Name: the swimmeret system of crayfish: a practical guide for the dissection of the nerve cord and extracellular recordings of the motor pattern
Uploaded: 2014-11-25T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern at JoVE.com

Vi takker Jos Burgert for at hjælpe med nogle af tallene. Vi er taknemmelige for Ingo Selbach (og gruppen &quot;Edelkrebsprojekt NRW&quot;) for hans bestræbelser på at levere laboratoriet med forsøgsdyr. Vi takker Anna C. Schneider for korrekturlæsning første versioner af manuskriptet. Denne forskning blev støttet af en Emmy Noether DFG tilskud SM 206 / 3-1 og en start tilskud på universitetet i Köln for kvindelig fakultet.

Denne dissektion procedure er i overensstemmelse med De Europæiske Fællesskabers direktiv af 22. September 2010 (2010/63 / EU). 1. Forberedelse <ol><li> Opnå krebs, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), af begge køn ≥8 cm i størrelse. Sørg for, at dyrene er af afgørende betydning, og maven og abdominale lemmer er intakte. </li><li> Vær omhyggelig med at inspicere rygskjoldet og at denne neglebånd er hård og stiv. Præ- og postmolt dyr har en blød skjoldet og er ...

<ol>
	<li>Hughes, G. M., Wiersma, C. A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Co-Ordination+of+Swimmeret+Movements+in+the+Crayfish,+Procambarus-Clarkii+(Girard).">The Co-Ordination of Swimmeret Movements in the Crayfish, Procambarus-Clarkii (Girard).</a> J Exp Biol. 37 (4), 657-670 (1960).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Smarandache, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifty+Years+of+CPGs:+Two+Neuroethological+Papers+that+Shaped+the+Course+of+Neuroscience.">Fifty Years of CPGs: Two Neuroethological Papers that Shaped the Course of Neuroscience.</a> Front Behav Neurosci. 4, 45 (2010).</li><li>Murchison, D., Chrachri, A., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Separate+Local+Pattern-Generating+Circuit+Controls+the+Movements+of+Each+Swimmeret+in+Crayfish.">A Separate Local Pattern-Generating Circuit Controls the Movements of Each Swimmeret in Crayfish.</a> J Neurophys. 70 (6), 2620-2631 (1993).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Hall, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+crayfish+abdominal+ganglia.+III.+Swimmeret+motor+neurons.">Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia. III. Swimmeret motor neurons.</a> J Comp Neurol. 419 (2), 233-243 (2000).</li><li>Davis, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lobster+Righting+Responses+and+Their+Neural+Control.">Lobster Righting Responses and Their Neural Control.</a> Proc R Soc Ser B-Bio. 170 (1021), 435-456 (1968).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Smarandache-Wellmann, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobiology+of+the+crustacean+swimmeret+system.">Neurobiology of the crustacean swimmeret system.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 96 (2), 242-267 (2012).</li><li>Huxley, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The crayfish: An introduction to the study of zoology. , (1980).</li><li>Smarandache-Wellmann, C., Weller, C., Wright, T. 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K., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersegmental+coordination+of+limb+movements+during+locomotion:+mathematical+models+predict+circuits+that+drive+swimmeret+beating.">Intersegmental coordination of limb movements during locomotion: mathematical models predict circuits that drive swimmeret beating.</a> J Neurosci. 18 (10), 3831-3842 (1998).</li><li>Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=During+fictive+locomotion,+graded+synaptic+currents+drive+bursts+of+impulses+in+swimmeret+motor+neurons.">During fictive locomotion, graded synaptic currents drive bursts of impulses in swimmeret motor neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (13), 5953-5962 (2003).</li><li>Smarandache-Wellmann, C., Gr&#228;tsch, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+coordination+in+distributed+neural+circuits:+Encoding+coordinating+information.">Mechanisms of coordination in distributed neural circuits: Encoding coordinating information.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (16), 5627-5639 (2014).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Hall, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Local+commissural+interneurons+integrate+information+from+intersegmental+coordinating+interneurons.">Local commissural interneurons integrate information from intersegmental coordinating interneurons.</a> J Comp Neurol. 466 (3), 366-376 (2003).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Harness, P. I., Hall, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bursts+of+information:+Coordinating+interneurons+encode+multiple+parameters+of+a+periodic+motor+pattern.">Bursts of information: Coordinating interneurons encode multiple parameters of a periodic motor pattern.</a> J Neurophys. 95 (2), 850-861 (2006).</li><li>Smarandache, C., Hall, W. M., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+Rhythmic+Motor+Activity+by+Gradients+of+Synaptic+Strength+in+a+Neural+Circuit+That+Couples+Modular+Neural+Oscillators.">Coordination of Rhythmic Motor Activity by Gradients of Synaptic Strength in a Neural Circuit That Couples Modular Neural Oscillators.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (29), 9351-9360 (2009).</li><li>Smarandache-Wellmann, C., Weller, C., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+Coordination+in+Distributed+Neural+Circuits:+Decoding+and+Integration+of+Coordinating+Information.">Mechanisms of Coordination in Distributed Neural Circuits: Decoding and Integration of Coordinating Information.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (3), 793-803 (2014).</li><li>Chrachri, A., Neil, D., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Dependent+Responses+of+2+Motor+Systems+in+the+Crayfish,+Pacifastacus+leniusculus.">State-Dependent Responses of 2 Motor Systems in the Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus.</a> J Comp Physiol A. 175 (3), 371-380 (1994).</li><li>Chrachri, A., Neil, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+and+Synchronization+between+2+Abdominal+Motor+Systems+in+Crayfish.">Interaction and Synchronization between 2 Abdominal Motor Systems in Crayfish.</a> J Neurophys. 69 (5), 1373-1383 (1993).</li><li>Skinner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Structure+of+the+4th+Abdominal-Ganglion+of+the+Crayfish,+Procambarus-Clarki+(Girard)+II.+Synaptic+Neuropils.">The Structure of the 4th Abdominal-Ganglion of the Crayfish, Procambarus-Clarki (Girard) II. Synaptic Neuropils.</a> J Comp Neurol. 234 (2), 182-191 (1985).</li><li>Skinner, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Structure+of+the+4th+Abdominal-Ganglion+of+the+Crayfish,+Procambarus-Clarki+(Girard)+I.+Tracts+in+the+Ganglionic+Core.">The Structure of the 4th Abdominal-Ganglion of the Crayfish, Procambarus-Clarki (Girard) I. Tracts in the Ganglionic Core.</a> J Comp Neurol. 234 (2), 168-181 (1985).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Tschuluun, N., Hall, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Architectonics+of+crayfish+ganglia.">Architectonics of crayfish ganglia.</a> Microsc Res Techniq. 60 (3), 253-265 (2003).</li><li>Braun, G., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholinergic+modulation+of+the+swimmeret+motor+system+in+crayfish.">Cholinergic modulation of the swimmeret motor system in crayfish.</a> J Neurophys. 70 (6), 2391-2398 (1993).</li><li>Davis, W. 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<html> Anatomi krebs og deres abdominal ganglier er blevet beskrevet tidligere 5, 18, ​​19, 20, og det anbefales at blive fortrolig med dem før dissektion for at undgå skæring vigtige nerver. Det er afgørende at holde præparatet ved temperaturer under 23 ° C for at forhindre nedbrydning af det isolerede nerve ledningen. Dette kan opnås nemt ved erstatning af badopløsningen hver 20-30 min med koldt krebs saltvand. Under disse omstændigheder kan bruges kæden af ​​ga...

De swimmerets af krebs tjener en funktion i kropsholdning kontrol og slog rytmisk når dyrene svømme fremad, ventilere deres huler eller hunner lufte deres æg 5, 6. De swimmerets af signalet krebs, Pacifastacus leniusculus, optræder parvis fra den anden til den femte abdominal segment, med et ben på hver side af underlivet 7. Det centrale nervesystem producerer sin egen den rytmiske motor trommen som driver swimmeret bevægelse i intakt dyr samt i den isolerede præparation nerve ledningen. Når der ikke er sensorisk feedback eller faldende input til stede den rytmiske motor mønster produceret kaldes fiktiv bevægelse 1, 2. I swimmeret systemet denne motor mønster adskiller sig ikke i nogen parameter fra aktiviteten af swimmerets målt i intakte dyr. Bevægelsen af ​​hver swimmeret drives af et mikrokredsløb, der er placeret i og begrænset til én Corresponding hemiganglion 1 -. 3 I hvert mikrokredsløb der er et mønster generere kerne, der består af fem identificerede ikke spiking interneuroner. De kan funktionelt karakteriseres som værende enten hæmmer af Power Stroke (IPS) eller hæmmer af Return Stroke (IRS) 8. Disse IPS og IRS interneuroner er ikke endogene oscillatorer, snarere deres vekslende aktivitet er drevet af gensidig hæmning 9. Fordi disse interneuroner hæmme swimmeret motorneuroner direkte er alternerende PS-RS bevægelse genereret 10. Locomotion dog ikke blot nødvendigt at fremskaffe aktivitet, men også koordinering af de forskellige uafhængige mikrokredsløb. I swimmeret systemet sådan samordning er etableret ved den koordinerende mikrokredsløb, som sikrer, at lemmer er aktive på korrekte tidspunkter. Denne mikrokredsløb er bygget af tre identificerede neuroner i hvert segment 11-15. Denne protokol vedrører the første gang en trin-for-trin dissektion guide at isolere kæden af ganglier (T4 til A6, figur 1). Vi viser, hvordan at pin det isolerede abdominal nerve ledning og desheathe hver ganglion. I denne isolerede præparation nervesystem, de neuroner, der er ansvarlige for swimmeret bevægelse er klar til brug i elektrofysiologiske og morfologiske eksperimenter. Den anden del af denne protokol viser hovedtrækkene i den swimmeret motor mønster. Dette omfatter en trin-for-trin guide til ekstracellulært rekord aktiviteten af ​​swimmeret motoriske neuroner. Axoner af RS motoriske neuroner projektet gennem den forreste gren af nerve N1, mens axoner af PS motoriske neuroner projektet gennem den bageste gren af den samme nerve (Figur 1) 4. Derfor deres aktivitet kan optages fra disse filialer med differentierede pin elektroder. <img alt="Figur 1" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52109/52109fig1highres.jpg" width="200" /><br/&gt; Figur 1: Isoleret nervesystem fra thorax ganglion 4 (T4) til abdominal ganglion 6 (A6) og et skematisk diagram af det T4:. Thorax ganglion 4; T5: thorax ganglion 5; A1, A2 ... A6 abdominal ganglion 1, abdominal ganglion 2 ... abdominal ganglion 6; N1: nerve N1; N2: nerve N2; N3: nerve N3; PS: power-takts; RS: return-slagtilfælde. Retningsbestemte forkortelser: A = anterior; P = posterior. Denne dissektion procedure og elektrofysiologiske teknik demonstreret er bekvemt for studerende og eventuelt supplere de studerendes praktiske kurser i fysiologi. Det isolerede kæde af ganglier er blevet anvendt i en række forsøg for at studere nervesystems funktion, koordinering eller modulering af swimmeret mikrokredsløb 6 samt neuronal kontrol af adaptive adfærd i bevægelse 16, 17. Krebsehaler swimmeret system giver således en enorm mængde interessante undervisning eller tregner muligheder, som alle begynder med dissektion af den ventrale nerve ledning af krebs og ekstracellulær registrering af fiktive motor mønster.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="606">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:131px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Type</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Comments/&#160;&#160; Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">4-channel extracellular amplifier: MA 102&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Elektroniklabor, Zoologie, Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:131px;">air-table</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Technical Manufacturing Corporation 
			(TMC) a unit of AMETEK Ultra Precision Technologies, Peabody, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">63-534</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for intracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:131px;">Axon Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Axon Instruments, Molecular Devices Design, Union City, CA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">DD1440A</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">digitizes recorded signals&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:131px;">big bucket&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">filled with ice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">Clampex &#38; Clampfit</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">pClamp 10, recording and analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Molecular Devices Design, Union City, CA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">pClamps 10 Standard</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">cold lamp source</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">with flexible light guide (fiber optic bundle)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Euromex microscopes holland, Arnhem, BD</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">LE.5211 &#38; LE.5235</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">computer and monitor</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">equipped with recording software</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">container and pipette for liquid waste&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:131px;">crayfish saline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">contains (in mM): 5.4 KCl, 2.6 MgCl2, 13.5 CaCl2, and 195 NaCl, buffered with 10mM Tris base and 4.7mM maleic acid; aerated for 3 hours. Adjust at pH of 7.4.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">always keep at temperatures ~ 4&#176; C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">dextran, Texas Red (3000MW, lysine fixable)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">fluorescent dye, lysine fixable</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Life Technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">D3328</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for intracellular dyefill of neurons</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">differential pin electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">made from stainless steel &#632; 0.2 mm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">dissection dish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">(l x w x h) 15x7x5 cm; linned with black silicone</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">used in the gross disection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">fixing pins</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for pinning the specimen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">forceps (biology, Dumont #5)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Forceps: Biology, tip 0.05 x 0.02 mm, length 11cm, INOX</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11252-20</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">fine forceps: used to pick nerves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">forceps (biology, Dumont #55)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Forceps: Biology, tip 0.05 x 0.02 mm, length 11cm, INOX</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11255-20</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">extra fine forceps: used for desheathing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:131px;">forceps (electronic, Dumont #5)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Forceps: Standard, tip 0.1 x 0.06 mm, length 11cm, INOX</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11251-20</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">coarse forceps:&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; used to grab specimen and pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:131px;">intracellular electrode</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries (outer/inner diameter: 1mm/0.5mm), with filament</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">BF100-50-10</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for intracellular recording and dyefill of neurons</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">Leica S8 Apo StereoZoom</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Dissection Microscope&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Zoom 1x - 8x</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Leica, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">10446298</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">microscope table</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">mirror</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">to illuminate preparation from below</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">Olympus SZ61</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Dissection Microscope&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Zoom 0.67x - 4.5x</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Olympus, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for the dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">petri dish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">94 x 16 mm; lined with clear silicone</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Greiner bio-one, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">633180</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">used to pin the isolated chain of ganglia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:131px;">ring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ThoughCut, cutting edge: sharp/blunt, straight: 13cm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">14054-13</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for gross dissection&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (steps 2.1 - 2.11)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:131px;">saline dispenser&#160; with a 16 gauge needle (outer &#632; 1.6mm) attached via a flexible tube.</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Volume ~ 60ml,</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">used for exsanguination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:131px;">spring scissors or alternative: Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">cutting edge: 8 mm, tip diameter: 0.2mm, straight: 10cm or cutting edge 2.5 mm, tip diameter 0.075 mm, straight: 8cm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">15024-10 or&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 15000-08</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for desheathing&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">stainless steel wire &#632; 0.125 mm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">to cut pins of 4-7 mm length</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Goodfellow GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for pinning of the nerve cord</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="140">
			<td height="140" style="height:140px;width:131px;">student Vannas&#160; spring scissors or alternative:&#160; Moria Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">cutting edge: 5mm, tip diameter: 0.35mm, straight: 9cm or cutting edge: 5mm, tip diameter 0,1 mm, straight: 8 cm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">91500-09 or&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 15396-00</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for gross and fine disection&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (steps 2.11 - 3.14)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:131px;">sylgard</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">184 Silicone Elastomer Base and Curing Agent; for black sylgard add activated carbon</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:131px;">syringe filled with petroleum jelly and equipped with a 20 gauche needle with rounded tip</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the swimmeret system of crayfish: a practical guide for the dissection of the nerve cord and extracellular recordings of the motor pattern

Her demonstrere vi dissektion af krebs abdominal nerve ledning. Fremstillingen omfatter de sidste to thorax ganglier (T4, T5) og kæden af ​​abdominal ganglier (A1 til A6). Denne kæde af ganglier omfatter den del af det centrale nervesystem (CNS), som driver en koordineret bevægelse af pleopods (swimmerets): Den swimmeret system. Det er kendt i over fem årtier, at hver swimmeret i krebs er drevet af sin egen uafhængige mønstergenererende kerne, der genererer rytmisk skiftende aktivitet 1-3. De motoriske neuroner innerverer muskulatur hver swimmeret omfatter to anatomisk og funktionelt adskilte populationer 4. Den ene er ansvarlig for tilbagetrækning (power slagtilfælde, PS) i swimmeret. Den anden driver forhaling (returslag, RS) i swimmeret. Motoriske neuroner i swimmeret systemet er i stand til at producere spontant en fiktiv motor mønster, som er identisk med mønsteret registreret in vivo </em&gt; 1. Formålet med denne rapport er at indføre en interessant og praktisk modelsystem til undersøgelse rytme genererende netværk og koordinering af uafhængige mikrokredsløb for elevernes praktiske laboratoriekurser. Den angivne protokol indeholder trin-for-trin instruktioner til dissektion af krebs er abdominale nerve ledning, pinning af de isolerede kæde af ganglier, desheathing ganglier og registrering af swimmerets fiktive motor mønster ekstracellulært fra den isolerede nervesystem. Derudover kan vi overvåge aktiviteten af ​​swimmeret neuroner optaget intracellulært fra dendritter. Her beskriver også kort disse teknikker og give nogle eksempler. Endvidere kan morfologi swimmeret neuroner vurderes ved hjælp af forskellige farvningsteknikker. Her giver vi eksempler på intracellulært (ved iontoforese) farvestof fyldt neuroner og backfills af puljer af swimmeret motoriske neuroner. I vores laboratoriumvi bruger dette præparat til at studere basisfunktioner fiktive bevægelse, virkningen af ​​sensorisk tilbagemelding på aktiviteten af ​​CNS, og koordineringen mellem mikrokredsløb på et cellulært niveau.

Med de samtidige ekstracellulære optagelser fra RS og PS, motoriske neuroner i et ganglion, vekslende aktivitet af disse motor neuron puljer, kan overvåges (figur 18), der repræsenterer den fiktive bevægelse mønster. <img alt="Figur 18" src="/files/ftp_upload/52109/52109fig18highres.jpg" /> Figur 18: Skematisk af en ganglion og placering af differentieret pin elektrode Ekstracellulær registrering af RS motoriske neuroner (øverste spor) og PS moto...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern at JoVE.com

The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern

Here we describe the dissection of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord. We also demonstrate an electrophysiological technique to record fictive locomotion from swimmeret motor neurons.

Den Swimmeret System af Crayfish: En praktisk vejledning til dissektion af Nerve Cord og Ekstracellulære optagelser af Motor Mønster

Here we demonstrate the dissection of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord. The preparation comprises the last two thoracic ganglia (T4, T5) and the chain of ...

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