Name: quantification of orofacial phenotypes in xenopus
Uploaded: 2014-11-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus at JoVE.com

启动资金来自VCU A·迪金森支持这项工作。 作者要感谢丹Nacu为他的艺术天分在创建示意图。

使用非洲爪蟾进行的所有实验已通过IACUC（协议＃AD20261）。 1.准备试剂及所需材料<ol><li>试剂： <ol><li>让1升的10倍MBS（修改巴特的盐）溶液22。添加氯化钠（880毫摩尔），氯化钾（10毫摩尔）， 硫酸镁 （10毫米），HEPES（50mM的，pH值7.8），和的NaHCO 3（25毫米）到1升的蒸馏水中。调节pH至7.8，用NaOH。 </li><li>使1升1倍的MBS稀释百毫升900毫升的蒸馏?...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Analysis+of+Orofacial+Development+and+Median+Clefts+in+Xenopus+Laevis.">Quantitative Analysis of Orofacial Development and Median Clefts in Xenopus Laevis.</a> Anat Rec (Hoboken). , (2014).</li><li>Dickinson, A., Sive, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positioning+the+extreme+anterior+in+Xenopus:+cement+gland,+primary+mouth+and+anterior+pituitary.">Positioning the extreme anterior in Xenopus: cement gland, primary mouth and anterior pituitary.</a> Semin Cell Dev Biol. 18, 525-533 (2007).</li><li>Dickinson, A. J., Sive, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+the+primary+mouth+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Development of the primary mouth in Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev Biol. 295, 700-713 (2006).</li><li>Dickinson, A. J., Sive, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Wnt+antagonists+Frzb-1+and+Crescent+locally+regulate+basement+membrane+dissolution+in+the+developing+primary+mouth.">The Wnt antagonists Frzb-1 and Crescent locally regulate basement membrane dissolution in the developing primary mouth.</a> Development. 136, 1071-1081 (2009).</li><li>Barnett, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syndrome+Transcription+Factor+is+critical+for+neural+crest+cell+function+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Syndrome Transcription Factor is critical for neural crest cell function in Xenopus laevis.</a> Mech Dev. 129, 324-338 (2012).</li><li>Gonzales, B., Yang, H., Henning, D., Valdez, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+functional+characterization+of+the+Xenopus+orthologue+of+the+Treacher+Collins+syndrome+(TCOF1)+gene+product.">Cloning and functional characterization of the Xenopus orthologue of the Treacher Collins syndrome (TCOF1) gene product.</a> Gene. 359, 73-80 (2005).</li><li>Reisoli, E., De Lucchini, S., Nardi, I., Ori, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serotonin+2B+receptor+signaling+is+required+for+craniofacial+morphogenesis+and+jaw+joint+formation+in+Xenopus.">Serotonin 2B receptor signaling is required for craniofacial morphogenesis and jaw joint formation in Xenopus.</a> Development. 137, 2927-2937 (2010).</li><li>Schuff, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxN3+is+required+for+craniofacial+and+eye+development+of+Xenopus+laevis.">FoxN3 is required for craniofacial and eye development of Xenopus laevis.</a> Dev Dyn. 236, 226-239 (2007).</li><li>Slater, B. J., Liu, K. J., Kwan, M. D., Quarto, N., Longaker, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cranial+osteogenesis+and+suture+morphology+in+Xenopus+laevis:+a+unique+model+system+for+studying+craniofacial+development.">Cranial osteogenesis and suture morphology in Xenopus laevis: a unique model system for studying craniofacial development.</a> PLoS One. 4, (2009).</li><li>Vandenberg, L. N., Adams, D. S., Levin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normalized+shape+and+location+of+perturbed+craniofacial+structures+in+the+Xenopus+tadpole+reveal+an+innate+ability+to+achieve+correct+morphology.">Normalized shape and location of perturbed craniofacial structures in the Xenopus tadpole reveal an innate ability to achieve correct morphology.</a> Dev Dyn. 241, 863-878 (2012).</li><li>Bugaighis, I., Mattick, C. R., Tiddeman, B., Hobson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+Facial+Morphometry+in+Children+with+Oral+Clefts.">3D Facial Morphometry in Children with Oral Clefts.</a> Cleft Palate Craniofac J. , (2013).</li><li>Farkas, L. G., Katic, M. J., Forrest, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+anatomy+of+the+face+in+Down's+syndrome:+anthropometric+proportion+indices+in+the+craniofacial+regions.">Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial regions.</a> J Craniofac Surg. 12, 519-524 (2001).</li><li>Scheuer, H. A., Holtje, W. J., Hasund, A., Pfeifer, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognosis+of+facial+growth+in+patients+with+unilateral+complete+clefts+of+the+lip,+alveolus+and+palate.">Prognosis of facial growth in patients with unilateral complete clefts of the lip, alveolus and palate.</a> J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 29, 198-204 (2001).</li><li>Parsons, K. J., Andreeva, V., James Cooper, W., Yelick, P. C., Craig Albertson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphogenesis+of+the+zebrafish+jaw:+development+beyond+the+embryo.">Morphogenesis of the zebrafish jaw: development beyond the embryo.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 101, 225-248 (2011).</li><li>Farkas, L. G., Katic, M. J., Forrest, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+anatomy+of+the+face+in+Down's+syndrome:+age-related+changes+of+anthropometric+proportion+indices+in+the+craniofacial+regions.">Surface anatomy of the face in Down's syndrome: age-related changes of anthropometric proportion indices in the craniofacial regions.</a> J Craniofac Surg. 13, 368-374 (2002).</li><li>Cooper, W. 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非洲爪蟾已成为解剖的发展机制基本颜面部开发的有用工具;然而，目前没有协议描述该区域的青蛙大小和形状的变化。此处描述的方法将通过允许在非洲爪蟾和其他脊椎动物口面部表型的更严格的量化显著向口面发展领域。 正确地执行该协议的第一，最关键的方面是既准确和可重复地测量人脸的尺寸和确​​定界标放置的能力。为此，这是至关重要的胚胎面以...

其中最普遍的和破坏性的类型的人的出生缺陷是指那些影响嘴和面部，如口面裂1。与颜面部畸形患儿的结构进行多次手术整个生命周期，并与面部抽搐，言语，听力和吃饭问题挣扎。因此，促进新的研究中cranio-和口颌面发育是至关重要的，以防止这些类型的出生缺陷和治疗的人类。 非洲爪蟾已作为解剖理事颅面发展的机制的新工具（一些实例包括2,3,4- -11）。因此，定量的方法来分析发展的头这一物种的面部在大小和形状的变化可能是非常强大的3。 在这里，我们提出这样的方法;结合改编自非洲爪蟾的研究12的几何形态测量传统的三围尺寸</SUP&gt;和丰富的研究分析人类的面部形态13-15。此协议的目标是允许研究人员进行量化的面部大小和形状正常和异常发育过程中不同的表型口面之间进行区分。这个分析将允许细微颅面畸形如从基因和/或环境因素的协同作用所产生的那些之间的更好区分。此外，这种定量​​方法也可以揭示甚至略有改善的颜面部缺损或救援。因此，这使得它在分析潜在的治疗提供有益的指导。 我们在座的面部测量和几何形态测量的结合使得两者的大小及颜面部区域的形状比目前的方案有更全面的统计分析，这在很大程度上只使用一个或另一个15-18。此外，我们提出了一种简单的方式来评估两者的内侧和外侧的平面面对而不需要在当前的研究中13,19中使用先进的三维成像的设备。 我们证明该协议对非洲爪蟾用视黄酸受体抑制剂诱导颜面部畸形发展，中位数腭裂2,3处理的胚胎。口面区域，在这些胚的尺寸和形状的定量揭示变化的面中部是类似于人类具有类似腭裂和小鼠模型20,21。然而，该协议可以用于评估的其它化合物上颌面发育如天然物质，除草剂，或蛋白质，如生长因子的效应。另外，从通过丢失或功能实验增益基因表达的扰动引起的口面的尺寸和形状变化（使用反义吗啉代或保鲜盒/塔伦斯）也可以使用该协议进行定量。最后，我们开发了这个方法的specificaLLY评估爪蟾形态;然而，可以很容易地修改为任何脊椎动物的分析。其他应用还可能包括使用该协议的进化和生态学研究比较密切相关的物种。虽然我们在这里提供的例子中使用这个协议描述颜面部区域的分析，它可以很容易地进行修改，对其他地区，器官或结构的分析。 这口面量化协议将成为研究界的宝贵资源，以及一个优秀的教学工具，用于本科生的视频演示。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="818">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:304px;">Name of the reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalogue number</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>fitted with AxioCamICC1 camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dumont #5 Inox forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11251-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile, disposable scalpel</td>
			<td>Sklar</td>
			<td>06-2015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">24-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">087721</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:304px;">Standard Disposable transfer pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">13-711-7M</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">150 mm X 15 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">351058</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Incubators</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Ectotherm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:236px;">set to 15C or 20C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:304px;">Modeling Clay</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Premo, or other non-toxic modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:236px;">in black or white</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Straight teasing needle</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">19010</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:304px;">Capillary Tubing (for needles)</td>
			<td>FHC</td>
			<td>30-30-1</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">Borosil 1.0mm OD x 0.5mm ID/Fiber, 100 mm each</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:304px;">Needle Puller, Model P-97&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sutter Instrument Co,&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Needle Puller: P-97 Flaming/ Bown micropipette puller Filament: FB300B</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">For filaments, use Sutter 3.00mm square box filaments, 3.0mm wide.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:304px;">Pipettemen</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F144802, F123600, F123602</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">BMS-453</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Tocris</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">3409</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:304px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">American Bioanalytical</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AB00435-01000</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">52-90-4</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Paraformaldehyde powder</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">158127</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:304px;">Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Falcom</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353003, 351058</td>
			<td style="width:236px;">100 mm diameter and 150 mm in diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">100% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">VWR</td>
			<td>89125-170</td>
			<td style="width:236px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of orofacial phenotypes in xenopus

爪蟾已成为解剖理事颅面发展和缺陷的机制的一个重要工具。 A到量化口面的开发方法将允许颜面部表型废除后，更严谨的分析与物质，可以遗传或分子操纵基因表达或蛋白质的功能。使用胚胎头的二维图像，传统的大小尺寸，如口面的宽度，高度和区内─被测量。此外，胚胎口开口的真圆度测量，用于描述所述口的形状。也执行这些二维图像的几何形态测量，以提供变化的口面部区域的形状的一个更复杂的图。标被分配给特定点的口面部区域，并创建坐标。一个主成分分析方法，以减少具有里程碑意义的坐标主要成分是那么的歧视待遇组。这些结果显示为散点图，其中以类似的口面形状的个体聚集在一起。它也执行判别函数分析，该统计比较两个治疗组之间的地标的位置是有用的。该分析显示在变换格，其中变化的地标位置被看作向量。网格叠加在这些载体中，使得整经图案被显示，以显示其中显著地标位置发生了变化。在判别函数分析的形状的变化是基于一个统计测量值，并因此可以通过一个p值来评价。这种分析既简单又方便，只需要一个立体镜和免费软件，因此将是一个有价值的研究和教学资源。

此处，口面部的大小和形状的定量分析证明，比较与视黄酸受体抑制剂（RAR抑制剂），以未处理的对照处理的胚胎。胚胎均采用这种化学抑制剂的1微米的浓度从24级到30（26-35 HPF），冲了出去，并固定在42级（82 HPF）。然后将它们加工成在协议中所述进行分析。结果是原始数据，但在以前的出版物2,3观察结果一致。控制胚胎与车辆，DMSO处理的，和正常发育（ 图7AI，ⅱ）。与RAR...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus at JoVE.com

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

甲量化非洲爪蟾胚胎的口面的大小和形状的方法已被开发出来。在这个协议中，传统大小的测量相结合，与几何形态测量，以允许口颌面发育和缺陷的更复杂的分析。

口面表型的定量<em&gt;爪蟾</em

Xenopus has become an important tool for dissecting the mechanisms governing craniofacial development and defects. A method to quantify orofacial ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Quantification of Orofacial Phenotypes in Xenopus

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

在使用分馏爪蟾卵提取物的体外核大会

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm ...

科研

生物学

Microinjection of Xenopus Laevis Oocytes

非洲爪蟾卵母细胞的微量注射

Microinjection of Xenopus laevis oocytes followed by thin-sectioning electron microscopy (EM) is an excellent system for studying nucleocytoplasmic ...

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

可视化的RNA中的本地化爪蟾卵母细胞

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity.  Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to ...

Identification of Growth Inhibition Phenotypes Induced by Expression of Bacterial Type III Effectors in Yeast

细菌III型效应，在酵母中的表达诱导的生长抑制的表型鉴定

Many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria use a type III secretion system to translocate a suite of effector proteins into the cytosol of host cells. Within ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

膜片钳和灌注技术研究离子通道的表达爪蟾卵母细胞

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

RNAi Screening to Identify Postembryonic Phenotypes in C. elegans

RNAi筛选识别胚后的表型 C。线虫</em

C. elegans has proven to be a valuable model system for the discovery and functional characterization of many genes and gene pathways1. More sophisticated ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

在面部移植<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;胚胎

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

该<em&gt;爪蟾</em&gt;卵母细胞切割开凡士林隙电压钳技术与荧光

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

Reconstitution Of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

Xenopus laevis egg extract is a well-characterized, robust system for studying the biochemistry of diverse cellular processes. Xenopus egg extract has ...

Spinal Cord Transection In Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

Spinal Cord Transection In Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

脊髓切除 术在非洲爪 蟾蝌蚪

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a permanent affliction, which affects the central nervous system (CNS) motor and sensory nerves, resulting in paralysis ...