Name: creating anatomically accurate and reproducible intracranial xenografts of human brain tumors
Uploaded: 2014-09-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors at JoVE.com

基廷博士是由美国国防部资助CA100335资助，是圣Baldrick基金会学者。

所有上述程序进行审查和批准我们的机构动物照顾及使用委员会。 1，规划实验<ol><li>选择的细胞被注入。从各种来源的细胞是候选注射：贴壁细胞培养系，遗传修饰的克隆，神经干细胞，原代培养物，或分类肿瘤。模型所需的类型将确定注射的最适当的站点。 <ol><li>确定细胞数的注射。形成肿瘤所需的细胞数量与细胞系而不同，必须根据经验确定;肿瘤生长速率很大程度上?...

<ol>
	<li>Heyer, J., Kwong, L. N., Lowe, S. W., Chin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-germline+genetically+engineered+mouse+models+for+translational+cancer+research.">Non-germline genetically engineered mouse models for translational cancer research.</a> Nature reviews. Cancer. 10, 470-480 (2010).</li><li>Yamada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+to+accurately+inject+tumor+cells+into+the+caudate/putamen+nuclei+of+the+mouse+brain.">A method to accurately inject tumor cells into the caudate/putamen nuclei of the mouse brain.</a> The Tokai journal of experimental and clinical medicine. 29, 167-173 (2004).</li><li>Brooks, A. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducible+and+efficient+murine+CNS+gene+delivery+using+a+microprocessor-controlled+injector.">Reproducible and efficient murine CNS gene delivery using a microprocessor-controlled injector.</a> Journal of neuroscience. 80, 137-147 (1998).</li><li>Shankavaram, U. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+profiling+indicates+orthotopic+xenograft+of+glioma+cell+lines+simulate+a+subclass+of+human+glioblastoma.">Molecular profiling indicates orthotopic xenograft of glioma cell lines simulate a subclass of human glioblastoma.</a> Journal of cellular and molecular medicine. 16, 545-554 (2012).</li><li>Giannini, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient+tumor+EGFR+and+PDGFRA+gene+amplifications+retained+in+an+invasive+intracranial+xenograft+model+of+glioblastoma+multiforme.">Patient tumor EGFR and PDGFRA gene amplifications retained in an invasive intracranial xenograft model of glioblastoma multiforme.</a> Neuro-oncology. 7, 164-176 (2005).</li><li>Yi, D., Hua, T. X., Lin, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EGFR+gene+overexpression+retained+in+an+invasive+xenograft+model+by+solid+orthotopic+transplantation+of+human+glioblastoma+multiforme+into+nude+mice.">EGFR gene overexpression retained in an invasive xenograft model by solid orthotopic transplantation of human glioblastoma multiforme into nude mice.</a> Cancer investigation. 29, 229-239 (2011).</li><li>Carty, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracranial+injection+of+AAV+expressing+NEP+but+not+IDE+reduces+amyloid+pathology+in+APP+PS1+transgenic+mice.">Intracranial injection of AAV expressing NEP but not IDE reduces amyloid pathology in APP+PS1 transgenic mice.</a> PLos ONE. 8, e59626 (2013).</li><li>Thaci, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacokinetic+study+of+neural+stem+cell-based+cell+carrier+for+oncolytic+virotherapy:+targeted+delivery+of+the+therapeutic+payload+in+an+orthotopic+brain+tumor+model.">Pharmacokinetic study of neural stem cell-based cell carrier for oncolytic virotherapy: targeted delivery of the therapeutic payload in an orthotopic brain tumor model.</a> Cancer gene therapy. 19, 431-442 (2012).</li><li>Ozawa, T., James, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishing+intracranial+brain+tumor+xenografts+with+subsequent+analysis+of+tumor+growth+and+response+to+therapy+using+bioluminescence+imaging.">Establishing intracranial brain tumor xenografts with subsequent analysis of tumor growth and response to therapy using bioluminescence imaging.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (41), (2010).</li><li>Valadez, J. G., Sarangi, A., Lundberg, C. J., Cooper, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+orthotopic+glioma+xenografts+recapitulate+infiltrative+growth+and+isocitrate+dehydrogenase+I+mutation.">Primary orthotopic glioma xenografts recapitulate infiltrative growth and isocitrate dehydrogenase I mutation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (83), (2014).</li><li>Baumann, B. C., Dorsey, J. F., Benci, J. L., Joh, D. Y., Kao, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotactic+intracranial+implantation+and+in+vivo+bioluminescent+imaging+of+tumor+xenografts+in+a+mouse+model+system+of+glioblastoma+multiforme.">Stereotactic intracranial implantation and in vivo bioluminescent imaging of tumor xenografts in a mouse model system of glioblastoma multiforme.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (67), (2012).</li><li>Iwami, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+of+intracranial+injection+via+the+postglenoid+foramen+for+brain+tumor+mouse+models.">A novel method of intracranial injection via the postglenoid foramen for brain tumor mouse models.</a> Journal of neurosurgery. 116, 630-635 (2012).</li></ol>

人脑肿瘤的原位小鼠模型可以是一个很好的工具，用于评估临床治疗的效果，但必须小心，以优化布局细胞的脑组织中。研究表明，过量的等分试样体积，次优的喷射技术和匆忙的注射速率可导致泄漏和肿瘤细胞中不希望的位置（脑室，脊髓硬膜外区域等 ）的外观和高变异在肿瘤大小为2（个人观察）。非细胞样品的微处理器驱动输送的分析发现，使用的微型泵的制造更focalized交货...

在脑肿瘤细胞的体外研究是非常宝贵的解剖驾驶生长，存活，迁移和侵袭癌细胞的分子机制;培养细胞实验中可以定义信号传导通路，提出潜在的治疗靶点，并描述对药物治疗的细胞反应。但在体外系统过于简单化预测到药品有机体反应;他们缺乏的生理反应，免疫反应，细胞微环境和活生生的动物系统的整体异质性。基因工程模型可以是无价的，当可用的，但不同的分子种类和鼠细胞之间存在着可能无法概括人类进程的事件，造成显著差异比较动物模型的临床观察1时。鼠标涉及皮下（SQ）注射人脑肿瘤细胞系的侧翼的皮肤下异种移植模型中很容易就可以执行和衡量;它们可以被用来处理基因修饰和药物施用/输送，代谢和毒性的影响。显著缺点，但是，限制SQ模型的实用性。微环境并没有概括了一个自然发生​​的脑肿瘤：不同类型的细胞和组织的相互作用;局部血管，以及无数的其他因素所特有的大脑是无法复制的。为了更准确地再现了自然发生脑肿瘤的独特氛围和测试药物干预的效果，鼠标原位模型应该加以利用。此外，原位技术可以被用来作为一种基因工程的方法，其中人类初级的非癌性细胞（分化的细胞或祖）的一部分被遗传修饰，并注射到小鼠的相关部位，具有或不具有人的基质细胞，导致肿瘤发生在人中1所见相似的。 本文介绍一种方法来精确和可重复产生脑肿瘤的小鼠。使用该技术，用户可以准确地注入少量等份悬浮细胞到小鼠大脑皮质的额叶后部顶颞区的指定位置。鼠标死亡率极低;在我们的手中，没有小鼠的后185程序从手术并发症死亡。将所得的肿瘤的特征可以与典型的人类临床肿瘤进行比较;例如：生长，坏死的程度，浸润程度的细胞类型，有丝分裂细胞的存在下，细胞增殖和细胞凋亡等的标志物的异质性快速性的细胞系或分类的人体组织或肿瘤样品随后可以根据自己的能力进行评价以模拟实际的临床表现。医药品，选定基于它们在细胞培养物的性能，可以在一个正常运作代谢，循环系统，和血 - 脑屏障的情况下进行测试，因为它们在动物背负机智存在医管局肿瘤，在所有相关的建筑环境。此外，选择用于注射的细胞可以被遗传修饰以探讨特定击倒，缺失的影响，敲插件，突变等，对肿瘤生长和存活。 许多出版物文档中使用的各种颅内肿瘤的技术研究。 Yamada 等人做了注射U87细胞的染料和进行详细研究，结果发现最小体积和喷射率产生最佳的肿瘤2。 布鲁克斯等人发现使用微处理器控制的喷油器，而不是人工的方法来实现病毒载体卓越的重现性和效率;他们对最佳注射参数的结论也适用于小区交付3。 Shankavaram 等人发现，胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）细胞系注射原位（使用手动方法）进入大脑概括了CL的基因表达谱inical肿瘤更加紧密地比在体外或倚移植，配套使用颅内模型的临床前研究4。尼尼等注入从已持续在裸鼠 ​​的侧腹通过连续传代至另外的小鼠的脑中人类手术标本的细胞，并表明，这种方法保藏患者肿瘤基因改变模型中的5。类似的结果，报告毅等[6]。采用立体设置，仔细界定注射部位，并缓慢而稳定的注入量，他们获得可重复的脑瘤一致的增长率和高（100％）植入率。此技术的有效性也因此被确立;文献检索表明，这一技术的应用非常广泛。卡蒂等人使用颅内注射成功提供病毒载体表达治疗基因进入transgeni的额叶皮质阿尔茨海默氏病7的C型号。特哈契等人描述了使用颅内注射递送治疗的溶瘤腺病毒在神经干细胞的基础载体为已携带原位注射的GBM肿瘤8裸鼠中。显然，颅内注射是一种多用途的和有效的工具，临床前研究。在可视化实验杂志此前出版物描述的基本方法9-11，但我们采用易于掌握技术把颅内肿瘤注射原位模型的概念，精度更高的水平。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="866">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:349px;">Small Animal Stereotaxic Instrument with Digital Display Console.</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Model 940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Model 923-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Mouse Ear Bars</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Medel 922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Fiber Optic Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">UltraMicroPump III</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">UMP3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Micro4 microprocessor</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">UMC4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Variable speed hand-held rotary drill</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dremel</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Model 300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Dental drill bit, 1.0 mm</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Spoelting</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">514554</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Adaptor for dental drill bit: 3/32 inch collet</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Dremel</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">481</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>for mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Isoflurane vaporizer system</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>for mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:349px;">Medical tubing and connectors</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td style="width:287px;">to connect isoflurane vaporizer with stereotaxic frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Precision 25 ul micro syringe</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Hamilton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">7636-01</td>
			<td>Model 702, without needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Microsyringe needles, 26s gauge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Hamilton&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">7804-04</td>
			<td>RN, 25 mm point style 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Fine-tipped scissors (straight, sharp/sharp)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Medium-sized standard scissors</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Standard serrated forceps</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Serrated hemostats (2)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Fine-tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sutures 5-0 vicryl P-3 13 mm (Ethicon)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MWI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">J463G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Surgical blades #10, stainless (Feather)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">296#10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:349px;">Isoflurane (Fluriso)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">VetOne&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NDC 13985-528-60</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Item #502017. Liquid inhalation anesthetic. federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Carprofen (Rimadyl Injectable 50 mg/mL)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NDC 61106-8507-01</td>
			<td>dilute in saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Ophthalmic ointment (artificial tears)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Rugby</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NDC 0536-6550-91</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Topical antibiotic (AK-Poly-Bac )</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Akorn</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NDC 17478-238-35</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Povidone-iodine topical antiseptic, 10% (Betadine)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NDC 67618-150-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Hydrogen Peroxide, 30%</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">H325-100</td>
			<td>for visualizing skull landmarks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sterile saline</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">VetOne&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">NDC 13985-807-25</td>
			<td>for diluting solutions, cleaning tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Bone wax</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Item #501771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sterile drapes</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">McKesson</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">25-517</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sterile surgical gloves</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">McKesson</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">(to fit)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sterile gauze pads, 2 x 2</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisherbrand&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">22028556</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sterile gauze pads, 4 x 4</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisherbrand&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">22-415-469</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Alcohol prep pads (medium)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PDI</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">B603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Sterile cotton-tipped applicators</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisherbrand&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">23-400-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:349px;">Sterile 0.5 ml screw cap tube with caps for cells</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">1405-4700</td>
			<td>for cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Individually wrapped sterile dispo pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">BD 357575</td>
			<td>for needle cleaning solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">BD insulin syringes with needles&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">329461</td>
			<td>for analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">70% ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>for cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:349px;">Sterile di H2O</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>for cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Microfuge tubes for cleaning solutions</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>for needle cleaning solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:349px;">Felt tip pen (dedicated)</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td style="width:145px;"></td>
			<td>for marking skull</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

creating anatomically accurate and reproducible intracranial xenografts of human brain tumors

原位肿瘤模型目前正在研究一种肿瘤类型的特点，使用和不干预的最佳方式，在一个活的动物的情况下-尤其是在遗址具有独特的生理和建筑品质，如大脑在体外和异位模型不能。考虑功能，如血管，血脑屏障，代谢，药物输送和毒性，以及一系列其他相关因素。原位模型有其局限性太多，但与感兴趣适当技术的肿瘤细胞能够正确地植入到组织，在人类大脑最密切模仿的条件。通过采用能够提供精确测量的量在一个一致的速率和压力下，人脑肿瘤具有可预测的增长率的小鼠模型可再现地创建准确的限定位置，并适合各种干预的可靠的分析方法。这里描述的方案着重于德设计和准备的颅内注射，进行了手术，并确保肿瘤的生长成功的和可重复的技术注释细节并提供出发点的各种情况，可定制各种不同的脑肿瘤模型。

可靠的颅内异种移植物可在此描述的技术来创建。识别小鼠头盖骨的关键结构（ 图1）将允许对识别的前囟和引导研究者以一个精确的和可重复的注射位置。在这些研究中的U251亲本系，转染的荧光素酶（U251-吕克）或U87 U251细胞永生化人GBM组织培养细胞在4至6微升SF-DMEM中悬浮，并注射2.5毫米横向（右），1.5毫米前，和3.5毫米腹侧相对于前囟点（ 图2）。 <p class="jove_content...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors at JoVE.com

Creating Anatomically Accurate and Reproducible Intracranial Xenografts of Human Brain Tumors

创建精确的解剖学和人脑肿瘤的重现性颅内移植瘤

大脑与那些没有得到很好的利用体外或异位的分析代表素质唯一的站点。原位小鼠模型重现的位置及生长特点可以用立体定位仪固定和低压注射泵颅内注射可靠地创建。

Orthotopic tumor models are currently the best way to study the characteristics of a tumor type, with and without intervention, in the context of a live ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Establishment and Propagation of Human Retinoblastoma Tumors in Immune Deficient Mice

在免疫缺陷小鼠的建立和传播人类视网膜母细胞瘤肿瘤

Culturing retinoblastoma tumor cells in defined stem cell media gives rise to primary tumorspheres that can be grown and maintained for only a limited ...

科研

医学

Automated Midline Shift and Intracranial Pressure Estimation based on Brain CT Images

根据脑CT图像的自动中线移位和颅内压的估计

In this paper we present an automated system based mainly on the computed tomography (CT) images consisting of two main components: the midline shift ...

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

Stereotactic Intracranial Implantation and In vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Tumor Xenografts in a Mouse Model System of Glioblastoma Multiforme

立体定向颅内植入和<em在体内</em生物发光成像的肿瘤异种移植的小鼠模型系统的多形性胶质母细胞瘤

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a high-grade primary brain cancer with a median survival of only 14.6 months in humans despite standard tri-modality ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

一种新型的高分辨率<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;成像技术研究肿瘤生长及治疗颅内结构的动态响应

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

皮下及肝内人肝癌裸鼠移植瘤的免疫缺陷小鼠的产生

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

病变资源管理器：一个视频引导，标准化为老年痴呆症准确，可靠的MRI衍生Volumetrics和正常老年人协议

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Minimally Invasive Establishment of Murine Orthotopic Bladder Xenografts

微创建立小鼠原位膀胱移植瘤的

Orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts are the gold standard to study molecular cellular manipulations and new therapeutic agents&#160;in vivo. Suitable ...

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

在脑肿瘤和关节炎的用荧光SAPC-DOPS纳米囊泡体光学成像

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo monitoring of physiopathological processes labeled with a fluorescent ...

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

脑Microslices的兴奋性刺激作为<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;中风模型

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

Fast and Accurate Exhaled Breath Ammonia Measurement

快速，准确的呼出气测量氨

This exhaled breath ammonia method uses a fast and highly sensitive spectroscopic method known as quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) that ...