clinical+correlates+of+a+highly+heritable+continuous+trait.">Adjusting head circumference for covariates in autism: Clinical correlates of a highly heritable continuous trait.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 74 (8), 576-584 (2013).</li><li>Delorme, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEGLAB,+SIFT,+NFT,+BCILAB,+and+ERICA:+New+tools+for+advanced+EEG+processing.">EEGLAB, SIFT, NFT, BCILAB, and ERICA: New tools for advanced EEG processing.</a> Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2011, 130714 (2011).</li><li>Nolan, H., Whelan, R., Reilly, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FASTER:+Fully+Automated+Statistical+Thresholding+for+EEG+artifact+Rejection.">FASTER: Fully Automated Statistical Thresholding for EEG artifact Rejection.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 192 (1), 152-162 (2010).</li><li>Kilner, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bias+in+a+common+EEG+and+MEG+statistical+analysis+and+how+to+avoid+it.">Bias in a common EEG and MEG statistical analysis and how to avoid it.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. , (2013).</li><li>DeBoer, T., Scott, L. S., Nelson, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=12+ERPs+in+Developmental+Populations.">12 ERPs in Developmental Populations.</a> Event-related Potentials: A. , (2005).</li><li>Sanchez, C. E., Richards, J. E., Almli, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodevelopmental+MRI+brain+templates+for+children+from+2+weeks+to+4+years+of+age.">Neurodevelopmental MRI brain templates for children from 2 weeks to 4 years of age.</a> Developmental Psychobiology. 54 (1), 77-91 (2011).</li><li>Tadel, F., Baillet, S., Mosher, J. C., Pantazis, D., Leahy, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brainstorm:+A+user-friendly+application+for+MEG/EEG+analysis.">Brainstorm: A user-friendly application for MEG/EEG analysis.</a> Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. 2011, 879716 (2011).</li><li>Haan, M., Johnson, M. H., Halit, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+face-sensitive+event-related+potentials+during+infancy:+a+review.">Development of face-sensitive event-related potentials during infancy: a review.</a> International Journal of Psychophysiology. 51, 45-58 (2003).</li><li>Earp, B. D., Everett, J. A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+the+N170+face+specific?+Controversy,+context,+and+theory.">Is the N170 face specific? Controversy, context, and theory.</a> Neuropsychological Trends. 13 (1), 7-26 (2013).</li><li>Taylor, M. J., McCarthy, G., Saliba, E., Degiovanni, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERP+evidence+of+developmental+changes+in+processing+of+faces.">ERP evidence of developmental changes in processing of faces.</a> Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 110 (5), 910-915 (1999).</li><li>Ment, L. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+brain+volume+changes+in+preterm+and+term+control+subjects+during+late+childhood+and+adolescence.">Longitudinal brain volume changes in preterm and term control subjects during late childhood and adolescence.</a> PEDIATRICS. 123 (2), 503-511 (2009).</li><li>Courchesne, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impairment+in+shifting+attention+in+autistic+and+cerebellar+patients.">Impairment in shifting attention in autistic and cerebellar patients.</a> Behavioral Neuroscience. 108 (5), 848-865 (1994).</li><li>Litvak, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+and+MEG+data+analysis+in+SPM8.">EEG and MEG data analysis in SPM8.</a> Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience. (2011), (2011).</li><li>Daunizeau, J., David, O., Stephan, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+causal+modelling:+A+critical+review+of+the+biophysical+and+statistical+foundations.">Dynamic causal modelling: A critical review of the biophysical and statistical foundations.</a> NeuroImage. 58 (2), 312-322 (2011).</li></ol>

本文章介绍了高密度的脑电图为根据年龄适当的平均MRI模板和深度加权最小模估计在一个标准的ERP模式适合儿童使用的重建边界元模型皮质发电机的记录和分析。在这个范例中，面孔和炒面孔的照片呈现。不同的作者用这种模式来探讨人脸处理机制在开发35的发展。在渠道层面，在右侧枕颞渠道更负偏差的描述为面条件的炒脸上的条件。地形，延迟和响应特性都与N170组件34一致。?...

美国总统奥巴马所描述的人类大脑的科学发现与高度重视对健康和经济3（http://www.whitehouse.gov/share/brain-initiative）的下一个前沿领域。然而，像在自然科学的其他领域，神经科学依赖于方法和分析技术的进步进步。在大约在人类脑功能研究两种常用的非侵入性工具是磁共振成像（MRI）和脑电图（EEG）。这些工具利用不同的物理属性，并提供不同的见解与独特的优点和缺点大脑功能。 MRI使用的磁场内的水分子的磁特性，得到生物体组织的图像。受试者需要被放置在具有高磁场强度的磁体。在这个过程中参与者的运动受到限制，参与者必须容忍造成的磁快速变化的噪声场。除了结构图像，核磁共振也提供了衡量改变血液氧合研究脑功能成像（fMRI）的可能性。综上所述，MRI可提供高达0.5 立方毫米与现代高科技领域的扫描仪和优化参数4相对较高的空间分辨率。与此相反，功能磁共振成像的时间分辨率是有限的BOLD响应，其中仅间接反映神经活动5,6的高时间动态的慢动力学。 另一方面，脑电图测量通过放置在头皮上的电极所造成的神经元活性的改变的电活动。在脑电图技术的最新进展允许快速和方便的应用传感器的短期或长期的，固定的，以及动态的录音。因为脑电图的限制较少，它也是首选的某些参与者群体不容忍MRI环境中以及类似的方法儿科和某些老人科及精神科的人群。脑电图的特性显示出逆图案的那些核磁共振：时间分辨率是非常高的精确到毫秒，但其空间分辨率是有限的。电电流通过不同组织中的发电机和EEG电极之间的头皮的表面上。这导致混合并称为容积传导效应源活动的空间拖尾现象。因此，通过在电极上的头皮的表面上测得的活性反映了来自这可能是遥远的电极上的头1,7的位置多个源活性。 近年来大量的工作一直致力于MRI和脑电图的合并，以发挥各自的长处。工作的一号线是专门为同时采集脑电图和MRI的功能研究。另一种方法是使用由结构的MRI提供的空间信息来采取的卷C的账户onduction效果通过生物物理建模。对于脑电图记录的源重建利用结构信息是涉及儿童人群的研究特别有用。脑功能的发展的调查是了解如何复杂的认知技能是建立在简单的前体8顶。 这些调查有助于突出变化的神经基质和反应特性与变化，行为表现相关。但是，在开发过程中脑功能和认知的调查也带来了特殊的挑战。尤其是，这个机会对于功能性磁共振成像研究有限，因为让小孩和婴儿要么是睡着了还是镇静获得的MRI数据，而无需移动文物和参与者身心健康的负面影响。此外，脑电图是由父母，这让研究参与者的招聘更容易被认为是风险小，微创。 Ŧherefore，脑电图是首选幼儿大脑功能的许多调查的方法。在脑电图系统方法论的进步使高密度电极阵列具有128个或更多的渠道分钟内的应用。易于应用及穿着的舒适性是足够的，甚至允许脑电记录中最年轻的婴儿。然而，很多研究人员也不能只关心响应特定刺激的时空动态，也想比较介导的反应的神经基础。 在比较不同年龄组通道电平的ERP分析的普遍假设是相同的神经反应底物，但该时间或响应幅度的跨时代9有所不同。类似头皮地形经常被用来作为类似相关的神经活动的指标。然而，许多不同的源的配置可能会导致类似的头皮地形10。通过应用源估计，这uncertainty可以减小和量化。观测值的独立性是对脑功能的网络帐户的关键：如果源混合时，相关性会偏向更高的本地连接。源重建可应用于减少这种偏差11。可替换地，可以用于连接分析在定时和相位的差异，但这些数学模型要求是很难在非模拟的数据12，以评估假设。综上所述，源估计提供了额外的信息，以建立在有关解剖学和组织的生物物理特性通道水平脑电图和ERP分析。 不同的算法已经制订找到解决逆问题。这些算法大致可分为两类：参数和非参数13。参数模型假定一个或多个偶极子，可能在位置，方向和强度有所不同。与此相反，非参数模型含有多种呐大量偶极子与固定的位置和方向。在这些模型中，头皮电活动被解释为激活的在固定偶极子10,13,14的组合。非参数，分布源模型可以建立在有关解剖学和电导率在不同介质中。边界元模型结合电导率值的头部与不同的炮弹对大脑，脑脊髓液，和颅骨的主要组织。这是基于这样的假设电导率为每个隔间内大多不变，但显着的变化发生在不同的隔室的边界。有限元模型基础上，进一步细分MR扫描成灰质和白质，使电导率值可以分配给每个像素15。 在实际应用中，非参数化模型是用于重建源特别有用的复杂认知任务，其中所涉及的区域的数量可不知道10。边界元模型是最广泛使用于目前的文献，可能是因为更准确的有限元模型构成比较高的计算需求。此外，还有在灰质和白质相当大的个体间变异，使前端模块，应根据个人的MRI扫描。 非参数化模型需要匹配的头皮测定活性的正向模型的预测的第二步骤。再次，不同的方法具有不同的优点和缺点已经在文献中讨论的（参见Michel 等人，2004年为一个概观）。最广泛使用的算法是基于最小范数估计（MNE），其中头皮测量活动相匹配，以最低的总强度16的正向模型中的电流分布。跨国公司偏向疲弱和肤浅的来源。深度加权跨国公司算法试图通过引入权重降低表面偏置基于数学假设10矩阵。被广泛使用的LORETA方法也是基于加权跨国公司，但另外减少源的拉普拉斯算子，从而导致更顺畅的解决方案17,18。 LORETA已被发现表现最佳的单一来源的模拟研究19,20。然而，LORETA可能会导致过度的解决方案的平滑。深度加权MNE优选当来源是未知的或多个源可能是存在13，16。比较不同算法的结果来评估不同的模型假设的影响，建议。 综上所述，通过建模方法来源重建一直局限于儿童，直到最近。这是因为大多数脑电信号分析软件基于成人解剖，大大限制了孩子2,8源码解决方案的准确性依赖于头部模型。廉价获得的计算能力和提供源重建用户友好的软件使其能够克服这些限制。应用源估计到脑电提供基于单独通道水平的观察分析以上两个重要的优点：提高了空间分辨率和观测独立性。 源估计可能不翔实在某些情况下：头的良好覆盖，需要区分来源。具有128或更多个电极的高密度系统被推荐10,15;一个稀疏的覆盖面将作为一个空间滤波器导致更广泛的传播源的激活或假阴性结果10。此外，根据本文所述的方法源重建已被发现的皮质发电机。因此，不太适合约皮层下基底或皮质皮质下的相互作用假设检验。最后，源代码分析，应根据有关皮质基底详细的事先假设，同时现有的文献从其他成像方式考虑。空间滤波技术也可用于通过降低头皮上的电平的空间混合，以改善脑电图信号的空间分辨率。替代方法来减少无头造型容积传导效应的影响被使用， 例如 ，拉普拉斯滤波21或电流源密度分析22。但是，这些方法不提供有关神经发生源的详细信息，如体积传导效应不仅局限于传感器紧密的空间接近1。 在下面的章节中，本文介绍了如何为实验和脑在2岁以下的儿童认知功能的调查是在伦敦婴儿实验室设计的。接着，脑电图数据采集与孩子高密度低阻抗系统进行了讨论。然后，脑电图预处理和分析上的声道电平提出。 LastlY，本文侧重于结构MRI数据皮质来源的重建和源电平信号的分析处理。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1256">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:473px;">High-density EEG sensor net (128 or 256 channels)</td>
			<td style="width:448px;">HydroCel Geodesic Sensor Net 128</td>
			<td style="width:247px;">Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td>
			<td style="width:88px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EEG high impendance amplifier</td>
			<td>NetAmps 200</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Data Acquisition Computer&#160;</td>
			<td>PowerMac G4</td>
			<td>Apple Inc, California, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stimulus Presentation Computer</td>
			<td>Optiplex 745</td>
			<td>Dell Computers Inc., Texas, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stimulus Presentation Software</td>
			<td>Matlab R2012b with PsychToolBox</td>
			<td>Brainard et al. 1997</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EEG recording software</td>
			<td>NetStation 4.5.1</td>
			<td>Electrical Geodesic Inc., Oregon, US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EEG analysis software</td>
			<td>Matlab R2012b</td>
			<td>The Mathworks Inc.,&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td>EEGLAB</td>
			<td>Delorme et al. 2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td>BrainStorm</td>
			<td>Sylvain et al. 2001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MRI processing software</td>
			<td>FreeSurfer</td>
			<td>Fischl et al. 2004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td>OpenMEEG</td>
			<td>Gramfort et al. 2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">References</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Delorme, A., &#38; Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9&#8211;21.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylvain, B., John, C., Dimitrios, P., &#38; Richard, M. (2011). Brainstorm: A User-Friendly Application for MEG/EEG Analysis. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2011, 1&#8211;13.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="3" height="21" style="height:21px;">Fischl, B., Van Der Kouwe, A., Destrieux, C., Halgren, E., S&#233;gonne, F., Salat, D. H., et al. (2004). Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 14(1), 11&#8211;22.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;">Gramfort, A., Papadopoulo, T., Olivi, E., &#38; Clerc, M. (2010). OpenMEEG: opensource software for quasistatic bioelectromagnetics. BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 9(1), 45. doi:10.1186/1475-925X-9-45</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Brainard, D. H. (1997). The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial vision.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cortical source analysis of high-density eeg recordings in children

脑电图是传统描述为具有高时间和低空间分辨率的影像学技术。在生物物理建模和信号处理的最新进展使人们有可能利用从类似结构的MRI能够提供高空间分辨率来克服这个限制1其他成像方式的信息。这对于那些需要高解析度的时间和空间域的研究特别有用。此外，由于应用方便和脑电图记录的成本低，脑电图往往是首选的方法，与人群，如幼儿，不容忍功能性磁共振成像扫描工作顺利。然而，为了调查哪些神经基础是从结构的MRI介入，解剖信息还是需要的。大多数脑电图分析软件包与基于成人解剖学标准头型号。这些模型用于儿童时的精确度是有限的2，因为合作mposition和头部的空间构型组织中的变化较显着的发展。3。 在本文中，我们提供基于单个结构MRI扫描或特定年龄头部模型重建高密度的脑电图皮质发电机在利用头部模型我们近期工作的概述。本文介绍如何脑电图记录被收购，加工，并与儿童人群在伦敦婴儿实验室，包括实验室的设置，任务设计，脑电图预处理，MRI检查处理，和EEG通道的水平和来源分析分析。

设计的ERP实验婴儿和儿童往往是具有挑战性的，因为他们的能力有限忍受长期反复的实验30。当实验者计划申请源的重建，因为准确的来源重建将需要高信噪比1， 图1显示了一个实验性协议，可以用非常年幼的儿童使用面处理机制，调查这个问题进一步恶化。该模式适用于a）在刺激呈现减少眨眼和眼球运动，因为孩子会少一些能够控制眼球运动比成年志?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children at JoVE.com

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

高密度的脑电图记录在儿童的皮质来源分析

近年来，出现了在估计头皮测量电活动的认知神经科学实验的皮质来源的兴趣日渐浓厚。本文介绍了如何高密度脑电图是从2岁在伦敦婴儿实验室采集和录音如何处理孩子的皮质来源的估计。

EEG is traditionally described as a neuroimaging technique with high temporal and low spatial resolution. Recent advances in biophysical modelling and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Quantitative Assessment of Cortical Auditory-tactile Processing in Children with Disabilities

皮质听觉，触觉加工的残疾儿童定量评价

Objective and easy measurement of sensory processing is extremely difficult in nonverbal or vulnerable pediatric patients. We developed a new methodology ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

测试儿童的感官和多感官功能自闭症谱系障碍

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Automatic Detection of Highly Organized Theta Oscillations in the Murine EEG

高度组织的Theta振荡在鼠脑的自动检测

Theta activity is generated in the septohippocampal system and can be recorded using deep intrahippocampal electrodes and implantable ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œ Working Memory CABC-WM

评估儿童工作记忆：儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

Classical Short-Delay Eyeblink Conditioning in One-Year-Old Children

经典短时滞上只是一眨眼在一岁儿童中的调节作用

Classical eyeblink conditioning (EBC) refers to the learned association between a conditioned stimulus (an auditory tone) and an unconditioned stimulus (a ...

An Electrophysiology Protocol to Measure Reward Anticipation and Processing in Children

儿童奖励预期与处理的电生理学协议

We present a protocol designed to measure the neural correlates of reward in children. The protocol allows researchers to measure both reward anticipation ...