Name: from a 2de-gel spot to protein function: lesson learned from hs1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Uploaded: 2014-10-19T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

Vi takker Lymfoid Maligniteter Unit, Elisa ti Hacken, Lydia Scarfo, Massimo Alessio, Antonio Conti, Angela Bachi, og Angela Cattaneo. Dette prosjektet ble støttet av: Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro Airc (Investigator Grant og spesialprogram Molecular Clinical Oncology - 5 promille # 9965) CS og BA designet studien, utført forsøkene, analysert dataene og skrev manuskriptet. MTSB, UR, FBPR assistert skriftlig manuskriptet. PG og FCC designet gir undersøkelsen pasientenes prøver og kliniske data.

MERK: Alle vevsprøver ble oppnådd med godkjenning av Institutional Review Board of San Raffaele-sykehuset (Milan, Italia). 1. Menneske vevsprøver og celle Rensing (figur 1) MERK: Leukemic lymfocytter ble hentet fra perifert blod (PB) av KLL pasienter, diagnostisert i henhold til Mulligan et al ni. 1.1) Leukemic Cell Separasjon fra PB <ol><li> Samle PB i vacutainer blod samling rør med Natriumheparin. </li><li> O...

<ol>
	<li>Caligaris-Cappio, F., Ghia, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+insights+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia:+are+we+getting+closer+to+understanding+the+pathogenesis+of+the+disease.">Novel insights in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: are we getting closer to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease.</a> J Clin Oncol. 26, 4497-4503 (2008).</li><li>Rawstron, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+B-cell+lymphocytosis+and+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> N Engl J Med. 359, 575-583 (2008).</li><li>Dagklis, A., Fazi, C., Scarfo, L., Apollonio, B., Ghia, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+B+lymphocytosis+in+the+general+population.">Monoclonal B lymphocytosis in the general population.</a> Leuk Lymphoma. 50, 490-492 (2009).</li><li>Fazi, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+population+low-count+CLL-like+MBL+persists+over+time+without+clinical+progression,+although+carrying+the+same+cytogenetic+abnormalities+of+CLL.">General population low-count CLL-like MBL persists over time without clinical progression, although carrying the same cytogenetic abnormalities of CLL.</a> Blood. 118, 6618-6625 (2011).</li><li>Caligaris-Cappio, F., Bertilaccio, M. 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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ig+V+gene+mutation+status+and+CD38+expression+as+novel+prognostic+indicators+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Blood. 94, 1840-1847 (1999).</li><li>Lanham, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+signaling+via+surface+IgM+is+associated+with+VH+gene+mutational+status+and+CD38+expression+in+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia.">Differential signaling via surface IgM is associated with VH gene mutational status and CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.</a> Blood. 101, 1087-1093 (2003).</li><li>Wiestner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZAP-70+expression+identifies+a+chronic+lymphocytic+leukemia+subtype+with+unmutated+immunoglobulin+genes,+inferior+clinical+outcome,+and+distinct+gene+expression+profile.">ZAP-70 expression identifies a chronic lymphocytic leukemia subtype with unmutated immunoglobulin genes, inferior clinical outcome, and distinct gene expression profile.</a> Blood. 101, 4944-4951 (2003).</li><li>Mulligan, C. 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<html> Hensikten med dette manuskriptet er å beskrive en optimal protokoll for identifisering av molekyler som er involvert i patogenesen av CLL, selv om denne metoden kan utvides til andre sykdommer og / eller andre prøvetyper 16-18. Ved å sammenligne de proteomikk profiler av to undergrupper av KLL pasienter, gode vs dårlig prognose 19, viste vi at de skiller seg i fosforylering status HS1 og at aktiveringen påvirker migrasjon og vedheft kapasitet på leukemic celler. <p class="j...

Kronisk lymfatisk leukemi (KLL), den vanligste voksen leukemi i de vestlige land, stammer fra opphopning av monoklonale neoplastiske CD5 + B-lymfocytter, og er klinisk svært heterogen. Det kan være til stede som en pre-leukemisk form, definert som B-celle-monoklonale lymphocytosis (MBL) 1,2,3. I andre tilfeller kan sykdommen vises enten med en lat klinisk forløp, som kan holde seg stabilt i mange år før de trenger behandling, eller som en progressiv chemorefractory sykdom med dystre prognose til tross for terapi. Endelig kan det utvikle seg til en ofte dødelig høy klasse lymfom (Richters syndrom-RS) 2,3,4. Pasientene er vanligvis klassifisert i to hoved undergrupper: god og dårlig prognose, basert på et sett av prognostiske faktorer som gir utfyllende informasjon om prediktorer for sykdoms utfall og overlevelse. Klinisk heterogenitet sannsynlig reflekterer biologisk heterogenitet. En rekke genetiske, microenvironmental og cellular faktorer har vist seg å samstemte til sykdom patogenesen om ingen samlende mekanismer har blitt funnet fem. I detalj, har flere studier vist at forskjeller i det kliniske forløpet av sykdommen kan delvis forklares ved nærværet (eller fraværet) av noen biologiske markører som har en prognostisk verdi 6,7,8. Disse data demonstrerte at en bedre forståelse av sykdommen biologi kunne gi ytterligere hint for den kliniske behandling av patologien, ved identifisering av både prognostiske markører og terapeutiske mål. Målet med den foreliggende papir er å vise hvordan en kombinasjon av forskjellige proteomic teknikker kan benyttes for identifisering av proteiner involvert i CLL inntreden og utvikling. Vår tilnærming viser at det er mulig å delta sammen grunnleggende proteomikk og kliniske data fem. I dagens arbeidsflyt, primære leukemic celler fra utvalgte pasienter(Vs god dårlig prognose) isoleres og cellelysater blir deretter anvendt for å oppnå proteomic kart. 2DE tillater karakterisering av proteomikk profilen av en cellepopulasjon, inkludert post-translasjonelle modifikasjoner, og dermed gi indirekte informasjon om den biologiske aktiviteten til hvert protein. Hele cellelysater blir løst ved en første dimensjon drevet basert på det isoelektriske punktet, etterfulgt av en andre dimensjon kjørt på en polyakrylamidgel som løser proteinene basert på deres molekylvekt. Sammenlignende analyse av proteomic baner tillater identifisering av differensielt uttrykte proteiner (både med hensyn til mengde og post-translasjonelle modifikasjoner) som flekker på gelen som kan kuttes og analysert ved massespektrometri. Rollen av hver kandidat kan deretter utnyttes av ulike analyser. Denne tilnærmingen, begrenset til KLL i dagens manuskriptet, kan lett utvides til andre sykdommer / samples, og dermed gi informasjon om proteomic / biologiske forskjeller mellom to grupper (dvs. patologiske vs normal, stimulert vs unstimulated, vill-type vs knockdown).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="796">
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:359px;">Acetonitril</td>
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			<td style="width:111px;">61830025001730&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ammonium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">A6141-500G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">1,4-Dithioerythritol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">D9680-5G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">I6125-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">223506-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trypsin, Sequencing Grade</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ROCHE</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11418475001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">&#945;-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C2020-10G</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">T6580</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:359px;">ZipTip&#181;-C18</td>
			<td>MILLIPORE</td>
			<td>ZTC18M096</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">RosetteSep Human B Cell Enrichment Cocktail</td>
			<td>STEMCELL</td>
			<td>15064</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PBS</td>
			<td>EUROCLONE</td>
			<td>ECB4004L</td>
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			<td>DOMINIQUE DUTSCHER</td>
			<td>S1810</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>SENTINEL DIAGNOSTICS</td>
			<td>1114547</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD19</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07770</td>
			<td>ECD</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD5</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07754</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD3</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07746</td>
			<td>FITC</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD14</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>345785</td>
			<td>PE</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD16</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07767</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CD56</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>082A07789</td>
			<td>PC5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ettan IPGphor 3 Isoelectric Focusing Unit</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>11-0033-64&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Urea</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>U6504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Tris-Hcl Buffer</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>C2020-10G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">DTT</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>D9163-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IPGstrips</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1233-01&#160;</td>
			<td>Linear pH 4-7 18cm</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IPGbuffer</td>
			<td>GE-Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6000-86</td>
			<td>pH 4-7</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G6279</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">PROTEAN II XL Cell</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>165-3188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">SDS</td>
			<td>INVITROGEN</td>
			<td>NP0001</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Acrilamide</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>161-0156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Agarosio</td>
			<td>INVITROGEN</td>
			<td>16500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Methanol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>32213</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>631000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Formalin</td>
			<td>BIO-OPTICAL</td>
			<td>05-K01009</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>9832500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Sodium Thiosulfate</td>
			<td>FLUKA</td>
			<td>72049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Silver Nitrate</td>
			<td>FLUKA</td>
			<td>85228</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Molecular Dynamics Personal SI Laser Densitometer</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImageMaster 2D Platinum 5.0</td>
			<td>Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Sodium Carbonate</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>A0250292</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">MALDI-TOF Voyager-DE STR</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Data Explorer software (version 3.2)&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">transwell chambre 6.6 mm diameter</td>
			<td>CORNING</td>
			<td>3421</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">RPMI</td>
			<td>EUROCLONE</td>
			<td>ECB2000L</td>
			<td>WITH L-GLUTAMINE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>G1397</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">SDF-1</td>
			<td>PREPROTECH</td>
			<td>300-28A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Flat-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td>BECTON DICKINSON</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">BSA</td>
			<td>SANTA CRUZ</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">ICAM-1</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>720-IC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">CMFDA</td>
			<td>Life Thechnology</td>
			<td>C7025</td>
			<td>Green</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">IgM</td>
			<td>SOUTHERNBIOTECH</td>
			<td>2020-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Saponine</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>S-7900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:359px;">Phalloidin&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Thechnology</td>
			<td>A12379</td>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

from a 2de-gel spot to protein function: lesson learned from hs1 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Identifikasjonen av molekylene som er involvert i tumor initiering og progresjon er grunnleggende for forståelsen sykdom biologi og, som en konsekvens, for den kliniske behandling av pasienter. I dette arbeidet vil vi beskrive en optimalisert proteomikk tilnærming for identifikasjon av molekyler som er involvert i utviklingen av kronisk lymfatisk leukemi (KLL). I detalj, er leukemic cellelysater løst ved 2-dimensjonal elektroforese (2DE) og visualiseres som &quot;flekker&quot; på 2DE gels. Sammenlignende analyse av proteomic baner tillater identifisering av differensielt uttrykte proteiner (i form av overflod og post-translasjonelle modifikasjoner) som er plukket, isolert og identifisert ved massespektrometri (MS). Den biologiske funksjon av de identifiserte kandidater kan testes ved forskjellige analyser (dvs. migrasjon, adhesjon og F-aktin polymerisasjonsbetingelser), som vi har optimalisert for primær leukemiske celler.

Vi isolerte primære leukemic B-celler danner PB av KLL pasienter og vi analysert proteomikk kart. Prøver (n = 104) ble gruppert i to hoved undergrupper basert på de kliniske funksjoner i hver pasient (dårlig prognose vs god prognose) og komparativ analyse av 2DE gels ble utført. Analysen tillot identifisering av differensielt uttrykte stedene mellom de to undergrupper (på sikt av tilstedeværelse / fravær eller forskyvning på gelen, noe som tyder på endringer i de post-tran...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at JoVE.com

From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Her beskriver vi en protokoll som to par proteomic teknikker, nemlig 2-dimensjonal elektroforese (2DE) og massespektrometri (MS), for å identifisere differensielt uttrykt / post-translasjonelle modifiserte proteiner blant to eller flere grupper av foretrukne eksempler. Denne fremgangsmåten, sammen med funksjonelle forsøk tillater identifikasjon og karakterisering av prognostiske markører / terapeutiske mål.

Fra en 2DE-Gel Spot til Protein Funksjon: Lesson Learned From HS1 i kronisk lymfatisk leukemi

The identification of molecules involved in tumor initiation and progression is fundamental for understanding disease&#8217;s biology and, as a ...

Research

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Medicine

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

Utilizing Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Improve Language Function in Stroke Patients with Chronic Non-fluent Aphasia

Utnytte Gjentatte Transkranial magnetisk stimulering for å forbedre Språk funksjon hos slagpasienter med kronisk ikke-flytende afasi

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been shown to significantly improve language function in patients with non-fluent aphasia1. In this ...

Dried Blood Spot Collection of Health Biomarkers to Maximize Participation in Population Studies

Tørket Blood Spot samling helse Biomarkører for å maksimere Deltakelse i befolkningsstudier

Biomarkers are directly-measured biological indicators of disease, health, exposures, or other biological information. In population and social sciences, ...

Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice

Urinblæren Stinnhet fremkalt Visceromotor Responses som en modell for blære Smerter i Mus

Approximately 3-8 million people in the United States suffer from interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS), a debilitating condition ...

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease

Vurdering av vaskulær funksjon hos pasienter med kronisk nyresykdom

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population, and this ...

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Method of Isolated Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion in a Rat Model: Lessons Learned from Developing a Rat EVLP Program

Måte Isolert<em&gt; Ex Vivo</em&gt; Lung Perfusjons i en Rat Modell: Erfaringer fra å utvikle en Rat EVLP Program

The number of acceptable donor lungs available for lung transplantation is severely limited due to poor quality. Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP) has allowed ...

Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension and Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Piglet

Kronisk Tromboemboli pulmonal hypertensjon og vurdering av Høyre ventrikkelfunksjon i Nasse Nøff

An original piglet model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension (CTEPH) associated with chronic Right Ventricular (RV) dysfunction is described. ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Modellering Kjemoterapi Resistant Leukemi<em&gt; In Vitro</em

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and ...

A Protocol to Acquire the Degenerative Tenocyte from Humans

En protokoll for å skaffe det utarte Tenocyte fra mennesker

Tendinopathy, a painful condition that develops in response to tendon degeneration, is on the rise in the developed world due to increasing physical ...

Protocol to Create Chronic Wounds in Diabetic Mice

Protokoll for å skape kroniske sår i diabetiker mus

Chronic wounds develop as a result of defective regulation in one or more complex cellular and molecular processes involved in proper healing. They impact ...