Name: orthotopic injection of breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad of mice to study tumor growth.
Uploaded: 2015-02-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth. at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO, grant 17.106.329)

动物实验批准了荷兰莱顿大学医学中心（LUMC）的动物福利委员会。 1.准备的细胞，仪器和小鼠<ol><li>手术前一天，从第四乳头中线刮胡子的NOD / SCID伽玛（NSG）小鼠，权衡小鼠验证所有小鼠有大致相当的权重。 </li><li>高压灭菌剪刀，镊子2和两个直的蚊钳（ 图1A）。 </li><li>对手术当天，洗人乳腺癌（MDA-MB-231）细胞中，将一次用磷酸缓冲盐水（PBS）被注入，pH为7.4...

<ol>
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原位注射乳腺癌细胞是一个功能强大的模型来研究癌症生长的所有方面。应，以防止在变异的肿瘤生长进行仔细进行这些细胞在小鼠的乳房脂肪垫的注入。最重要的是，细胞注射相同量的给每只小鼠是至关重要的。要做到这一点，应该trypsinize细胞严格而不影响细胞的生存力。非存活细胞应在细胞计数和试剂（ 即台盼蓝），可以帮助人死亡，存活的细胞之间进行区分可能是用于确定活细胞?...

癌症是一种非常复杂的疾病，一直受​​到研究了几个世纪。乳腺癌是最常见的癌症类型;它主要发生在女性，但可能偶尔也发生在男性27。该疾病主要是由控制机构的理事细胞分裂的损失，这又导致细胞在体内的无限增长。这些故障可引起几种机制：首先，健康的细胞需要为了增殖而癌细胞使自己的生长因子，并增加生长因子受体从而获得更高的增殖率1的表达从周围的细胞生长信号;第二，癌细胞不易受到抗增殖信号8;第三，为了平衡在体内的细胞死亡，还需要细胞数;然而，癌细胞程序性细胞死亡逃脱，被称为细胞凋亡14;第四，细胞粘附细胞外基质为了生存，但肿瘤细胞可以成长过程中没有依恋的需要，表现出抗失巢凋亡19;第五，激活端粒酶规避的端粒缩短，防止复制衰老21;最后但并非最不重要的，跳绳的DNA的质量控制下的有丝分裂的结果改变基因的内容15,16。为了确定在其中扮演放松管制的增殖作用，癌基因或抑癌基因，小鼠肿瘤生长的实验是至关重要的。 原发肿瘤的生长一般不会死亡的主要原因。癌细胞从原发部位，以辅助站点的迁移，被称为转移，是死亡的大多数癌症患者22主要原因。限嗣继承转移的肿瘤细胞浸润，血管内，通过循环行驶，避免免疫攻击，外渗和生长在辅助站点。上皮至间质转变（EMT）是一个关键工艺转移并涉及在基因表达谱的开关产生的细胞具有较高的运动和侵袭，这是先决条件为转移性细胞12。作为癌性过程的各种动作，包括癌症细胞，基质细胞和亲和抗炎细胞之间的相互交流的组合所得到的， 在体外的方法来癌症常常不提供完全的洞察癌变过程。同样地，抗癌治疗影响肿瘤脉管往往不能被研究在体外 ，从而利用在体内接近是不可避免的。 研究乳腺癌进展，不同的实验方法已经被开发出来。最广泛使用的模型是皮下注射乳腺癌细胞到小鼠中5。在本实验装置中，研究者可以引入一个广泛的改变，以选择在体外的细胞系（ 即上调，蛋白质的下调），并注入细胞在皮肤下。虽然这种方法非常简单，并在注射过程中，没有任何必要对小鼠进行手术简单，在该肿瘤被注入的部位并不代表本地乳腺肿瘤环境以及缺乏这种环境可能导致乳腺癌的发展是不同于在人类病理学观察。其次，基因工程小鼠经常被用作一个体内的工具来研究乳腺癌进展。在这个模型中，致癌基因（ 即 PyMT，NEU）的表达是由乳腺组织特异性启动子导致的自发乳腺肿瘤S中形成驱动。这个实验装置是有用的通过注射药物或抗体，而在时间3检查肿瘤的大小，以研究这种疾病的治疗方面。然而，繁殖这些小鼠与其他小​​鼠品系缺陷或突变的兴趣也可能会给插件的基因ights成不同的蛋白质在乳腺肿瘤生长24中的作用。这种模式的缺点是很容易产生变异肿瘤的大小和数量。此外，转基因表达的水平取决于整合位点在基因组中，并且可以从一个小鼠品系改变为另一个4。在这个模型中，转基因的表达可以通过所有细胞与上皮起源来实现，而在人类疾病，细胞仅一个亚群表达的原癌基因或下调的肿瘤抑制的水平26。研究转移，乳腺癌细胞也可以静脉注射（一种模式称为实验性转移）25。但是，这种方法只概括转移过程的部分;它避开对肿瘤细胞的侵入和intravasate的要求，并开始从该点处的肿瘤细胞很容易存在于循环中。 在我们的工作中，我们使用原位注入离子模型来研究中乳腺癌进展13感兴趣的基因的参与。我们过表达在人乳腺癌细胞中的蛋白质和它们注入NOD / SCID伽玛（NSG）小鼠的乳腺脂肪垫。这种方法在许多方面是有利的：它允许非常迅速和多样化的注射细胞系的基因变化，它覆盖了从原发肿瘤的生长，以转移乳腺癌进展的整个过程，在病理相关的网站，并且它也提供了一个很好的实验模型用于研究的治疗性治疗在疾病的早期或晚期阶段的影响。另外，使用这个模型1可以调查基质与疾病进展癌细胞来源的蛋白质通过使用遗传修饰的小鼠或细胞的作用。虽然皮下注射是更容易执行，原位模型产生一个更致瘤性和更转移性癌症细胞群。因此，通过皮下注射方式获得的结果S可能会发生是要么假阴性或假阳性6,17鼓励使用原位模型来研究肿瘤的生长。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1093">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:185px;">Name of material/equipment</td>
			<td style="width:172px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:641px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bouin&#39;s solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HT10132</td>
			<td>Used for investigating the metastasis on lungs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Formalin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>HT501128</td>
			<td>Used to fix the tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Matrigel, growth factor reduced</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>356230</td>
			<td>Cells can be resuspended in matrigel for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Mosquito forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>13008-12</td>
			<td>Used for stiching</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Angled forceps</td>
			<td>Electron microscopy sciences</td>
			<td>72991-4c</td>
			<td>These make the exposure of mammary fat pad easier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Scissors</td>
			<td>B Braun Medicals</td>
			<td>BC056R</td>
			<td>Used to cut open the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Straight forceps</td>
			<td>B Braun Medicals</td>
			<td>BD025R</td>
			<td>This is used to open up the skin to expose mammary fat pad</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">NOD scid gamma mice</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>005557</td>
			<td>Experimental animal used for experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">MDA-MB-231</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>92020424</td>
			<td>Experimental cells used for injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Oculentum simplex</td>
			<td>Teva Pharmachemie</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Opthalmic ointment used to prevent drying out of eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Betadine</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>19-898-859</td>
			<td>Ionophore, used to disinfect the surgical area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Xylazin/Ketamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X1251, K2753</td>
			<td>Use injected anesthesia as 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg body weight respectively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Temgesic</td>
			<td>Schering-Plough</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use the painkiller as 0,05-0,1mg/kg body weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Life sciences</td>
			<td>11995</td>
			<td>For trypsin neutralization,use media with serum(FBS:media 1:10 volume); for injection, use media with no serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Buffered sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Aniara</td>
			<td>A12-8480-10</td>
			<td>Use the volume ratio as citrate:blood; 1:9</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

orthotopic injection of breast cancer cells into the mammary fat pad of mice to study tumor growth.

<html>乳腺癌的生长可以通过使用过多的模型来研究小鼠。乳腺癌细胞的基因操纵可以洞察涉及致癌进展或有助于蛋白质的功能，发现新的抑癌基因。此外，注射癌细胞进入小鼠不同基因型可能提供更好的理解的基质隔室的重要性。许多模型可能是有用的，调查疾病进展的某些方面，但不重述整个癌变过程。与此相反，乳腺癌细胞移植到小鼠更好的乳房脂肪垫概括的疾病和适当的基质隔室的存在，因此，更好地模拟人类癌性疾病的位置。在这篇文章中，我们介绍了如何植入乳腺癌细胞注入小鼠原位，并解释如何收集组织分析：14px的;行高：28px;“&gt;肿瘤环境和转移到远处器官利用该模型，对癌症的许多方面（生长，血管生成和转移的）可以简单地通过提供用于肿瘤细胞生长的适当的环境进行调查。

成功应用了“原位乳腺癌模型”是基于适当的细胞注射到乳腺脂肪垫。实验误差如不精确接种细胞或泄漏的可能导致的变化的肿瘤大小或甚至不存在肿瘤这导致结构的形成寻找类似于一个乳房脂肪垫注射了对照缓冲液（ 图2A）的。肿瘤的生长速率依赖于所注入的细胞系的性质和在一般情况下，可以通过只小鼠（ 图2B）的皮肤中观察到。不像在体外实验中，对肿瘤细...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth. at JoVE.com

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mammary Fat Pad of Mice to Study Tumor Growth.

癌症是受肿瘤周围的组织，以及本地亲和抗炎介质影响的复杂疾病。因此，正交注入模式的，而不是皮下模型可能是有用的，研究癌症进展的方式，更好地模拟人类的病理。

注射原位乳腺癌细胞到小鼠乳腺脂肪垫来研究肿瘤的生长。

Breast cancer growth can be studied in mice using a plethora of models. Genetic manipulation of breast cancer cells may provide insights into the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Performing and Processing FNA of Anterior Fat Pad for Amyloid

表演和加工为淀粉样蛋白前脂肪垫活检

Historically, heart, liver, and kidney biopsies were performed to demonstrate amyloid deposits in amyloidosis.  Since the clinical presentation of this ...

科研

医学

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

An In Vitro System to Study Tumor Dormancy and the Switch to Metastatic Growth

一个<em在体外系统来研究肿瘤休眠和转移性增长

Recurrence of breast cancer often follows a long latent period in which there are no signs of cancer, and metastases may not become clinically apparent ...

Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines as a Three-Dimensional Model for the Study of Human Neuroendocrine Tumor Therapy

人类神经内分泌肿瘤细胞株为研究人类神经内分泌肿瘤治疗的三维模型

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors, with an incidence of two per 100,&#x200A;000 individuals per year, and they account for 0.5% of all human ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

原位主动脉瓣移植在小鼠血管疾病的研究

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Time-lapse Imaging of Primary Preneoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells Derived from Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Breast Cancer

延时成像的主要癌前乳腺上皮细胞来源于遗传工程小鼠乳腺癌模型

Time-lapse  imaging can be used to compare behavior of cultured primary preneoplastic  mammary epithelial cells derived from different genetically ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

一种新型的高分辨率<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;成像技术研究肿瘤生长及治疗颅内结构的动态响应

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

三维文化：一种工具来研究正常腺泡结构与恶性转化的乳腺细胞

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

跟踪乳腺建筑特色与检测乳腺癌的磁共振扩散张量成像

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

Assessment of Viability of Human Fat Injection into Nude Mice with Micro-Computed Tomography

评估人体脂肪注射生存能力的裸鼠与微型计算机断层扫描

Lipotransfer is a vital tool in the surgeon&#8217;s armamentarium for the treatment of soft tissue deficits of throughout the body. Fat is the ideal soft ...

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

An Ex vivo Model to Study Hormone Action in the Human Breast

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;模型在乳腺癌研究激素的作用

The study of hormone action in the human breast has been hampered by lack of adequate model systems. Upon in vitro culture, primary mammary epithelial ...