Name: from a 2de-gel spot to protein function: lesson learned from hs1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Uploaded: 2014-10-19T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

Vi takker lymfoide maligne sygdomme Unit, Elisa ti Häcken, Lydia Scarfo Massimo Alessio, Antonio Conti, Angela Bachi og Angela Cattaneo. Dette projekt blev støttet af: Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro AIRC (Investigator Grant og Special Program Molekylær Klinisk Onkologi - 5 promille # 9965) CS og BA designet undersøgelsen, udførte forsøgene, analyserede data og skrev manuskriptet. MTSB, UR, FBPR assisteret skriftligt manuskriptet. PG og FCC designet patienternes undersøgelse forudsat prøver og kliniske data.

BEMÆRK: Alle vævsprøver blev opnået med godkendelse af Institutional Review Board San Raffaele Hospital (Milano, Italien). 1. humane vævsprøver og Cell Oprensning (figur 1) BEMÆRK: leukæmiske lymfocytter blev opnået fra det perifere blod (PB) af CLL-patienter, diagnosticeret ifølge Mulligan m.fl. 9. 1.1) leukæmicellepopulationen Adskillelse fra PB <ol><li> Saml PB i vacutainer blodtagningsglas med Natrium...

<ol>
	<li>Caligaris-Cappio, F., Ghia, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+insights+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia:+are+we+getting+closer+to+understanding+the+pathogenesis+of+the+disease.">Novel insights in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: are we getting closer to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease.</a> J Clin Oncol. 26, 4497-4503 (2008).</li><li>Rawstron, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+B-cell+lymphocytosis+and+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> N Engl J Med. 359, 575-583 (2008).</li><li>Dagklis, A., Fazi, C., Scarfo, L., Apollonio, B., Ghia, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+B+lymphocytosis+in+the+general+population.">Monoclonal B lymphocytosis in the general population.</a> Leuk Lymphoma. 50, 490-492 (2009).</li><li>Fazi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+population+low-count+CLL-like+MBL+persists+over+time+without+clinical+progression,+although+carrying+the+same+cytogenetic+abnormalities+of+CLL.">General population low-count CLL-like MBL persists over time without clinical progression, although carrying the same cytogenetic abnormalities of CLL.</a> Blood. 118, 6618-6625 (2011).</li><li>Caligaris-Cappio, F., Bertilaccio, M. 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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ig+V+gene+mutation+status+and+CD38+expression+as+novel+prognostic+indicators+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Blood. 94, 1840-1847 (1999).</li><li>Lanham, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+signaling+via+surface+IgM+is+associated+with+VH+gene+mutational+status+and+CD38+expression+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Differential signaling via surface IgM is associated with VH gene mutational status and CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Blood. 101, 1087-1093 (2003).</li><li>Wiestner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZAP-70+expression+identifies+a+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia+subtype+with+unmutated+immunoglobulin+genes,+inferior+clinical+outcome,+and+distinct+gene+expression+profile.">ZAP-70 expression identifies a chronic lymphocytic leukemia subtype with unmutated immunoglobulin genes, inferior clinical outcome, and distinct gene expression profile.</a> Blood. 101, 4944-4951 (2003).</li><li>Mulligan, C. 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<html> Formålet med dette manuskript er at beskrive en optimeret protokol til identifikation af molekyler, der er involveret i patogenesen af CLL, også selv om denne fremgangsmåde kan udvides til andre sygdomme og / eller andre prøvetyper 16-18. Ved at sammenligne proteomik profiler af 2 undergrupper af CLL-patienter, god vs dårlig prognose 19, vi viste, at de adskiller sig i phosphorylering status HS1 og at dens aktivering påvirker migration og vedhæftning kapacitet leukæmiceller. ...

Kronisk lymfatisk leukæmi (CLL), den mest almindelige voksne leukæmi i de vestlige lande, stammer fra ophobning af monoklonale neoplastiske CD5- + B-lymfocytter og er klinisk meget heterogen. Det kan være til stede som en præ-leukæmisk form defineret som monoklonale B-celle lymfocytose (MBL) 1,2,3. I andre tilfælde kan sygdommen stå enten med en indolent klinisk forløb, der kan forblive stabilt i årevis, før brug for behandling, eller som en progressiv chemorefractory sygdom med dystre prognose trods behandling. Endelig kan det udvikle sig til en ofte dødelig høj kvalitet lymfom (Richters syndrom-RS) 2,3,4. Patienterne er normalt klassificeret i to undergrupper: gode og dårlige prognose, baseret på et sæt af prognostiske faktorer, der giver supplerende oplysninger om prædiktorer for sygdom prognose og overlevelse. Klinisk heterogenitet sandsynligvis afspejler biologiske heterogenitet. En række genetiske, microenvironmental og cellular faktorer har vist sig at tilslutte sygdom patogenese selv er blevet fundet 5 ingen samlende mekanismer. I detaljer, har flere undersøgelser vist, at forskelle i det kliniske forløb af sygdommen kan delvis forklares ved tilstedeværelsen (eller fraværet) af nogle biologiske markører, som har en prognostisk værdi 6,7,8. Disse data viste, at en bedre forståelse af sygdommen biologi kunne give yderligere hints til den kliniske behandling af patologi ved kortlægningen af ​​både prognostiske markører og terapeutiske mål. Målet med nærværende dokument er at vise, hvordan en kombination af forskellige proteomiske teknikker kan anvendes til identifikation af proteiner involveret i CLL debut og progression. Vores tilgang viser, at det er muligt at slutte sig sammen grundlæggende proteomisk og kliniske data 5. I den nuværende arbejdsgang, primære leukæmiceller fra udvalgte patienter(God vs dårlig prognose) er isoleret og cellelysater derefter anvendes til opnåelse af proteom kort. 2DE tillader karakterisering af proteomisk profil af en cellepopulation, herunder post-translationelle modifikationer, hvilket giver en indirekte information om den biologiske aktivitet af hvert protein. Hele cellelysater klares ved en første dimension køre baseret på det isoelektriske punkt, efterfulgt af en anden dimension kørt på en polyacrylamidgel, der løser proteiner baseret på deres molekylvægt. Sammenlignende analyse af proteom kort muliggør identifikation af differentielt udtrykte proteiner (både med hensyn til tæthed og post-translationelle modifikationer) som pletter på gelen, der kan skæres og analyseres ved massespektrometri. Den rolle, som hver kandidat kan derefter udnyttes af forskellige assays. Denne fremgangsmåde, som er begrænset til CLL i den nuværende manuskript, kan let udvides til andre sygdomme / prøver, hvilket giver information om proteomic / biologiske forskelle mellem to grupper (dvs. patologiske vs normal, stimuleret vs stimuleret, vildtype vs knockdown).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="796">
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">Acetonitril</td>
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			<td style="width:111px;">61830025001730&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ammonium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A6141-500G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">1,4-Dithioerythritol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D9680-5G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">I6125-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">223506-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trypsin, Sequencing Grade</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ROCHE</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11418475001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#945;-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C2020-10G</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">T6580</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:359px;">ZipTip&#181;-C18</td>
			<td>MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>ZTC18M096</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">RosetteSep Human B Cell Enrichment Cocktail</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>15064</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PBS</td>
			<td>EUROCLONE</td>
			<td>ECB4004L</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">FBS</td>
			<td>DOMINIQUE DUTSCHER</td>
			<td>S1810</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>SENTINEL DIAGNOSTICS</td>
			<td>1114547</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD19</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07770</td>
			<td>ECD</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD5</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07754</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD3</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07746</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD14</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>345785</td>
			<td>PE</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD16</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07767</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD56</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07789</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ettan IPGphor 3 Isoelectric Focusing Unit</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>11-0033-64&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Urea</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>U6504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Tris-Hcl Buffer</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>C2020-10G</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">DTT</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D9163-5G</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IPGstrips</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1233-01&#160;</td>
			<td>Linear pH 4-7 18cm</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IPGbuffer</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6000-86</td>
			<td>pH 4-7</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROTEAN II XL Cell</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>165-3188</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">SDS</td>
			<td>INVITROGEN</td>
			<td>NP0001</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Acrilamide</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Agarosio</td>
			<td>INVITROGEN</td>
			<td>16500</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>32213</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Formalin</td>
			<td>BIO-OPTICAL</td>
			<td>05-K01009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>9832500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Sodium Thiosulfate</td>
			<td>FLUKA</td>
			<td>72049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Silver Nitrate</td>
			<td>FLUKA</td>
			<td>85228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Molecular Dynamics Personal SI Laser Densitometer</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageMaster 2D Platinum 5.0</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Sodium Carbonate</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>A0250292</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">MALDI-TOF Voyager-DE STR</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Data Explorer software (version 3.2)&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">transwell chambre 6.6 mm diameter</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>3421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>EUROCLONE</td>
			<td>ECB2000L</td>
			<td>WITH L-GLUTAMINE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G1397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">SDF-1</td>
			<td>PREPROTECH</td>
			<td>300-28A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Flat-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td>BECTON DICKINSON</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">BSA</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">ICAM-1</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>720-IC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CMFDA</td>
			<td>Life Thechnology</td>
			<td>C7025</td>
			<td>Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IgM</td>
			<td>SOUTHERNBIOTECH</td>
			<td>2020-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Saponine</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>S-7900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Phalloidin&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Thechnology</td>
			<td>A12379</td>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

from a 2de-gel spot to protein function: lesson learned from hs1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Identifikationen af ​​molekyler, der er involveret i tumor initiering og progression er fundamental for forståelsen sygdom biologi og som følge heraf for den kliniske behandling af patienterne. I det foreliggende arbejde vil vi beskrive en optimeret proteomisk fremgangsmåde til identifikation af molekyler, der er involveret i progressionen af ​​kronisk lymfatisk leukæmi (CLL). I detaljer er leukæmiske cellelysater løst ved 2-dimensional elektroforese (2DE) og visualiseret som &quot;pletter&quot; på 2DE geler. Sammenlignende analyse af proteom kort muliggør identifikation af differentielt udtrykte proteiner (i form af overflod og post-translationelle modifikationer), der er plukket, isoleret og identificeret ved massespektrometri (MS). Den biologiske funktion af de identificerede kandidater kan testes ved forskellige assays (dvs. migrering, adhæsion og F-actin-polymerisationsbetingelser), som vi har optimeret til primære leukæmiske celler.

Vi isolerede primære leukæmiske B-celler danner PB af CLL-patienter og analyseret vi proteom kort. Prøver (n = 104) blev samlet i to undergrupper baseret på de kliniske træk ved hver patient (dårlig prognose vs god prognose) og sammenlignende analyse af 2DE geler blev udført. Analysen tilladt identifikation af pletter differentielt udtrykte mellem de to delmængder (på sigt af tilstedeværelse / fravær eller skift på gelen, hvilket indebærer ændringer i post-translatione...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Her beskriver vi en protokol, der kobler to proteomiske teknikker, nemlig 2-dimensional elektroforese (2DE) og massespektrometri (MS), til at identificere differentielt udtrykte / posttranslationelle modificerede proteiner blandt to eller flere grupper af delprøver. Denne fremgangsmåde, sammen med funktionelle eksperimenter, muliggør identifikation og karakterisering af prognostiske markører / terapeutiske mål.

Fra et 2DE-Gel Spot til Protein Funktion: Erfaringerne fra HS1 i kronisk lymfatisk leukæmi

The identification of molecules involved in tumor initiation and progression is fundamental for understanding disease&#8217;s biology and, as a ...

Research

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Medicine

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

Udnytte Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at forbedre Language Funktion hos patienter med slagtilfælde med kroniske ikke-flydende afasi

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this ...

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

Tørret blod Spot Collection of Health Biomarkører at maksimere Deltagelse i befolkningsundersøgelser

Biomarkers are directly-measured biological indicators of disease, health, exposures, or other biological information. In population and social sciences, ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Urinblæren Udspilning Evoked Visceromotor Responses som en model for blæresmerter i mus

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Vurdering af vaskulære funktion hos patienter med kronisk nyresygdom

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Metode til isoleret<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Lung Perfusion i en rotte Model: Erfaringer fra at udvikle en rotte EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

Kronisk tromboembolisk pulmonal hypertension og vurdering af Højre ventrikels funktion i Grisling

An original piglet model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) associated with chronic Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is described. ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Modeling Kemoterapi Resistant leukæmi<em&gt; In vitro</em

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and ...

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

En protokol til at erhverve den Degenerative Tenocyte fra mennesker

Tendinopathy, a painful condition that develops in response to tendon degeneration, is on the rise in the developed world due to increasing physical ...

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Protokol til at skabe kroniske sår i diabetiske mus

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ...