Name: a neuroscientific approach to the examination of concussions in student-athletes
Uploaded: 2014-12-08T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes at JoVE.com

This study was supported by grants from the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine. The authors would like to acknowledge and show our appreciation for our undergraduate research students including David Lawton, Drew Gardner, Mark Sundman, Kelsey Evans, Graham Cochrane, Jordan Cottle and Jack Halligan for their assistance in data collection over the past four years.

下面描述的所有程序已经批准伊隆的机构审查委员会。 1.电脑神经认知测试<ol><li>要求参与者在电脑前坐下。登录到系统的参与者和指导他们完成电脑神经心理测试，由人口和背景信息部分，自报症状自评量表，以及6个模块（字歧视，设计内存，X和O的，符号匹配，色彩搭配，以及三个字母）。 </li><li>下载总结报告，并进入四复合分数言语记忆，视觉记忆，反应时间和电机...

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这种多层面的方式来基准测试震荡的目标是双重的：1），以更好地了解神经肌肉系统的脑震荡（急性和长期）的影响; 2）帮助运动医学人员对回波发挥决定（他们主要使用神经认知测试，已建议由麦克罗伊）。26这个多面的方法来评价震荡提供相关的病因，功能的变化，并从震荡恢复有价值的信息。很少了解有关脑震荡的系统的综合影响，作为一个整体，该协议允许从多个学科的科学家?...

脑震荡是发生在美国惊人的速度，并囊括了不少关注的公共健康问题。1-3美国疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）的估计，1.6至380万的脑震荡发生在体育和娱乐活动每年，由2013年的震荡共识声明2定义4,5震荡“可能造成或者通过直接打击对身体的头部，面部，颈部或其他与传送到头上的&#39;冲动&#39;的力量。”震荡可能导致神经病理学和/或子结构的变化可能会导致功能障碍的。2，这些缺陷可能会持续数周。这种情况并不少见。运动员遇到增加自我报告的症状，递减在姿势控制，降低神经认知功能甚至后14天的初始损伤6症状的长期性质，在一致的鉴定脑震荡，并在受伤前的能力的可变性常常导致复杂的和非标准化的返回到播放决定由医师，不确定的恢复时间，并有可能长期后遗症。7-9 经过震荡，个人可能会遇到的短期和长期影响。运动相关的脑震荡短期影响可能包括改变播放能力，思维混乱，记忆障碍，意识丧失，反应时间慢，协调，头痛，头晕，呕吐的丧失，睡眠方式的改变和情绪变化。这些症状通常解决天的事。2,10然而，尽管一些人从一个单一的脑震荡中恢复相当快，很多经验挥之不去的影响，可以持续数周或数月后的伤害。10,11,12这些症状的扰动日常功能可以通过认知和性能与量化ð测试。虽然没有一个单一的测试应该确定脑震荡，测试电池的诊断和测试之间的已知关系可以做出诊断帮助医务人员，回到教室，并返回到播放的决定。2 有一个在个人的风险冲击及其相应的恢复很大差异。11〜震荡易感性和恢复时间课程相关的因素没有得到很好的已知或理解的。几个因素已经提出了可能影响个体的震荡易感性和恢复。这些因素包括个体的震荡历史，初始损伤的严重程度，偏头痛史，学习障碍的病史，精神病合并症的历史，以及可能的遗传因素。7，第9，第13，14 许多研究已经调查了单独的具体因素对两者的短期和长期影响脑震荡，恢复时间当然和遗传学作为脑震荡的一个因素。4,8,15-17什么还没有明确规定是一种有效的多方面的方法来评价震荡，将产生相关的病因，功能改变有价值的信息，并恢复从脑震荡。由于各种症状和恢复的不确定当然，从多方面震荡的评价是必要的，这应该包括所有的运动员在参赛前的练习和比赛基准测试以及及时评估后受伤。最近的审查表明，神经认知评估可能是从震荡比单独监控症状更加敏感复苏。18这可能是有其他目的的措施，可能是从震荡复苏的更好的指标。 此协议中，我们使用几个任务，以评估该系统的各种部件，看看它们是如何影响B雅震荡。计算机化的神经认知测试可以评估的内存，处理速度快，解决问题的能力，认知效率和冲动控制。6 EEG与听觉和视觉处理任务，可以使用通过事件相关电位的检查，以评估neuroefficiency。19将体感识别任务可以用于评估外周和中枢感觉处理能力。20余额和步态措施可以用来评估功能表现能力。6,21此外，我们评估，可能有关系到震荡历史，震荡恢复和认知功能的各种基因型。22，我们在这组测试基准测试我们校队的学生运动员，重复测试，如果他们收取震荡时无症状。 本项目的目的是利用基因，neuroc评估性能震荡的结果潜在的短期和长期的递减ognitive，电生理，行为，体感，平衡和步态的措施。了解这可能与脑震荡发生在推动我们对震荡的知识很重要的各种症状和损伤的潜在机制。这些变化可能在震荡诊断未来援助大knowledgle以及脑震荡的管理，因为它涉及到回到赛场，回到学术界。 下面描述的所有措施都采取了在基准（前体育学生运动员参与）。我们目前的协议来完成电脑的神经认知测试在48小时伴随着平衡的协议，因为我们相信这些提供关于恢复和可能返回到播放，并返回到学者的有用信息。当学生运动员报告无症状，他们再次返回到除了基因检测再次进行的所有基本措施，实验室。完整的协议，BASELINE和无症状，大约需要90分钟才能完成一个测试阶段。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">ImPACT</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">ImPACT, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Neurocognitive concussion testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">EEG</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">EGI, Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>EEG 32-channel system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stim2</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Compumedics Neuroscan, Charlotte, NC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Software for task presentation for flanker task and auditory oddball</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NetStation</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">EGI, Eugene, OR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Software for data collection and analysis of EEG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:216px;">Sensory Device</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Cortical Metrics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Sensory testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Balance System SD</td>
			<td>Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>balance testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Force Plate</td>
			<td>AMTI Corp., Watertown, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait Initiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Movement Analysis</td>
			<td>Qualisys AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">GAITRite&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">CIR systems, Inc., Sparta, NJ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:216px;">PCR</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Genetic Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Gait and balance analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Visual 3D</td>
			<td style="width:356px;">C Motion, Inc, Germantown, MD, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>3D analysis&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a neuroscientific approach to the examination of concussions in student-athletes

脑震荡是发生在美国惊人的速度，已经成为一个严​​重的公共卫生问题。疾病预防控制中心估计，1.6至380万，每年脑震荡发生在体育和娱乐活动。震荡的2013震荡共识声明定义为“可能造成或者通过直接打击头部，面部，颈部或身体其他部位有传送到头上的&#39;冲动&#39;的力量。”脑震荡留下个人提供短期和长期影响。运动相关的脑震荡短期影响可能包括改变播放能力，思维混乱，记忆障碍，意识丧失，反应时间慢，协调，头痛，头晕，呕吐的丧失，睡眠方式的改变和情绪变化。这些症状通常解决天的事。然而，尽管一些人从一个单一的震荡而迅速恢复，许多经验挥之不去的影响，可以持续数周或数月。该因素相关的震荡易感性和随后的恢复时间是不为人所熟知或理解，在这个时候。几个因素已经提出，它们包括个人的历史震荡，初始损伤的严重程度，偏头痛史，学习障碍的病史，精神病合并症的历史，以及可能的话，遗传因素。许多研究都单独调查某些因素均震荡，恢复时间当然，易感性和复苏的短期和长期影响。什么还没有明确规定是一种有效的多方面的方法来评价震荡，将产生相关的病因，功能改变和恢复有价值的信息。这份手稿的目的是要表明这样一个多层面的接触使用电脑的神经认知测试，事件相关电位，体感知觉反应会检查脑震荡，平衡驴sment，步态评估和基因检测。

计算机化神经认知测试 结果计算机化神经认知测试的一个例子可以看出，在图1中的计算机程序引发综合得分上言语记忆，视觉记忆，可视电动机速度和其经常被用来使返回到播放并返回到反应时间-learn震荡的管理协议。在语言和视觉记忆力的复合材料评估注意过程，学习和记忆。视觉电机速度的措施视觉处理，学习记忆和视觉运动反应速度（影响?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes at JoVE.com

A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes

有一个在个人的风险冲击及其相应的恢复极大的可变性。从多方面入手，以震荡评价是必要的;包括运动员参与体育运动，及时的评估后受伤之前的基准测试。此协议的目的是提供一个合适的多方面的方法来检查脑震荡。

一个神经科学方法脑震荡的学生运动员的考试

Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 ...

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