Name: the swimmeret system of crayfish: a practical guide for the dissection of the nerve cord and extracellular recordings of the motor pattern
Uploaded: 2014-11-25T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern at JoVE.com

Vi takker Jos Burgert for å hjelpe med noen av tallene. Vi er takknemlige for Ingo Selbach (og gruppen &quot;Edelkrebsprojekt NRW&quot;) for sin innsats for å forsyne lab med forsøksdyr. Vi takker Anna C. Schneider for korrekturlesing første versjonene av manuskriptet. Denne forskningen ble støttet av en Emmy Noether DFG stipend SM 206 / 3-1 og en oppstart stipend ved Universitetet i Köln for kvinnelige lærere.

Dette disseksjon prosedyren er i samsvar med europeiske fellesskap Rådsdirektiv av 22. september 2010 (2010/63 / EU). 1. Forberedelse <ol><li> Skaff kreps, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), av begge kjønn ≥8 cm i størrelse. Sikre at dyrene er vital og magen og mage lemmer er intakt. </li><li> Vær nøye med å inspisere ryggskjoldet, og at dette skjellaget er hard og stiv. Pre- og postmolt dyr har en myk ryggskjoldet og er ikke egnet for eksperimenter fordi under mo...

<ol>
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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Co-Ordination+of+Swimmeret+Movements+in+the+Crayfish,+Procambarus-Clarkii+(Girard).">The Co-Ordination of Swimmeret Movements in the Crayfish, Procambarus-Clarkii (Girard).</a> J Exp Biol. 37 (4), 657-670 (1960).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Smarandache, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fifty+Years+of+CPGs:+Two+Neuroethological+Papers+that+Shaped+the+Course+of+Neuroscience.">Fifty Years of CPGs: Two Neuroethological Papers that Shaped the Course of Neuroscience.</a> Front Behav Neurosci. 4, 45 (2010).</li><li>Murchison, D., Chrachri, A., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Separate+Local+Pattern-Generating+Circuit+Controls+the+Movements+of+Each+Swimmeret+in+Crayfish.">A Separate Local Pattern-Generating Circuit Controls the Movements of Each Swimmeret in Crayfish.</a> J Neurophys. 70 (6), 2620-2631 (1993).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Hall, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+organization+of+crayfish+abdominal+ganglia.+III.+Swimmeret+motor+neurons.">Functional organization of crayfish abdominal ganglia. III. Swimmeret motor neurons.</a> J Comp Neurol. 419 (2), 233-243 (2000).</li><li>Davis, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lobster+Righting+Responses+and+Their+Neural+Control.">Lobster Righting Responses and Their Neural Control.</a> Proc R Soc Ser B-Bio. 170 (1021), 435-456 (1968).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Smarandache-Wellmann, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobiology+of+the+crustacean+swimmeret+system.">Neurobiology of the crustacean swimmeret system.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 96 (2), 242-267 (2012).</li><li>Huxley, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The crayfish: An introduction to the study of zoology. , (1980).</li><li>Smarandache-Wellmann, C., Weller, C., Wright, T. 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K., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersegmental+coordination+of+limb+movements+during+locomotion:+mathematical+models+predict+circuits+that+drive+swimmeret+beating.">Intersegmental coordination of limb movements during locomotion: mathematical models predict circuits that drive swimmeret beating.</a> J Neurosci. 18 (10), 3831-3842 (1998).</li><li>Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=During+fictive+locomotion,+graded+synaptic+currents+drive+bursts+of+impulses+in+swimmeret+motor+neurons.">During fictive locomotion, graded synaptic currents drive bursts of impulses in swimmeret motor neurons.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (13), 5953-5962 (2003).</li><li>Smarandache-Wellmann, C., Gr&#228;tsch, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+coordination+in+distributed+neural+circuits:+Encoding+coordinating+information.">Mechanisms of coordination in distributed neural circuits: Encoding coordinating information.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (16), 5627-5639 (2014).</li><li>Mulloney, B., Hall, W. 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M., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordination+of+Rhythmic+Motor+Activity+by+Gradients+of+Synaptic+Strength+in+a+Neural+Circuit+That+Couples+Modular+Neural+Oscillators.">Coordination of Rhythmic Motor Activity by Gradients of Synaptic Strength in a Neural Circuit That Couples Modular Neural Oscillators.</a> J Neurosci. 29 (29), 9351-9360 (2009).</li><li>Smarandache-Wellmann, C., Weller, C., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+Coordination+in+Distributed+Neural+Circuits:+Decoding+and+Integration+of+Coordinating+Information.">Mechanisms of Coordination in Distributed Neural Circuits: Decoding and Integration of Coordinating Information.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (3), 793-803 (2014).</li><li>Chrachri, A., Neil, D., Mulloney, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-Dependent+Responses+of+2+Motor+Systems+in+the+Crayfish,+Pacifastacus+leniusculus.">State-Dependent Responses of 2 Motor Systems in the Crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus.</a> J Comp Physiol A. 175 (3), 371-380 (1994).</li><li>Chrachri, A., Neil, D. 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<html> Anatomi av kreps og deres mage ganglia har blitt beskrevet tidligere 5, 18, ​​19, 20 og det anbefales å bli kjent med dem før disseksjonen for å unngå skjæring av viktige nerver. Det er kritisk å holde preparatet ved temperaturer under 23 ° C for å hindre nedbrytning av det isolerte nerveledning. Dette kan oppnås enkelt ved utskifting av badeløsningen hver 20-30 min med kaldt saltvann kreps. Under disse omstendigheter kjeden av gangliene kan brukes til elektrof...

De swimmerets av kreps tjene en funksjon i holdning kontroll og slo rytmisk når dyrene svømme fremover, lufte hulene sine eller kvinner lufte sine egg 5, 6. De swimmerets av signalkreps, Pacifastacus leniusculus, opptrer i par fra andre til femte abdominal segment, med en lem på hver side av abdomen 7. Sentralnerve-systemet produserer i seg selv den rytmiske patter motor som driver swimmeret bevegelse i intakte dyr, så vel som i isolerte nerve ledningen preparat. Når det ikke er sensorisk feedback eller synkende innspill til stede den rytmiske motor mønster produsert kalles fiktiv locomotion 1, 2. I swimmeret system denne motoren mønsteret ikke avviker i noen parameter fra aktiviteten til swimmerets målt i den intakte dyr. Bevegelsen av hver swimmeret blir drevet av en mikrokrets som er plassert i og begrenset til en corresponding hemiganglion 1 -. 3 I hvert mikrokrets det er et mønster generere kjerne som består av fem identifiserte ikke spiking interneuroner. De kan være funksjonelt karakteriseres som enten Inhibitor of Power Stroke (IPS) eller hemmer av Return Stroke (IRS) 8. Disse IPS og IRS interneuroner er ikke endogene oscillatorer, snarere deres vekslende aktivitet er drevet av gjensidig hemming 9. Fordi disse interneuroner hemme swimmeret motoriske nerveceller direkte, er det vekslende PS-RS bevegelse generert 10. Bevegelse vil imidlertid ikke bare krever genereringen av aktivitet, men også samordning av de forskjellige uavhengige mikrokretser. I swimmeret systemet slik samordning blir etablert av det koordinerende mikrokretsen som sikrer at lemmene er aktive ved riktig tidspunkt. Denne mikrokrets bygget av tre identifiserte nevroner i hvert segment 11-15. Denne protokollen gir for the første gang en trinn-for-trinn-disseksjon guide for å isolere kjede av ganglia (T4 til A6, figur 1). Vi viser hvordan du fester den isolerte abdominal nerve ledningen og desheathe hver ganglion. I dette isolert nervesystemet forberedelse, nervecellene ansvarlig for swimmeret bevegelse er klare for bruk i elektrofysiologiske og morfologiske eksperimenter. Den andre delen av denne protokollen viser hovedtrekkene i den swimmeret motor mønster. Dette inkluderer en steg-for-steg guide til ekstracellulært rekord aktiviteten til swimmeret motoriske nerveceller. Aksoner av RS motor nevroner projisere gjennom fremre grenen av nerve N1, mens aksoner av PS motor nevroner projisere gjennom bakre gren av samme nerve (figur 1) 4. Derfor deres aktivitet kan registreres fra disse grenene med differensialpinne elektroder. <img alt="Figur 1" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52109/52109fig1highres.jpg" width="200" /><br/&gt; Figur 1: Isolert nervesystemet fra thorax ganglion 4 (T4) for å mage ganglion 6 (A6), og et skjematisk diagram av det T4:. Thorax ganglion 4; T5: thorax ganglion 5; A1, A2 ... A6 abdominal ganglion 1, mage ganglion 2 ... mage ganglion 6; N1: nerve N1; N2: nerve N2; N3: nerve N3; PS: power-takter; RS: retur-takter. Retnings forkortelser: A = anterior; P = posterior. Dette disseksjon prosedyren og elektroteknikk demonstrert er praktisk for lavere grads studenter, og kan utfylle student praktiske kurs i fysiologi. Den isolerte kjede av ganglia er blitt benyttet i en rekke eksperimenter for å studere nervesystemet funksjon, koordinering, eller modulering av swimmeret mikrokretser 6 samt neuronal kontroll av adaptiv oppførsel i bevegelse 16, 17. Kreps swimmeret system tilveiebringer således en enorm mengde interessant undervisning eller tregner muligheter som alle begynner med disseksjon av ventral nerve ledningen av kreps og ekstracellulære opptak av det fiktive motor mønster.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="606">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:131px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Type</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Comments/&#160;&#160; Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">4-channel extracellular amplifier: MA 102&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Elektroniklabor, Zoologie, Universit&#228;t zu K&#246;ln, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:131px;">air-table</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Technical Manufacturing Corporation 
			(TMC) a unit of AMETEK Ultra Precision Technologies, Peabody, MA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">63-534</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for intracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:131px;">Axon Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Digitizer</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Axon Instruments, Molecular Devices Design, Union City, CA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">DD1440A</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">digitizes recorded signals&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:131px;">big bucket&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">filled with ice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">Clampex &#38; Clampfit</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">pClamp 10, recording and analysis software</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Molecular Devices Design, Union City, CA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">pClamps 10 Standard</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">cold lamp source</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">with flexible light guide (fiber optic bundle)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Euromex microscopes holland, Arnhem, BD</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">LE.5211 &#38; LE.5235</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">computer and monitor</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">equipped with recording software</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">container and pipette for liquid waste&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:131px;">crayfish saline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">contains (in mM): 5.4 KCl, 2.6 MgCl2, 13.5 CaCl2, and 195 NaCl, buffered with 10mM Tris base and 4.7mM maleic acid; aerated for 3 hours. Adjust at pH of 7.4.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">always keep at temperatures ~ 4&#176; C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">dextran, Texas Red (3000MW, lysine fixable)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">fluorescent dye, lysine fixable</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Life Technologies GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">D3328</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for intracellular dyefill of neurons</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">differential pin electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">made from stainless steel &#632; 0.2 mm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">dissection dish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">(l x w x h) 15x7x5 cm; linned with black silicone</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">used in the gross disection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">faraday cage</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">fixing pins</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for pinning the specimen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">forceps (biology, Dumont #5)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Forceps: Biology, tip 0.05 x 0.02 mm, length 11cm, INOX</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11252-20</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">fine forceps: used to pick nerves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">forceps (biology, Dumont #55)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Forceps: Biology, tip 0.05 x 0.02 mm, length 11cm, INOX</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11255-20</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">extra fine forceps: used for desheathing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:131px;">forceps (electronic, Dumont #5)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Forceps: Standard, tip 0.1 x 0.06 mm, length 11cm, INOX</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">11251-20</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">coarse forceps:&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; used to grab specimen and pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:131px;">intracellular electrode</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Borosilicate glass capillaries (outer/inner diameter: 1mm/0.5mm), with filament</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">BF100-50-10</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for intracellular recording and dyefill of neurons</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">Leica S8 Apo StereoZoom</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Dissection Microscope&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Zoom 1x - 8x</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Leica, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">10446298</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">microscope table</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">mirror</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">to illuminate preparation from below</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:131px;">modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">Olympus SZ61</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Dissection Microscope&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; Zoom 0.67x - 4.5x</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Olympus, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for the dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">petri dish&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">94 x 16 mm; lined with clear silicone</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Greiner bio-one, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">633180</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">used to pin the isolated chain of ganglia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:131px;">ring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ThoughCut, cutting edge: sharp/blunt, straight: 13cm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">14054-13</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for gross dissection&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (steps 2.1 - 2.11)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:131px;">saline dispenser&#160; with a 16 gauge needle (outer &#632; 1.6mm) attached via a flexible tube.</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Volume ~ 60ml,</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">used for exsanguination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:131px;">spring scissors or alternative: Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">cutting edge: 8 mm, tip diameter: 0.2mm, straight: 10cm or cutting edge 2.5 mm, tip diameter 0.075 mm, straight: 8cm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">15024-10 or&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 15000-08</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for desheathing&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:131px;">stainless steel wire &#632; 0.125 mm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">to cut pins of 4-7 mm length</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Goodfellow GmbH, Bad Nauheim, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for pinning of the nerve cord</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="140">
			<td height="140" style="height:140px;width:131px;">student Vannas&#160; spring scissors or alternative:&#160; Moria Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">cutting edge: 5mm, tip diameter: 0.35mm, straight: 9cm or cutting edge: 5mm, tip diameter 0,1 mm, straight: 8 cm</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Fine Science Tools (FST), Germany</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">91500-09 or&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; 15396-00</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for gross and fine disection&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (steps 2.11 - 3.14)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:131px;">sylgard</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">184 Silicone Elastomer Base and Curing Agent; for black sylgard add activated carbon</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Dow Corning, Midland, MI, USA</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:131px;">syringe filled with petroleum jelly and equipped with a 20 gauche needle with rounded tip</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:103px;">for extracellular recording</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the swimmeret system of crayfish: a practical guide for the dissection of the nerve cord and extracellular recordings of the motor pattern

Her demonstrerer vi disseksjon av kreps abdominal nerve ledningen. Preparatet består av de to siste thorax ganglia (T4, T5) og kjeden av mage ganglia (A1 til A6). Denne kjeden av ganglia omfatter den delen av sentralnervesystemet (CNS) som driver koordinert bevegelse av de pleopods (swimmerets): den swimmeret systemet. Det er kjent i over fem tiår som i kreps hver swimmeret er drevet av sin egen uavhengige mønster generere kernel som genererer rytmisk vekslende aktivitet 1-3. De motoriske nerveceller innervating muskulaturen hver swimmeret omfatter to anatomisk og funksjonelt atskilte populasjoner 4. Den ene er ansvarlig for tilbaketrekking (strøm slag, PS) av swimmeret. Den andre driver protraction (returslag, RS) av swimmeret. Motoriske nevroner i swimmeret systemet er i stand til å produsere spontant en fiktiv motor mønster, som er identisk med mønsteret registreres in vivo </em&gt; 1. Målet med denne rapporten er å presentere en interessant og praktisk modellsystem for å studere rytmegenererende nettverk og samordning av uavhengige kretser for studentenes praktiske laboratoriekurs. Protokollen leveres inkluderer steg-for-trinn-instruksjoner for disseksjon av kreps mage nerve ledningen, låsing av isolert kjede av ganglier, desheathing ganglia og registrere swimmerets fiktiv motor mønster ekstracellulært fra den isolerte nervesystemet. I tillegg kan vi overvåke aktiviteten til swimmeret nevroner registrert intracellulært fra dendritter. Her også vi kort beskrive disse teknikkene og gi noen eksempler. Videre kan morfologi swimmeret neuroner bli vurdert ved anvendelse av forskjellige fargingsteknikker. Her gir vi eksempler på intracellulær (etter iontoforese) dye fylt nevroner og backfills av bassenger av swimmeret motoriske nerveceller. I vår labvi bruker dette preparatet for å undersøke grunnleggende funksjoner av fiktiv bevegelse, effekten av sensorisk tilbakemelding på aktivitet i CNS, og koordinering mellom mikrokretser på et cellulært nivå.

Med samtidige ekstracellulære opptak fra RS og PS, motoriske nerveceller av en ganglion, vekslende aktiviteten til disse motor nevroner bassenger, kan overvåkes (Figur 18), som representerer det fiktive locomotion mønster. <img alt="Figur 18" src="/files/ftp_upload/52109/52109fig18highres.jpg" /> Figur 18: Skjematisk av en ganglion og plassering av differensial pin elektrode Ekstracellulær opptak av RS motor nevroner (øvre spor) og PS motor nevrone...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern at JoVE.com

The Swimmeret System of Crayfish: A Practical Guide for the Dissection of the Nerve Cord and Extracellular Recordings of the Motor Pattern

Here we describe the dissection of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord. We also demonstrate an electrophysiological technique to record fictive locomotion from swimmeret motor neurons.

Den Swimmeret System of kreps: A Practical Guide for Dissection av Nerve Cord og Ekstracellulære Opptak av Motor Pattern

Here we demonstrate the dissection of the crayfish abdominal nerve cord. The preparation comprises the last two thoracic ganglia (T4, T5) and the chain of ...

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