Name: proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis
Uploaded: 2014-11-04T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

Protokollen følger retningslinjene til våre institusjoner menneskelige forskningsetisk komité. Buffycoat fra friske pasienter ble innhentet fra Regional Blood Trans Center (Lille, Frankrike). Prøver innhentet fra buffy strøk er erklært som en Inserm samling (n ° DC2010-1209). 1. Material and Culture Media Forberedelse <ol><li> Fortynn 10x fosfatbuffer saltvann (PBS) i sterilt destillert vann for å oppnå 1 x PBS. </li><li> Gjør RPMI 1640-medium supplert med gentamicin (40 pg / ml)...

<ol>
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Protokollen er beskrevet heri detaljer en metode for å analysere virkningen av ulike stimuli i de to undertyper av makrofager, M1 (pro-inflammatoriske) og M2 (anti-inflammatorisk). Primære kulturer av M1 og M2 makrofager ble oppnådd fra differensieringen av monocytter som tidligere publisert 7.. Prosedyren for 2D DIGE gel elektroforese krever spesialiserte materialer og utstyr, for eksempel IEF celle for isoelectrofocusing, lav-fluorescens plater for SDS-PAGE for å skanne to g...

Makrofager er heterogene og plast celler som er i stand til å tilegne seg distinkte funksjonelle fenotyper. In vivo, disse cellene svare på et stort utvalg av mikro miljø signalssuch som mikrobielle produkter, cytokiner, osv. 1. In vitro, den pro-inflammatorisk fenotype (M1) av makrofager, kan induseres ved lipopolysakkarid (LPS) og den anti-inflammatoriske fenotype (M2) av enkelte cytokiner slik som interleukin-4 (IL-4). Videre kan makrofager bytte fra en aktivert M1 til M2 fenotype, og omvendt, avhengig av særskilte signaler 2. Avhengig av fenotype, vil makrofager har forskjellige funksjoner. M1 makrofager er cellene som produserer pro-inflammatoriske cytokiner, slik som tumornekrosefaktor α (TNF-α), for å drepe mikroorganismer eller tumorceller 3. I kontrast, M2 makrofager hindre disse betennelsesreaksjon som i sårheling og fibrose ved å produsere anti-inflammatory faktorer som TGF-β 3,4. Humane perifere mononukleære blodceller fra friske donorer ble isolert ved Ficoll-tetthetsgradient-sentrifugering som tidligere beskrevet 5 ved hjelp av en teknikk tilpasset fra Boyum 6. Makrofager i kultur kan differensieres i M1 eller M2 fenotype etter 6 dager med primær kultur 7. Analyse av protein uttrykk eller proteinendringer mellom de to undertyper av makrofager under ulike kontrollerte stimuli, for eksempel verts patogenitet eller mikrobielle toksiner, vil være nyttig å tyde funksjonaliteten til pro- og anti-inflammatoriske makrofager. Proteomikk er unike verktøy for direkte påvisning av proteiner som er spesielt opp- eller nedregulert i menneskelige dyrkede makrofager under ulike stimuli. Fluorescerende fargestoffer har løst noen av begrensningene i 2D gel elektroforese, slik som lav følsomhet og bildeanalyse 8 &lt;<html> / Sup&gt;. De fargestoffer som reagerer med cysteinresiduer har økt følsomhet i forhold til de som reagerer med lysinrester 9. I en tidligere studie demonstrerte vi nytten av DIGE metnings merking for analysen av prøvene knappe 10 sammenlignet med den klassiske sølv-farget 2D-elektroforese 11. Denne teknologien er nyttig i raskt analysere protein modifikasjoner mellom de to undertyper av makrofager eller mellom ubehandlet og behandlet makrofager fra samme subtype. Fordelene ved denne teknikk er proteomikk å ha tilgang til informasjon av protein størrelse og post-translasjonelle modifikasjoner ved å analysere 2D gel 12. Det bør tas hensyn til at dette ikke er en høy gjennomstrømning teknikk, noe som begrenser antallet prøver som kan analyseres. Utviklingen av store gjennomgangs analyser basert på massespektrometri som anmeldte nylig 13 kan forbedre dette. _content &quot;&gt; Her presenterer vi hvordan du utfører 2D DIGE analyse fra protein utvinning av dyrkede makrofager gjennom prosesser av elektroforese, isoelectrofocusing, og SDS-PAGE samt informasjon om nytten av tilstrekkelig 2D programvare.

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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
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			<td>353846</td>
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			<td>B-61410</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">lipopolysaccharide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-2654</td>
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			<td>Fluka</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">100 mL cylinder</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TCEP</td>
			<td>Interchim</td>
			<td>UP242214</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5000006</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>25-8009-83</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-6002-44</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Protean IEF cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4000</td>
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			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15517-014</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan-Daltsix system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6485-08</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Progenesis Samespot</td>
			<td>Non linear dynamics</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td>any supplier</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">CHAPS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C5070</td>
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			<td>Merk</td>
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			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610611</td>
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			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A3678</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9281</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Tris HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3253</td>
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			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-0456-01</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">SDS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3773</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>114391</td>
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			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">2D clean Up</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>80-6454-51</td>
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			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126</td>
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			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>22705-6</td>
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			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">electrode wicks</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-4071</td>
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proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

For å utføre passende differensial proteomikk analyse, bør behandlingen av prøver som skal analyseres verifiseres. I det eksempel som presentert, blir cellekulturkvalitet av makrofager som kreves for morfologiske og molekylære aspekter som tidligere utgitt 5. Differensieringen av monocytter til makrofager og homogeniteten av kulturen ble etterfulgt av fase-mikroskopi. Figur 1 viser et eksempel på primærkulturer av M1 og M2 makrofager. Som vist, verifisert v...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Proteomikk Profilering av Makrofager av 2D elektroforese

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

Nedbryting og Rekonstituering av makrofager i Mus

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is the complex and tightly regulated process during which a nascent phagosome undergoes drastic transformation through well-orchestrated interactions with various cellular organelles and compartments in the cytoplasm. This process, which is essential for the physiological function of phagocytic cells by endowing phagosomes with their lytic and bactericidal properties, culminates in fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes and biogenesis of phagolysosomes which is considered to be the last and critical stage of maturation for phagosomes. In this report, we describe a live cell imaging based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamic process of lysosome to phagosome content delivery, which is a hallmark of phagolysosome biogenesis. This approach uses IgG-coated microbeads as a model for phagocytosis and fluorophore-conjugated dextran molecules as a luminal lysosomal cargo probe, in order to follow the dynamic delivery of lysosmal content to the phagosomes in real time in live macrophages using time-lapse imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here we describe in detail the background, the preparation steps and the step-by-step experimental setup to enable easy and precise deployment of this method in other labs. Our described method is simple, robust, and most importantly, can be easily adapted to study phagosomal interactions and maturation in different systems and under various experimental settings such as use of various phagocytic cells types, loss-of-function experiments, different probes, and phagocytic particles.

Studier av Phagolysosome Biogenesis i Levende Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

Isolation of Human Monocytes by Double Gradient Centrifugation and Their Differentiation to Macrophages in Teflon-coated Cell Culture Bags

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to understand the underlying mechanisms of these diseases. We therefore present a straightforward protocol for the isolation of human monocytes from buffy coats, followed by a differentiation procedure which results in high macrophage yields. The technique relies mostly on commonly available lab equipment and thus provides a cost and time effective way to obtain large quantities of human macrophages. Briefly, buffy coats from healthy blood donors are subjected to a double density gradient centrifugation to harvest monocytes from the peripheral blood. These monocytes are then cultured in fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon-coated cell culture bags in the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). The differentiated macrophages can be easily harvested and used for subsequent studies and functional assays. Important methods for quality control and validation of the isolation and differentiation steps will be highlighted within the protocol. In summary, the protocol described here enables scientists to routinely and reproducibly isolate human macrophages without the need for cost intensive tools. Furthermore, disease models can be studied in a syngeneic human system circumventing the use of murine macrophages.

We present a simple and efficient protocol for the generation of human macrophages. Buffy coats are processed by double density gradient centrifugation and isolated monocytes are then differentiated to macrophages in Teflon-coated cell culture bags. This maximizes macrophage yields and facilitates cell harvesting for subsequent experiments.

Isolering av humane monocytter ved å dobbelt gradientsentrifugering og deres differensiering til Makrofager i teflonbelagt cellekultur Vesker

Human macrophages are involved in a plethora of pathologic processes ranging from infectious diseases to cancer. Thus they pose a valuable tool to ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

Ved å bruke<em&gt; Shigella flexneri</em&gt; Å studere autofagi-Cytoskjelettet Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Assessing Anti-fungal Activity of Isolated Alveolar Macrophages by Confocal Microscopy

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic cells that encounter inhaled fungi and other microbes. Macrophages and other immune cells recognize Aspergillus motifs by pathogen recognition receptors and initiate downstream inflammatory responses. The phagocyte NADPH oxidase generates reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and is critical for host defense. Although NADPH oxidase is critical for neutrophil-mediated host defense1-3, the importance of NADPH oxidase in macrophages is not well defined. The goal of this study was to delineate the specific role of NADPH oxidase in macrophages in mediating host defense against A. fumigatus. We found that NADPH oxidase in alveolar macrophages controls the growth of phagocytosed A. fumigatus spores4. Here, we describe a method for assessing the ability of mouse alveolar macrophages (AMs) to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores (conidia). Alveolar macrophages are stained in vivo and ten days later isolated from mice by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Macrophages are plated onto glass coverslips, then seeded with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing A. fumigatus spores. At specified times, cells are fixed and the number of intact macrophages with phagocytosed spores is assessed by confocal microscopy.

A method to evaluate the ability of isolated mouse alveolar macrophages to control the growth of phagocytosed Aspergillus spores by confocal microscopy.

Vurdere Anti-sopp aktivitet av isolerte alveolære makrofager ved konfokalmikroskopi

The lung is an interface where host cells are routinely exposed to microbes and microbial products. Alveolar macrophages are the first-line phagocytic ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Svært effektiv Transfeksjon menneskerettighets THP-1 Makrofager av nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

Kvantifisering av cytosolisk vs. vacuolar<em&gt; Salmonella</em&gt; I Primær Makrofager av Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phenotypic Characterization of Macrophages from Rat Kidney by Flow Cytometry

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal disease. Macrophages are heterogeneous cells that have been implicated in kidney injury. Macrophages may be classified into two different phenotypes: classically activated macrophages (M1 macrophages), that release pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote fibrosis; and alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) that are associated with immunoregulatory and tissue-remodeling functions. These macrophage phenotypes need to be discriminated and analyzed to determine their contribution to renal injury. However, there are scarce studies reporting consistent phenotypic and functional information about macrophage subtypes in inflammatory renal disease models, especially in rats. This fact may be related to the limited macrophage markers used in rats, contrary to mice. Therefore, novel strategies are necessary to quantify and characterize the renal content of these infiltrating cells in a reliable way. This manuscript details a protocol for kidney digestion and further phenotypic and quantitative analysis of macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. Briefly, kidneys were incubated with collagenase and total macrophages were identified according to the dual presence of CD45 (leukocytes common antigen) and CD68 (PAN macrophage marker) in live cells.This was followed by surface staining of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD163 (M2 marker). Rat peritoneal macrophages were used as positive control for macrophage marker detection by flow cytometry. Our protocol resulted in low cellular mortality and allowed characterization of different intracellular and surface protein markers, thus limiting the loss of cellular integrity observed in other protocols. Moreover, this procedure allows the use of macrophages for further techniques, including cell sorting and mRNA or protein expression studies, among others.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol for phenotypic and quantitative analysis of resident macrophages from rat kidneys by flow cytometry. The resulting stained cells can be also used for other applications, including cell sorting, gene expression analysis or functional studies, thus increasing the information obtained in the experimental model.

Fenotypisk Karakterisering av makrofager fra Rat Nyre ved flowcytometri

There is increasing evidence suggesting the important role of inflammation and, subsequently, macrophages in the development and progression of renal ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

SILAC basert proteomikk Karakterisering av Exosomes fra HIV-1 infiserte celler

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.