Name: application of two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae for plant-pest interaction studies
Uploaded: 2014-07-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies at JoVE.com

This project was funded by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute (OGI-046), and Ontario Research Fund&#8211;Global Leadership in Genomics and Life Sciences GL2-01-035 (to M.G. and V.G.). T.V.L. is a postdoctoral fellow of the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO).

1，维护了叶螨种群的注：蜘蛛螨饲养加州红芸豆（ 菜豆 ）。 <ol><li>种植豆类植物的种子从2-3周前为患。 </li><li>与受侵染植物混用这些植物;成螨会迅速拓殖新鲜的植物材料。 </li><li>删除旧的侵染豆科植物每隔7-10天，用新鲜的植物取代。 </li></ol> 2，收集成年女性螨<ol><li>使用洗涤方法收集螨<ol><li>为了收集螨虫，放置一个新鲜的豆科植物与植物侵?...

<ol>
	<li>Jeppson, L. R., Keifer, H. H., Baker, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mites injurious to economic plants. , (1975).</li><li>Migeon, A., Dorkeld, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spider+Mites+Web:+a+comprehensive+database+for+the+Tetranychidae.">Spider Mites Web: a comprehensive database for the Tetranychidae.</a> http://www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/spmweb. , (2013).</li><li>Croft, B. A., Vandebaan, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ecological+and+Genetic-Factors+Influencing+Evolution+of+Pesticide+Resistance+in+Tetranychid+and+Phytoseiid+Mites.">Ecological and Genetic-Factors Influencing Evolution of Pesticide Resistance in Tetranychid and Phytoseiid Mites.</a> Exp Appl Acarol. 4, 277-300 (1988).</li><li>Van Leeuwen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+heteroplasmy+and+the+evolution+of+insecticide+resistance:+Non-Mendelian+inheritance+in+action.">Mitochondrial heteroplasmy and the evolution of insecticide resistance: Non-Mendelian inheritance in action.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105, 5980-5985 (2008).</li><li>Van Leeuwen, T., Vontas, J., Tsagkarakou, A., Dermauw, W., Tirry, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acaricide+resistance+mechanisms+in+the+two-spotted+spider+mite+Tetranychus+urticae+and+other+important+Acari:+A+review.">Acaricide resistance mechanisms in the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and other important Acari: A review.</a> Insect Biochem Molec. 40, 563-572 (2010).</li><li>Dermauw, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cys-loop+ligand-gated+ion+channel+gene+family+of+Tetranychus+urticae:+Implications+for+acaricide+toxicology+and+a+novel+mutation+associated+with+abamectin+resistance.">The cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel gene family of Tetranychus urticae: Implications for acaricide toxicology and a novel mutation associated with abamectin resistance.</a> Insect Biochem Molec. 42, 455-465 (2012).</li><li>Van Leeuwen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population+bulk+segregant+mapping+uncovers+resistance+mutations+and+the+mode+of+action+of+a+chitin+synthesis+inhibitor+in+arthropods.">Population bulk segregant mapping uncovers resistance mutations and the mode of action of a chitin synthesis inhibitor in arthropods.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109, 4407-4412 (2012).</li><li>Dearden, P. K., Donly, C., Grbic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+pair-rule+gene+homologues+in+a+chelicerate:+early+patterning+of+the+two-spotted+spider+mite+Tetranychus+urticae.">Expression of pair-rule gene homologues in a chelicerate: early patterning of the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae.</a> Development. 129, 5461-5472 (2002).</li><li>Khila, A., Grbic, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+silencing+in+the+spider+mite+Tetranychus+urticae:+dsRNA+and+siRNA+parental+silencing+of+the+Distal-less+gene.">Gene silencing in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae: dsRNA and siRNA parental silencing of the Distal-less gene.</a> Development genes and evolution. 217, 241-251 (2007).</li><li>Grbic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mity+model:+Tetranychus+urticae,+a+candidate+for+chelicerate+model+organism.">Mity model: Tetranychus urticae, a candidate for chelicerate model organism.</a> BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. 29, 489-496 (2007).</li><li>Grbic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genome+of+Tetranychus+urticae+reveals+herbivorous+pest+adaptations.">The genome of Tetranychus urticae reveals herbivorous pest adaptations.</a> Nature. 479, 487-492 (2011).</li><li>Kliebenstein, D., Pedersen, D., Barker, B., Mitchell-Olds, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+quantitative+trait+loci+controlling+glucosinolates,+myrosinase+and+insect+resistance+in+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Comparative analysis of quantitative trait loci controlling glucosinolates, myrosinase and insect resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> Genetics. 161, 325-332 (2002).</li><li>Abe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Function+of+jasmonate+in+response+and+tolerance+of+Arabidopsis+to+thrip+feeding.">Function of jasmonate in response and tolerance of Arabidopsis to thrip feeding.</a> Plant &amp; cell physiology. 49, 68-80 (2008).</li><li>Whiteman, N. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mining+the+plant-herbivore+interface+with+a+leafmining+Drosophila+of+Arabidopsis.">Mining the plant-herbivore interface with a leafmining Drosophila of Arabidopsis.</a> Molecular ecology. 20, 995-1014 (2011).</li><li>Goodspeed, D., Chehab, E. W., Min-Venditti, A., Braam, J., Covington, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+synchronizes+jasmonate-mediated+defense+with+insect+circadian+behavior.">Arabidopsis synchronizes jasmonate-mediated defense with insect circadian behavior.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 4674-4677 (2012).</li><li>Kim, J. H., Lee, B. W., Schroeder, F. C., Jander, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+indole+glucosinolate+breakdown+products+with+antifeedant+effects+on+Myzus+persicae+(green+peach+aphid).">Identification of indole glucosinolate breakdown products with antifeedant effects on Myzus persicae (green peach aphid).</a> The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology. 54, 1015-1026 (2008).</li><li>Adio, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biosynthesis+and+defensive+function+of+Ndelta-acetylornithine,+a+jasmonate-induced+Arabidopsis+metabolite.">Biosynthesis and defensive function of Ndelta-acetylornithine, a jasmonate-induced Arabidopsis metabolite.</a> Plant Cell. 23, 3303-3318 (2011).</li><li>Li, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tomato+homolog+of+CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1+is+required+for+the+maternal+control+of+seed+maturation,+jasmonate-signaled+defense+responses,+and+glandular+trichome+development.">The tomato homolog of CORONATINE-INSENSITIVE1 is required for the maternal control of seed maturation, jasmonate-signaled defense responses, and glandular trichome development.</a> Plant Cell. 16, 126-143 (2004).</li><li>Kant, M. R., Ament, K., Sabelis, M. W., Haring, M. A., Schuurink, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+timing+of+spider+mite-induced+direct+and+indirect+defenses+in+tomato+plants.">Differential timing of spider mite-induced direct and indirect defenses in tomato plants.</a> Plant Physiol. 135, 483-495 (2004).</li><li>Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9, 671-675 (2012).</li></ol>

该视频演示了用于分离和侵扰的植物有大量的成年女性螨的协议。虽然我们使用甲。此协议芥 ，它可用于任何植物的叶螨相互作用系统，目前正在顺利也适用于番茄和葡萄（ 葡萄 ）的植物。该协议的产量可再现的结果，表明收集的螨虫是可比的生理状态（ 图3）。 虽然这些协议是简单的执行，有几个关键的步骤需要特别注意，因为它们会影?...

植物病虫害的相互作用具有重要的科学和经济重要性的话题。它使用两作物植物（如番茄）和模式植物，A.历史研究拟南芥 。在这两种情况下，植物虫害的易感性可以是食草动物后发作或间接地通过对害虫表现的评估测量直接通过植物的表型评估。 植物敏感性的直接测量以前用于使用各种方法的一些害虫种类。例如，鳞翅目幼虫取食被测量为所消耗的任小菜蛾 （小菜蛾）或粉纹夜蛾 （卷心菜尺蠖），用肉眼与电网12的帮助下植物组织的部分的估计。还有，也有利用的叶损害与随后的定量图像分析的数字成像方法。这种方法是在使用A.研究与西花蓟马 （西花蓟马）13，Scaptomyza黄花 （叶采果蝇）14和T拟南芥互动妮 15。 植物易感性间接测量被广泛应用于植物病虫害的互动研究。例如，易感A的拟南芥对桃蚜桃蚜取食通常是通过害虫产卵量和互动16,17后植物的大体形态的描述，分析评估。 A的另一个典型的间接指标拟南芥敏感性害虫是草食动物的干或湿重评估。这个参数是常用来表征取食lepidoterans，如菜粉蝶 （白色小），P.小菜蛾 ，或T。妮在其幼虫或蛹的阶段15,17。 红蜘蛛是细胞铁含量eders。螨虫引起的损伤是公认的褪绿斑点，颜色从白色到浅绿色的集合。植物宿主红蜘蛛虫食的易感性先前评估或者间接地通过对红蜘蛛性能日内进行分析后虫蛀18,19，或直接使用的植物星期后虫蛀18的大体形态，或使用数字树叶的成像曝光几天螨与随后的自动图像分析19。这些方法被开发并用于番茄植株和T之间的相互作用的研究螨，和通常使用少量的蜘蛛螨（5-15每处理）从混合螨种群收集和使用软毛刷被放置在叶片表面上。然而，这些方法不适合于研究，其中需要更大数目的螨虫被应用。此外，在叶片图像直接处理在图像分析软件如Adobe Photoshop（圣何塞，加利福尼亚州）的ImageJ或20可用于番茄损伤分析中，这些协议需要修改以适用于具有表面反射率大于或浅色的并且具有高度可见的毛状体（叶片例如 ， 拟南芥 ）上自动选择褪绿斑，标志着植物伤害干扰。此外，可与以前的方法很容易地利用蜘蛛螨的发育阶段被限制在最普遍的和易于识别的成年女性和排除利用其他发育阶段。 对植物叶螨相互作用的高通量分析的第一个关键步骤是建立可重复的，简单的和可靠的协议，挑战与植物叶螨和可靠的评估互动的结果。 在这段视频中，可快速方便地收集大量图片的有效方法成年女性螨的误码率，他们的实验植物宿主和植物造成的损害红蜘蛛喂养评估上的应用进行了描述。所提出的协议可实现快速和有效地收集数百人在任何发育阶段（卵，幼虫，若虫，成年男性和女性），可以用于后续的实验应用。此外，这些协议可以被应用到任何螨宿主植物，但在A的情况下是特别展示拟南芥 。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1157">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Plant material:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">California red kidney bean</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Stokes, Thorold, ON, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Two week old, well infested with spider mites two or three days before use. Other cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Chemicals:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">P9416</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">1% stock solution is prepared to simplify aliquoting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Tap water</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">At room temperature, heat- and cold-shock affect mite survival rate and peformance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td colspan="4" height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Other materials and equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Plastic tray</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Set of scissors</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">2 L beakers</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Paper towels</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Sets of sieves</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Manufactured in house</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Detailed instructions are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Thin brush</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Pipettes</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Pipette tips</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">0.2 and 1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">1.5 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Air pump</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Aquarium type pump with inverted air flow. Vacuum line can be used. Required pressure drop is approx. 2-4 psi</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Stereoscope</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Scanner</td>
			<td>Epson</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">V30</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Any flatbed scanner allowing necessary degree of control over scan quality. We use Epson V30 for our experiments.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:231px;">Computer</td>
			<td>Any supplier</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">NA</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Windows or OS X PC which is compatible with scanner hardware and Adobe Photoshop software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:231px;">Adobe Photoshop software</td>
			<td style="width:275px;">Adobe Systems Inc., San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">various</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Any version with Histogram tool included.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

application of two-spotted spider mite tetranychus urticae for plant-pest interaction studies

二斑叶螨， 二斑叶螨 ，是一种普遍存在的多食性节肢动物食草动物，饲料是一个非常广泛的物种阵列，拥有超过150经济价值上。它是温室作物的主要害虫，特别是在茄科和葫芦科 （ 例如 ，西红柿，茄子，辣椒，黄瓜，西葫芦）和温室观赏植物（ 如玫瑰，菊花，康乃馨），年大田作物（如玉米，棉花，大豆，糖用甜菜），和多年生栽培（苜蓿，草莓，葡萄，柑橘，和李子）1,2。除了 ​​极端的polyphagy，使得它的一个重要农业害虫，T。螨有一种倾向，产生耐药性了用于其控制3-7杀虫剂和杀螨剂的广泛。 T.螨是一个很好的实验生物，因为它有一个快速的生命周期（7天，27°C）并且能够容易地维持在高密度在实验室。的方法来测定基因表达（包括原位杂交和抗体染色）和失活的利用RNA干扰红蜘蛛内源基因的表达已开发8-10。近日，T的全基因组序列螨有报道，创造了一个机会发展这种害虫草食动物作为模式生物与已经在一些寄主植物（ 拟南芥和番茄茄lycopersicum）11的存在相当于基因组资源。总之，这些模式生物可以提供深入了解植物害虫相互作用的分子基础。 在这里，可快速方便地收集了大量的成年女性螨，他们的实验厂主机上的应用程序，和植物造成的损害红蜘蛛喂养评估的有效方法进行了描述。所提出的协议连接埃布尔斯快速和有效地收集数百人在任何发育阶段（卵，幼虫，若虫，成年男性和女性），可以用于后续的实验应用。

用20〜30出没的豆科植物，可以用筛子收集约2,000成年女性螨。侵扰10个工厂，每个工厂20螨所需要的时间大约是15分钟，如果用刷子转移螨虫。的收集和应用方法的组合示于图2。 该协议产生的植物的损害可重复的结果，表明收集的螨虫是相似的生理状态，适合于植物叶螨相互作用研究（ 图3 A）。评估协议的再现性，使用的洗涤方法，其中，20螨置于3?...

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Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

协议对红蜘蛛，实验植物的侵染和植物的损害评估的均匀样品的制备效率的要求，对植物病虫害的相互作用研究，开发。

二斑叶螨的应用<em&gt;二斑叶螨</em&gt;植物病虫害的相互作用研究

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, is a ubiquitous polyphagous arthropod herbivore that feeds on a remarkably broad array of species, with ...

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JoVE Journal

Environment

Application of Two-spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae for Plant-pest Interaction Studies

Physical, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Six Biochars Produced for the Remediation of Contaminated Sites

物理，化学和六Biochars生产的生物表征污染场地修复的

The physical and chemical properties of biochar vary based on feedstock sources and production conditions, making it possible to engineer biochars with ...

科研

环境科学

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

清洁取样和痕量金属研究河和河口水域分析

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

Remote Sensing Evaluation of Two-spotted Spider Mite Damage on Greenhouse Cotton

温室棉二斑叶螨危害的遥感评价

The objective of this study was to evaluate a ground-based multispectral optical sensor as a remote sensing tool to assess foliar damage caused by the ...

Modification and Application of a Leaf Blower-vac for Field Sampling of Arthropods

修改和叶鼓风机-VAC的节肢动物领域采样中的应用

Rice fields host a large diversity of arthropods, but investigating their population dynamics and interactions is challenging. Here we describe the ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

The Plant Infection Test: Spray and Wound-Mediated Inoculation with the Plant Pathogen Magnaporthe Grisea

植物感染试验: 以植物病原菌为载体的喷雾和伤口介导接种

Plants possess a powerful system to defend themselves against potential threats by pathogenic fungi. For agriculturally important plants, however, current ...

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

Rearing and Long-Term Maintenance of Eristalis tenax Hoverflies for Research Studies

研究性学习的Eristalis 管Hoverflies 的饲养和长期维护

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they are ...

Experimental Protocol for Examining Behavioral Response Profiles in Larval Fish: Application to the Neuro-stimulant Caffeine

检测幼虫行为反应剖面的实验协议: 在神经刺激咖啡因中的应用

Fish models and behaviors are increasingly used in the biomedical sciences; however, fish have long been the subject of ecological, physiological and ...

Generating Homo- and Heterografts Between Watermelon and Bottle Gourd for the Study of Cold-responsive MicroRNAs

西瓜与瓶装葫芦之间的同源和异种移植在冷反应微 rna 研究中的应用

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non-coding RNAs of about 20 - 24 nt, known to play important roles in plant development and adaptation. There is ...