Name: a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms
Uploaded: 2015-01-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

We thank James Maeda and Aaron Cooke for assistance with the filming and editing of this video. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0550468, 1029515).

NOTA: Fase 3 del presente protocollo coinvolge soggetti animali vertebrati. La procedura è stata progettata in modo che gli animali ricevano il trattamento più umano possibile ed è stato approvato dalla cura e l&#39;uso Comitato Istituzionale Animal (IACUC) presso la University of North Carolina Wilmington. 1) Estrazione del tessuto <ol><li> Utilizzare tessuto che è nel suo stato naturale di idratazione e non spremuto, secchi-out o eccessivamente umido come questo altera la concentrazi...

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+habits+of+reef+fishes+of+the+West+Indies.">Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies.</a> Studies in Tropical Oceanography. 5, 665-847 (1967).</li><li>O'Neal, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reappraisal+of+the+chemical+and+physical+defenses+of+Caribbean+gorgonian+corals+against+predatory+fishes.">A reappraisal of the chemical and physical defenses of Caribbean gorgonian corals against predatory fishes.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 240, 117-126 (2002).</li><li>Hines, D. E., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+antipredatory+defensive+strategies+of+Caribbean+non-scleractinian+zoantharians+(Cnidaria):+is+the+sting+the+only+thing.">Assessing the antipredatory defensive strategies of Caribbean non-scleractinian zoantharians (Cnidaria): is the sting the only thing.</a> Marine Biology. 159 (2), 389-398 (2012).</li><li>Walters, K. D., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+there+a+trade-off+between+wound-healing+and+chemical+defenses+among+Caribbean+reef+sponges.">Is there a trade-off between wound-healing and chemical defenses among Caribbean reef sponges.</a> Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2), 352-358 (2005).</li><li>Leong, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+resource+trade-off+between+growth+and+chemical+defenses+among+Caribbean+coral+reef+sponges.">Evidence of a resource trade-off between growth and chemical defenses among Caribbean coral reef sponges.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 406, 71-78 (2010).</li><li>Leong, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+reproductive+patterns+among+7+Caribbean+sponge+species+does+not+reveal+a+resource+trade-off+with+chemical+defenses.">Comparison of reproductive patterns among 7 Caribbean sponge species does not reveal a resource trade-off with chemical defenses.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 401 (1-2), 80-84 (2011).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Loh, T. -. L., McMurray, S. E., Finelli, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sponge+Communities+on+Caribbean+Coral+Reefs+Are+Structured+by+Factors+That+Are+Top-Down,+Not+Bottom-Up.">Sponge Communities on Caribbean Coral Reefs Are Structured by Factors That Are Top-Down, Not Bottom-Up.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (5), e62573 (2013).</li><li>Loh, T. -. L., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defenses+and+resource+trade-offs+structure+sponge+communities+on+Caribbean+coral+reefs.">Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 111, 4151-4156 (2014).</li><li>Miller, A. M., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+coral+reef+fish+learn+to+avoid+unpalatable+prey+using+visual+cues.">Do coral reef fish learn to avoid unpalatable prey using visual cues.</a> Animal Behaviour. 85, 339-347 (2013).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+re-evaluation+of+the+ichthyodeterrent+role+of+prostaglandins+in+the+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral,+Plexaura+homomalla.">A re-evaluation of the ichthyodeterrent role of prostaglandins in the Caribbean gorgonian coral, Plexaura homomalla.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 52, 95-98 (1989).</li><li>Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defensive+properties+of+secondary+metabolites+from+the+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral+Erythropodium+caribaeorum.">Defensive properties of secondary metabolites from the Caribbean gorgonian coral Erythropodium caribaeorum.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 75, 1-8 (1991).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+Pterogorgia+anceps,+a+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral.">Chemical defense of Pterogorgia anceps, a Caribbean gorgonian coral.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 87, 183-188 (1992).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+skeleton+of+a+sponge+provide+a+defense+against+predatory+reef+fish.">Does the skeleton of a sponge provide a defense against predatory reef fish.</a> Oecologia. 107 (2), 225-231 (1996).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R., Lindel, T., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+the+Caribbean+sponge+Agelas+clathrodes+(Schmidt).">Chemical defense of the Caribbean sponge Agelas clathrodes (Schmidt).</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 208 (1-2), 185-196 (1997).</li><li>Wilson, D. M., Puyana, M., Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+the+Caribbean+reef+sponge+Axinella+corrugata+against+predatory+fishes.">Chemical defense of the Caribbean reef sponge Axinella corrugata against predatory fishes.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25 (12), 2811-2823 (1999).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+predatory+reef+fish+II.+Spicules,+tissue+toughness,+and+nutritional+quality.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish II. Spicules, tissue toughness, and nutritional quality.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 127 (1), 195-211 (1995).</li><li>Albrizio, S., Ciminiello, P., Fattorusso, E., Magno, S., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amphitoxin,+a+new+high+molecular+weight+antifeedant+pyridinium+salt+from+the+Caribbean+sponge+Amphimedon+compressa.">Amphitoxin, a new high molecular weight antifeedant pyridinium salt from the Caribbean sponge Amphimedon compressa.</a> Journal of Natural Products. 58 (5), 647-652 (1995).</li><li>Assmann, M., Lichte, E., Pawlik, J. R., K&#246;ck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Chemical defenses of the Caribbean sponges Agelas wiedenmayeri and Agelas conifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 207, 255-262 (2000).</li><li>Kubanek, J., Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+antifeedant+triterpene+glycosides+from+the+Caribbean+sponge+Erylus+Formosus.">New antifeedant triterpene glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Erylus Formosus.</a> Natural Product Letters. 15 (4), 275-285 (2001).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., McFall, G., Zea, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+odor+from+sponges+of+the+genus+Ircinia+protect+them+from+fish+predators.">Does the odor from sponges of the genus Ircinia protect them from fish predators.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (6), 1103-1115 (2002).</li><li>Waddell, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+invertebrate+predators.+I.+Assays+with+hermit+crabs.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. I. Assays with hermit crabs.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195, 125-132 (2000).</li><li>Waddell, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defense+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+invertebrate+predators.+II.+Assays+with+sea+stars.">Defense of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. II. Assays with sea stars.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195, 133-144 (2000).</li><li>Burns, E., Ifrach, I., Carmeli, S., Pawlik, J. R., Ilan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+anti-predatory+defenses+of+Red+Sea+and+Caribbean+sponges.+I.+Chemical+defense.">Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. I. Chemical defense.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 252, 105-114 (2003).</li><li>Jones, A. C., Blum, J. E., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+for+defensive+synergy+in+Caribbean+sponges:+Bad+taste+or+glass+spicules.">Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 322 (1), 67 (2005).</li></ol>

La procedura qui descritta prevede un protocollo di laboratorio relativamente semplice, ecologicamente rilevanti per valutare le difese chimiche antipredatory negli organismi marini. Qui passiamo in rassegna i criteri importanti che sono soddisfatte da questo insieme di metodi: (1) appropriata predatore. Questa analisi alimentare impiega il wrasse bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, uno dei pesci più abbondanti sulle barriere coralline in tutti i Caraibi. Il bluehead è un c...

Ecologia chimica sviluppata attraverso la collaborazione di chimici ed ecologisti. Mentre la sotto-disciplina di terrestre ecologia chimica è stato intorno per qualche tempo, quello di ecologia chimica marina è solo pochi decenni vecchio, ma ha fornito importanti conoscenze sulla ecologia e comunità la struttura evolutiva degli organismi marini 1-8. Sfruttando le tecnologie emergenti di immersioni subacquee e di spettroscopia NMR, i chimici organici rapidamente generato un gran numero di pubblicazioni che descrivono nuovi metaboliti bentoniche invertebrati e alghe marine negli anni 1970 e 1980 9. Supponendo che metaboliti secondari devono servire a qualcosa, molte di queste pubblicazioni ascritti ecologicamente importanti proprietà a nuovi composti senza prove empiriche. Nello stesso tempo, gli ecologisti sono stati anche approfittando dell&#39;avvento di immersioni subacquee e descrivere le distribuzioni e abbondanze di animali bentonici e piante precedentemente noti from metodi di campionamento relativamente inefficaci come il dragaggio. L&#39;assunzione di questi ricercatori è che qualsiasi cosa sessili e corpo molle devono essere difesi chimicamente per evitare il consumo da parte di predatori 10. Nel tentativo di introdurre l&#39;empirismo a quello che era il lavoro altrimenti descrittivo sulle specie abbondanze, alcuni ecologisti hanno cominciato estrapolando difese chimiche da saggi di tossicità 11. La maggior parte dei test di tossicità l&#39;esposizione di pesci interi o di altri organismi a sospensioni acquose di estratti organici grezzi di tessuti invertebrati, con successiva determinazione delle concentrazioni in massa a secco di estratti responsabili dell&#39;uccisione metà gli organismi di analisi. Tuttavia, i saggi di tossicità non emulare il modo in cui i potenziali predatori percepiscono preda in condizioni naturali, e gli studi successivi hanno trovato alcuna relazione tra la tossicità e l&#39;appetibilità 12-13. E &#39;sorprendente che le pubblicazioni su riviste prestigiose utilizzate tecniche minimo o nullo ecological rilevanza 14-15 e oggi che questi studi sono ancora ampiamente citati. E &#39;ancora più allarmante notare che gli studi basati su dati di tossicità continuano ad essere pubblicati 16-18. Il metodo di analisi biologico descritto è stato sviluppato alla fine del 1980 per fornire un approccio ecologicamente rilevante per gli ecologi marini chimiche per valutare le difese chimiche antipredatory. Il metodo richiede un modello predatore di assaggiare un estratto organico greggio da parte dell&#39;organismo bersaglio ad una concentrazione naturale in un punto di vista nutrizionale analoga matrice alimentare, fornendo dati appetibilità che sono più ecologicamente significativo di dati sulla tossicità. L&#39;approccio generale per valutare l&#39;attività antipredatory dei tessuti di organismi marini comprende quattro criteri importanti: (1) un appropriato predatore generalista deve essere utilizzato in saggi di alimentazione, (2) metaboliti organici di tutte le polarità devono essere esaustivo estratte dal tessuto del bersaglio organismo, (3) i metaboliti devono be mescolato in un alimento nutrizionalmente sperimentale appropriata alla stessa concentrazione volumetrica come trovato nell&#39;organismo da cui sono stati estratti, e (4) il disegno sperimentale e approccio statistico devono fornire una metrica significativa per indicare relativa distastefulness. La procedura descritta di seguito è stato progettato specificamente per valutare le difese chimiche antipredatory in Caraibi invertebrati marini. Impieghiamo il wrasse bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, come un modello di pesce predatore, perché questa specie è comune in barriere coralline dei Caraibi ed è noto per degustare un vasto assortimento di invertebrati bentonici 19. Tissue da parte dell&#39;organismo bersaglio viene dapprima estratta, poi combinata con una miscela di cibo, e infine offerto ai gruppi di T. bifasciatum osservare se rifiutano i cibi estratto trattati. Dati del dosaggio con questo metodo hanno fornito importanti conoscenze sulla chimica di difesa degli organismi marini 12,20-21, lstoria ife compromessi 22-24, e la comunità ecologia 25-26.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D37-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A41220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C614-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryocool Heat Transfer Fluid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20-548-146</td>
			<td>For vacuum concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginic Acid Sodium Salt High Viscosity</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>154723</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squid mantle rings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Can be purchased at grocery store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Denatonium benzoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml graduated centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml scintillation vial</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-337-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber bulbs for Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red bulbs for pellet delivery</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 ml round-bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-067E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation vial adapter for rotavap</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K747130-1324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weightboats</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-202B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microspatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S17302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

Qui riportiamo i risultati di questo saggio biologico per sei specie di spugne caraibiche comuni (Figura 2). Questi dati sono stati inizialmente pubblicati nel 1995 da Pawlik et al. 12 e dimostrano la potenza di questo approccio per esaminare le differenze nelle strategie di difesa chimiche tra taxa concomitanti. I risultati sono stati riportati come un numero medio di pellet cibo mangiato + errore standard (SE) per ogni specie. Quasi nessun pellet sono stati consumati in test con es...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Questo saggio biologico si avvale di un modello di pesce predatore per valutare la presenza di metaboliti di alimentazione-deterrenti da estratti organici dei tessuti degli organismi marini a concentrazioni naturali utilizzando un punto di vista nutrizionale analoga matrice alimentare.

Un pesce-alimentare Laboratorio Bioassay per valutare l&#39;attività di antipredatory Secondary metaboliti dai tessuti di organismi marini

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

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