Name: fabrication and implantation of miniature dual-element strain gages for measuring in vivo gastrointestinal contractions in rodents.
Uploaded: 2014-09-18T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents. at JoVE.com

Financiación de la investigación se recibió a través del Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares (NS049177 y NS087834). Los autores desean reconocer las contribuciones intelectuales de finales del Dr. Paul Bass y sus colegas en el diseño original de los calibradores de tensión; y Carol Tollefsrud para la fabricación y comercialización de los calibradores de tensión hasta que el cese de la producción en 2010, así como por su correspondencia perspicaz.

Todos los procedimientos que se siguen los Institutos Nacionales de Salud y fueron aprobados por el Comité de Cuidado y Uso de Animales institucional en el Hershey Colegio de Medicina de Penn State. Las ratas fueron alojadas usando prácticas de terrario comunes. Nota: Este protocolo utiliza ratas Wistar macho ≥8 semanas de edad y un peso de inicialmente 175 a 200 g. 1. Procedimientos de fabricación de Gage Strain <ol><li> La mayoría de herramientas y componentes siguen estando dispon...

<ol>
	<li>Szarka, L. A., Camilleri, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+for+measurement+of+gastric+motility.">Methods for measurement of gastric motility.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 296 (3), G461-G475 (2009).</li><li>Pascaud XB, F. A. U., Genton, M. J., Bass, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+miniature+transducer+for+recording+intestinal+motility+in+unrestrained+chronic+rats.">A miniature transducer for recording intestinal motility in unrestrained chronic rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. Gastrointest. Physiol. 4 (5), 532-538 (1978).</li><li>Gourcerol, G., Adelson, D. W., Million, M., Wang, L., Tache, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+gastric+motility+by+brain-gut+peptides+using+a+novel+non-invasive+miniaturized+pressure+transducer+method+in+anesthetized+rodents.">Modulation of gastric motility by brain-gut peptides using a novel non-invasive miniaturized pressure transducer method in anesthetized rodents.</a> Peptides. 32 (4), 737-746 (2011).</li><li>Am&#233;rico, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+ACB+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+as+a+biomagnetic+method+for+measuring+stomach+contraction.">Validation of ACB in vitro and in vivo as a biomagnetic method for measuring stomach contraction.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (12), 1340-1374 (2010).</li><li>Fujitsuka, N., Asakawa, A., Amitani, H., Fujimiya, M., Inui, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+Eighteen+-+Ghrelin+and+Gastrointestinal+Movement.">Chapter Eighteen - Ghrelin and Gastrointestinal Movement.</a> Ghrelin and Gastrointestinal Movement. , 289-301 (2012).</li><li>Monroe, M. J., Hornby, P. J., Partosoedarso, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+vagal+stimulation+evokes+gastric+volume+changes+in+mice:+a+novel+technique+using+a+miniaturized+barostat.">Central vagal stimulation evokes gastric volume changes in mice: a novel technique using a miniaturized barostat.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 16 (1), 5-11 (2004).</li><li>Herman, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+noradrenergic+transmission+at+the+dorsal+motor+nucleus+of+the+vagus+involved+in+reflex+control+of+fundus+tone.">Characterization of noradrenergic transmission at the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus involved in reflex control of fundus tone.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294 (3), 720-729 (2008).</li><li>Gondim, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+cervical+or+thoracic+spinal+cord+transections+delay+gastric+emptying+and+gastrointestinal+transit+of+liquid+in+awake+rats.">Complete cervical or thoracic spinal cord transections delay gastric emptying and gastrointestinal transit of liquid in awake rats.</a> Spinal Cord. 37 (11), 793-799 (1999).</li><li>Van Bree, S. H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+inflammation+with+enhanced+brain+activation+contributes+to+more+severe+delay+in+postoperative+ileus.">Systemic inflammation with enhanced brain activation contributes to more severe delay in postoperative ileus.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 25 (8), 540-549 (2013).</li><li>Qualls-Creekmore, E., Tong, M., Holmes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastric+emptying+of+enterally+administered+liquid+meal+in+conscious+rats+and+during+sustained+anaesthesia.">Gastric emptying of enterally administered liquid meal in conscious rats and during sustained anaesthesia.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (2), 181-185 (2010).</li><li>Qualls-Creekmore, E., Tong, M., Holmes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-course+of+recovery+of+gastric+emptying+and+motility+in+rats+with+experimental+spinal+cord+injury.">Time-course of recovery of gastric emptying and motility in rats with experimental spinal cord injury.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 22 (1), 62 (2010).</li><li>Choi, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+gastric+emptying+in+nonobese+diabetic+mice.">Determination of gastric emptying in nonobese diabetic mice.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 293 (5), G1039-G1045 (2007).</li><li>Adelson, D. W., Million, M., Kanamoto, K., Palanca, T., Tache, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinated+gastric+and+sphincter+motility+evoked+by+intravenous+CCK-8+as+monitored+by+ultrasonomicrometry+in+rats.">Coordinated gastric and sphincter motility evoked by intravenous CCK-8 as monitored by ultrasonomicrometry in rats.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 286 (2), G321-G332 (2004).</li><li>Xue, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+modulation+of+serotonergic,+cholinergic,+and+nitrergic+pathways+on+murine+fundic+size+and+compliance+measured+by+ultrasonomicrometry.">Effect of modulation of serotonergic, cholinergic, and nitrergic pathways on murine fundic size and compliance measured by ultrasonomicrometry.</a> Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 290 (1), G74-G82 (2005).</li><li>Bass, P., Wiley, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractile+force+transducer+for+recording+muscle+activity+in+unanesthetized+animals.">Contractile force transducer for recording muscle activity in unanesthetized animals.</a> J. Appl. Physiol. 32 (4), 567-570 (1972).</li><li>Holmes, G. M., Browning, K. N., Tong, M., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Travagli, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vagally+mediated+effects+of+glucagon-like+peptide+1:+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+gastric+actions.">Vagally mediated effects of glucagon-like peptide 1: in vitro and in vivo gastric actions.</a> J. Physiol. 587 (19), 4749-4759 (2009).</li><li>Tong, M., Qualls-Creekmore, E., Browning, K. N., Travagli, R. A., Holmes, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+spinal+cord+injury+in+rats+diminishes+vagally-mediated+gastric+responses+to+cholecystokinin-8s.">Experimental spinal cord injury in rats diminishes vagally-mediated gastric responses to cholecystokinin-8s.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 23 (2), e69-e79 (2011).</li><li>Miyano, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+vagus+nerve+in+the+migrating+motor+complex+and+ghrelin-+and+motilin-induced+gastric+contraction+in+suncus.">The role of the vagus nerve in the migrating motor complex and ghrelin- and motilin-induced gastric contraction in suncus.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (5), e64777 (2013).</li><li>Holmes, G. M., Rogers, R. C., Bresnahan, J. C., Beattie, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyrotropin-releasing+hormone+(TRH)+and+CNS+regulation+of+anorectal+motility+in+the+rat.">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and CNS regulation of anorectal motility in the rat.</a> J Auton. Nerv. Syst. 56, 8-14 (1995).</li><li>Ormsbee, H. S., Bass, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gastroduodenal+motor+gradients+in+the+dog+after+pyloroplasty.">Gastroduodenal motor gradients in the dog after pyloroplasty.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 230, 389-397 (1976).</li><li>Fukuda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+gastric+motor+activity+after+abdominal+surgery+in+rats.">Impaired gastric motor activity after abdominal surgery in rats.</a> Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 17 (2), 245-250 (2005).</li><li>Browning, K. N., Babic, T., Holmes, G. M., Swartz, E., Travagli, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+re-evaluation+of+the+specificity+of+action+of+perivagal+capsaicin.">A critical re-evaluation of the specificity of action of perivagal capsaicin.</a> J. Physiol. 591 (6), 1563-1580 (2013).</li></ol>

Los procedimientos presentados aquí permiten laboratorios individuales para fabricar bandas extensométricas en miniatura sensibles para aplicaciones biológicas, incluyendo, pero no limitado a, la motilidad gastrointestinal en pequeños animales de laboratorio. Desde la fabricación comercial de estos calibradores de tensión ha cesado, los laboratorios que investigan la función gastrointestinal se limitan a otras técnicas que pueden no permitir el rango completo de aplicaciones experimentales que están disponibles...

Los estudios experimentales que el historial (GI) la motilidad gastrointestinal vivo a través de una serie de condiciones experimentales en seguir siendo una herramienta poderosa para la comprensión de los procesos normales y fisiopatológicos subyacentes necesarios para la homeostasis de nutrientes. Tradicionalmente, numerosas metodologías experimentales, algunos con similitudes con los encontrados en la práctica clínica 1, han sido empleados para cuantificar directamente los cambios en la tasa de contracción GI 2-5, la presión intraluminal 6, 7, o el tránsito GI de marcadores no absorbibles 8, 9 o isótopos estables 10-12. Cada una de estas técnicas tiene ventajas y desventajas, las cuales han sido abordadas previamente en la literatura. Por ejemplo, la utilidad de la manometría globo para cuantificar los cambios de presión ha sido cuestionada debido a la inherente cumplimiento del material del globo mientras que la recuperación gastrointestinal de los marcadores no absorbibles requiere eutanasia el ánima experimentall para un solo punto de datos. Recientemente, la aplicación y validación de un catéter de presión arterial miniaturizado ha informado de que ofrece un método no quirúrgico para el control de la contractilidad gástrica en ratas y ratones 3. Mientras que un transductor de presión orogastrically colocado efectivamente elimina variables de confusión sobre la función gastrointestinal, evitando procedimientos quirúrgicos invasivos, este enfoque sólo es adecuado para las preparaciones anestesiados. Por otra parte, la falta de orientación visual no permite la colocación consistente del transductor dentro de regiones específicas del estómago. Como tal, esta aplicación se limita a la estómago o de colon desde la visualización, junto con el cable del transductor relativamente rígido, en el duodeno o íleon no es una opción. Del mismo modo, la corriente biosusceptometry técnica alternativa biomagnética (ACB) ha sido validado para el análisis de la contracción GI 4. Si bien la técnica ACB proporciona un AP no invasivaenfoque para la medición de las contracciones gastrointestinales, ACB sufre de una limitación similar en que el uso de medios de detección magnética ingerido no permite la grabación precisa de regiones específicas del tracto GI. Esta limitación se puede superar a través de la implantación quirúrgica de marcadores magnéticos. No obstante, la técnica ACB exige que el animal anestesiado para la recolección de datos. Ultrasonomicrometry se ha empleado en algunos estudios de GI 13, 14 con el fin de tomar ventaja de su pequeño tamaño, espaciales y temporales de ventajas piezoeléctricos transmisores / receptores de cristal. Las ondas de contracción del músculo liso gástrico no son un evento de alta frecuencia y se producen a una velocidad de aproximadamente 3 - 5 de ciclos / min. Por lo tanto, las ventajas temporales de sonomicrometría pueden ser innecesarios para justificar el costo. Además, mientras que el movimiento lineal se mide con precisión con sonomicrometría, se han presentado limitaciones respecto a los datos gastrointestinal precisainterpretación que pueda resultar de la implantación de un número insuficiente de cristales 14. Sobre la base de los diseños originales de Bass y colegas 2, 15 este protocolo visualizado documenta más plenamente la fabricación paso a paso y la aplicación experimental de miniatura, galgas extensométricas elemento duales que poseen alta sensibilidad y flexibilidad para el registro de las contracciones del músculo liso a lo largo de todo el GI tracto. Las dimensiones de los elementos de medida de deformación son adecuadas para cualquier aplicación de roedores desde la sensibilidad y el tamaño del medidor de deformación final son más dependientes de las láminas de silicona que encapsulan los elementos. Estos calibradores de tensión se adaptan fácilmente para la aplicación aguda y crónica en modelos animales de laboratorio anestesiados y comportarse libremente proporcionando de este modo una sola técnica para la cuantificación de las contracciones del músculo liso.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Strain gage element</td>
			<td>Micro-Measurements (Vishay Product Group)</td>
			<td>EA-06-031-350</td>
			<td>&#160;Linear pattern, foil, stress analysis strain gage (2 required) 
			<a href="http://www.vishaypg.com/micro-measurements/">www.vishaypg.com/micro-measurements/</a> 
			or 
			<a href="http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11070/031ce.pdf">http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11070/031ce.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>epoxy-phenolic adhesive</td>
			<td>M-bond 610</td>
			<td>General purpose adhesive for bonding strain gage elements</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf">http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 conductor insulated wire</td>
			<td>336-FTE</td>
			<td>Fine gage, flexible general purpose wire</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf">http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11024/wirecable.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flux and rosin solvent kit</td>
			<td>FAR-2 M-Flux AR kit</td>
			<td>Liquid solder flux</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf">http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solder</td>
			<td>361A-20R-25</td>
			<td>Optimized and recommended for strain gage applications</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf">http://www.vishaypg.com/docs/11023/soldacce.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold socket connector</td>
			<td>PlasticsOne</td>
			<td>E363/0</td>
			<td>Socket contact for electrode pedestal 
			<a href="http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=407">http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=407</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode pedestal</td>
			<td>MS363</td>
			<td>Secure platform for wire contacts</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=499">http://www.plastics1.com/PCR/Catalog/Item.php?item=499</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-wire cable</td>
			<td>363 PLUG W/VINYL SL/6</td>
			<td>Pre-fabricated vinyl-coated cable (in customized lengths) with plug adaptor to match electrode pedestal and tinned solder lugs on terminal end</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber casting compound</td>
			<td>EIS electrical products</td>
			<td>Elan Tron E211</td>
			<td>Potting medium for gage/wire solder joints 
			<a href="http://www.eis-inc.com/">http://www.eis-inc.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOTweezers</td>
			<td>Meisei Corporation</td>
			<td>Model 4B</td>
			<td>Wire insulation strippers 
			<a href="http://www.impexron.us/">http://www.impexron.us</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soldering station</td>
			<td>Weller (Apex Tool Group)</td>
			<td>WES 51</td>
			<td>High quality soldering equipment 
			<a href="http://www.apexhandtools.com/weller/index.cfm">http://www.apexhandtools.com/weller/index.cfm</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Available through http://www.eis-inc.com or http://www.amazon.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone sheet</td>
			<td>Trelleborg Sealing Solutions Northborough-Life Sciences</td>
			<td>Pharmelast 20-20</td>
			<td>Encapsulating strain gauge elements 
			10 B Forbes Road Northborough, MA 01532 (800) 634-2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amplifier</td>
			<td>Experimetria Ltd</td>
			<td>AMP-01-SG</td>
			<td> 
			<a href="http://experimetria.com/Biological_amplifiers.php">http://experimetria.com/Biological_amplifiers.php</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication and implantation of miniature dual-element strain gages for measuring in vivo gastrointestinal contractions in rodents.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, gastrointestinal (GI) motility in health and disease remains an area of productive research with over 1,400 published animal studies in just the last 5 years. Numerous techniques have been developed for quantifying smooth muscle activity of the stomach, small intestine, and colon. In vitro and ex vivo techniques offer powerful tools for mechanistic studies of GI function, but outside the context of the integrated systems inherent to an intact organism. Typically, measuring in vivo smooth muscle contractions of the stomach has involved an anesthetized preparation coupled with the introduction of a surgically placed pressure sensor, a static pressure load such as a mildly inflated balloon or by distending the stomach with fluid under barostatically-controlled feedback. Yet many of these approaches present unique disadvantages regarding both the interpretation of results as well as applicability for in vivo use in conscious experimental animal models. The use of dual element strain gages that have been affixed to the serosal surface of the GI tract has offered numerous experimental advantages, which may continue to outweigh the disadvantages. Since these gages are not commercially available, this video presentation provides a detailed, step-by-step guide to the fabrication of the current design of these gages. The strain gage described in this protocol is a design for recording gastric motility in rats. This design has been modified for recording smooth muscle activity along the entire GI tract and requires only subtle variation in the overall fabrication. Representative data from the entire GI tract are included as well as discussion of analysis methods, data interpretation and presentation.

Los datos representativos de una rata anestesiada tiobutabarbital-se muestran en la Figura 2. La traza superior representa las contracciones cuerpo gástrico de la rata durante la administración del tronco cerebral de hormona liberadora de tirotropina (TRH, 100 pmol), un conocido péptido motilidad de mejora 3, 19. Muestra contracciones de referencia anteriores al aumento de la actividad del músculo liso gástrico fásica. Nota: El análisis de estos picos en las contracciones gástricas si...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents. at JoVE.com

Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

The in vivo measurement of smooth muscle contractions along the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals remains a powerful, though underutilized, technique. Flexible, dual element strain gages are not commercially available and require fabrication. This protocol describes the construction of reliable, inexpensive strain gages for acute or chronic implantation in rodents.

Fabricación e Implantación de miniatura Galgas Extensiométricas Dual-elemento de medición<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Gastrointestinal contracciones en los roedores.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Indeed, gastrointestinal (GI) motility in health and disease remains an ...

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Fabrication and Implantation of Miniature Dual-element Strain Gages for Measuring In Vivo Gastrointestinal Contractions in Rodents.

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For over a hundred years, the histological study of tissues has been the gold standard for medical diagnosis because histology allows all cell types in ...

Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene Microelectrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording

Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene Microelectrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording

Fabricación de ti3C2 Matrizs de Microelectrodos MXene para Grabación Neuronal In Vivo

Implantable microelectrode technologies have been widely used to elucidate neural dynamics at the microscale to gain a deeper understanding of the neural ...

High Throughput Yeast Strain Phenotyping with Droplet-Based RNA Sequencing

Fenotipado de tensión de levadura de alto rendimiento con secuenciación de ARN basada en gotas

The powerful tools available to edit yeast genomes have made this microbe a valuable platform for engineering. While it is now possible to construct ...

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Medición de la cinemática del hombro 3D in vivo mediante videorradiografía biplanar

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, ...

A Micropatterning Assay for Measuring Cell Chirality

Un ensayo de micropatrones para medir la quiralidad celular

Chirality is an intrinsic cellular property, which depicts the asymmetry in terms of polarization along the left-right axis of the cell. As this unique ...