Name: a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms
Uploaded: 2015-01-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

We thank James Maeda and Aaron Cooke for assistance with the filming and editing of this video. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0550468, 1029515).

注：このプロトコルのステップ3は、脊椎動物動物被験体を伴う。手順は、動物は、可能な限り最も人道的な扱いを受けるように設計されており、ノースカロライナ州ウィルミントンの大学の施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されています。 1）組織の抽出<ol><li>これは二次代謝産物の体積濃度が変更されますように絞った、乾燥したアウトまたは過度に?...

<ol>
	<li>Paul, V. J., ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ecological roles of marine natural products. , (1992).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+invertebrate+chemical+defenses.">Marine invertebrate chemical defenses.</a> Chemical Reviews. 93 (5), 1911 (1993).</li><li>Hay, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+chemical+ecology:+what&#39;s+known+and+what&#39;s+next.">Marine chemical ecology: what&#39;s known and what&#39;s next.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 44 (5), 476-476 (1996).</li><li>McClintock, J. B., Baker, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Marine Chemical Ecology. , (2001).</li><li>Amsler, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Algal Chemical Ecology. , (2008).</li><li>Hay, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+chemical+ecology:+Chemical+signals+and+cues+structure+marine+populations,+communities,+and+ecosystems.">Marine chemical ecology: Chemical signals and cues structure marine populations, communities, and ecosystems.</a> Annual Review of Marine Science. 1, 193-212 (2009).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chemical+ecology+of+sponges+on+Caribbean+reefs:+Natural+products+shape+natural+systems.">The chemical ecology of sponges on Caribbean reefs: Natural products shape natural systems.</a> BioScience. 61 (11), 888 (2011).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antipredatory+Defensive+Roles+of+Natural+Products+from+Marine+Invertebrates.">Antipredatory Defensive Roles of Natural Products from Marine Invertebrates.</a> Handbook of Marine Natural Products. , 677-710 (2012).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Amsler, C. D., Ritson-Williams, R., McClintock, J. B., Baker, B. J., Paul, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+Chemical+Ecology:+A+Science+Born+of+Scuba.+.">Marine Chemical Ecology: A Science Born of Scuba. .</a> Research and Discoveries: The Revolution of Science through Scuba. 39, 53-69 (2013).</li><li>Randall, J. E., Hartman, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sponge-feeding+fishes+of+the+West+Indies.">Sponge-feeding fishes of the West Indies.</a> Marine Biology. 1, 216-225 (1968).</li><li>Bakus, G. J., Green, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicity+in+sponges+and+holothurians+&#8212;+geographic+pattern.">Toxicity in sponges and holothurians &#8212; geographic pattern.</a> Science. 185, 951-953 (1974).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Chanas, B., Toonen, R. J., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+predatory+reef+fish.+1.+Chemical+deterrency.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish. 1. Chemical deterrency.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 127, 183-194 (1995).</li><li>Schulte, B. A., Bakus, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predation+deterrence+in+marine+sponges+&#8212;+laboratory+versus+field+studies.">Predation deterrence in marine sponges &#8212; laboratory versus field studies.</a> Bulletin of Marine Science. 50, 205-211 (1992).</li><li>Jackson, J. B. C., Buss, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allelopathy+and+spatial+competition+among+coral+reef+invertebrates.">Allelopathy and spatial competition among coral reef invertebrates.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 72, 5160-5163 (1975).</li><li>Bakus, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+mechanisms+on+the+great+barrier+reef.">Chemical defense mechanisms on the great barrier reef.</a> Australia. Science. 211, 497-499 (1981).</li><li>Gemballa, S., Schermutzki, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxic+haplosclerid+sponges+preferred:+a+field+study+on+the+diet+of+the+dotted+sea+slug+Peltodoris+atromaculata+(doridoidea:+nudibranchia).">Cytotoxic haplosclerid sponges preferred: a field study on the diet of the dotted sea slug Peltodoris atromaculata (doridoidea: nudibranchia).</a> Marine Biology. 144, 1213-1222 (2004).</li><li>Voogd, N. J., Cleary, D. F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relating+species+traits+to+environmental+variables+in+Indonesian+coral+reef+sponge+assemblages.">Relating species traits to environmental variables in Indonesian coral reef sponge assemblages.</a> Marine and Freshwater Research. 58, 240-249 (2007).</li><li>Mollo, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+promoting+marine+invasions:+a+chemolecological+approach.">Factors promoting marine invasions: a chemolecological approach.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105, 4582-4586 (2008).</li><li>Randall, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Food+habits+of+reef+fishes+of+the+West+Indies.">Food habits of reef fishes of the West Indies.</a> Studies in Tropical Oceanography. 5, 665-847 (1967).</li><li>O'Neal, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reappraisal+of+the+chemical+and+physical+defenses+of+Caribbean+gorgonian+corals+against+predatory+fishes.">A reappraisal of the chemical and physical defenses of Caribbean gorgonian corals against predatory fishes.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 240, 117-126 (2002).</li><li>Hines, D. E., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+the+antipredatory+defensive+strategies+of+Caribbean+non-scleractinian+zoantharians+(Cnidaria):+is+the+sting+the+only+thing.">Assessing the antipredatory defensive strategies of Caribbean non-scleractinian zoantharians (Cnidaria): is the sting the only thing.</a> Marine Biology. 159 (2), 389-398 (2012).</li><li>Walters, K. D., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+there+a+trade-off+between+wound-healing+and+chemical+defenses+among+Caribbean+reef+sponges.">Is there a trade-off between wound-healing and chemical defenses among Caribbean reef sponges.</a> Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2), 352-358 (2005).</li><li>Leong, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+a+resource+trade-off+between+growth+and+chemical+defenses+among+Caribbean+coral+reef+sponges.">Evidence of a resource trade-off between growth and chemical defenses among Caribbean coral reef sponges.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 406, 71-78 (2010).</li><li>Leong, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+reproductive+patterns+among+7+Caribbean+sponge+species+does+not+reveal+a+resource+trade-off+with+chemical+defenses.">Comparison of reproductive patterns among 7 Caribbean sponge species does not reveal a resource trade-off with chemical defenses.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 401 (1-2), 80-84 (2011).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Loh, T. -. L., McMurray, S. E., Finelli, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sponge+Communities+on+Caribbean+Coral+Reefs+Are+Structured+by+Factors+That+Are+Top-Down,+Not+Bottom-Up.">Sponge Communities on Caribbean Coral Reefs Are Structured by Factors That Are Top-Down, Not Bottom-Up.</a> PLoS ONE. 8 (5), e62573 (2013).</li><li>Loh, T. -. L., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defenses+and+resource+trade-offs+structure+sponge+communities+on+Caribbean+coral+reefs.">Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 111, 4151-4156 (2014).</li><li>Miller, A. M., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Do+coral+reef+fish+learn+to+avoid+unpalatable+prey+using+visual+cues.">Do coral reef fish learn to avoid unpalatable prey using visual cues.</a> Animal Behaviour. 85, 339-347 (2013).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+re-evaluation+of+the+ichthyodeterrent+role+of+prostaglandins+in+the+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral,+Plexaura+homomalla.">A re-evaluation of the ichthyodeterrent role of prostaglandins in the Caribbean gorgonian coral, Plexaura homomalla.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 52, 95-98 (1989).</li><li>Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defensive+properties+of+secondary+metabolites+from+the+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral+Erythropodium+caribaeorum.">Defensive properties of secondary metabolites from the Caribbean gorgonian coral Erythropodium caribaeorum.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 75, 1-8 (1991).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+Pterogorgia+anceps,+a+Caribbean+gorgonian+coral.">Chemical defense of Pterogorgia anceps, a Caribbean gorgonian coral.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 87, 183-188 (1992).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+skeleton+of+a+sponge+provide+a+defense+against+predatory+reef+fish.">Does the skeleton of a sponge provide a defense against predatory reef fish.</a> Oecologia. 107 (2), 225-231 (1996).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R., Lindel, T., Fenical, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+the+Caribbean+sponge+Agelas+clathrodes+(Schmidt).">Chemical defense of the Caribbean sponge Agelas clathrodes (Schmidt).</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 208 (1-2), 185-196 (1997).</li><li>Wilson, D. M., Puyana, M., Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+defense+of+the+Caribbean+reef+sponge+Axinella+corrugata+against+predatory+fishes.">Chemical defense of the Caribbean reef sponge Axinella corrugata against predatory fishes.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 25 (12), 2811-2823 (1999).</li><li>Chanas, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+predatory+reef+fish+II.+Spicules,+tissue+toughness,+and+nutritional+quality.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against predatory reef fish II. Spicules, tissue toughness, and nutritional quality.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 127 (1), 195-211 (1995).</li><li>Albrizio, S., Ciminiello, P., Fattorusso, E., Magno, S., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amphitoxin,+a+new+high+molecular+weight+antifeedant+pyridinium+salt+from+the+Caribbean+sponge+Amphimedon+compressa.">Amphitoxin, a new high molecular weight antifeedant pyridinium salt from the Caribbean sponge Amphimedon compressa.</a> Journal of Natural Products. 58 (5), 647-652 (1995).</li><li>Assmann, M., Lichte, E., Pawlik, J. R., K&#246;ck, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Chemical defenses of the Caribbean sponges Agelas wiedenmayeri and Agelas conifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 207, 255-262 (2000).</li><li>Kubanek, J., Fenical, W., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+antifeedant+triterpene+glycosides+from+the+Caribbean+sponge+Erylus+Formosus.">New antifeedant triterpene glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Erylus Formosus.</a> Natural Product Letters. 15 (4), 275-285 (2001).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R., McFall, G., Zea, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+the+odor+from+sponges+of+the+genus+Ircinia+protect+them+from+fish+predators.">Does the odor from sponges of the genus Ircinia protect them from fish predators.</a> Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (6), 1103-1115 (2002).</li><li>Waddell, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defenses+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+invertebrate+predators.+I.+Assays+with+hermit+crabs.">Defenses of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. I. Assays with hermit crabs.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195, 125-132 (2000).</li><li>Waddell, B., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defense+of+Caribbean+sponges+against+invertebrate+predators.+II.+Assays+with+sea+stars.">Defense of Caribbean sponges against invertebrate predators. II. Assays with sea stars.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 195, 133-144 (2000).</li><li>Burns, E., Ifrach, I., Carmeli, S., Pawlik, J. R., Ilan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+anti-predatory+defenses+of+Red+Sea+and+Caribbean+sponges.+I.+Chemical+defense.">Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. I. Chemical defense.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 252, 105-114 (2003).</li><li>Jones, A. C., Blum, J. E., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+for+defensive+synergy+in+Caribbean+sponges:+Bad+taste+or+glass+spicules.">Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 322 (1), 67 (2005).</li></ol>

明細書に記載の手順は、海洋生物にantipredatory化学防御を評価するための比較的単純な、生態学的に関連する研究室プロトコルを提供する。ここでは、メソッドのこのセットによって満たされる重要な基準を確認してください。 （1）適切な捕食者を。この送りアッセイはblueheadベラ、Thalassoma bifasciatum、カリブ海全域サンゴ礁上で最も豊富な魚の1を採用して?...

化学生態学は、化学者と生態学者のコラボレーションにより開発された。地上波化学生態学のsubdisciplineがしばらくの周りされているが、海洋化学生態学のはわずか数十年古いですが、海洋生物1-8の進化生態学と社会構造に重要な洞察を提供してきた。スキューバダイビングとNMR分光法の緊急の技術を利用して、有機化学者は急速に1970年代と1980年代9底生海洋無脊椎動物と藻類由来の新規の代謝産物を記述する出版物を多数生成した。二次代謝産物は、経験的証拠なしに新しい化合物に生態学的に重要な特性を帰さこれらの出版物の多くは、いくつかの目的を果たす必要があることを仮定する。約同時に、生態学者は、以前あちこちに知られているスキューバダイビングの出現を利用することと底生動物や植物の分布と存在量を記述したそのような浚渫などの比較的効果サンプリング方法をメートル。これらの研究者の仮定が固着し、ソフトボディの何かが化学的に捕食者10によって消費を避けるために擁護しなければならないということでした。種の存在量にそうでなければ説明的な作業だったものに経験主義を導入するための努力では、いくつかの生態毒性アッセイ11からの化学防御を外挿する開始しました。最も毒性アッセイは半アッセイ生物を死滅させるために責任の抽出物の乾燥質量濃度の後続の決定に、脊椎動物の組織の粗有機抽出物の水性懸濁液に、魚全体、または他の生物の曝露を含んでいた。しかし、毒性アッセイは、潜在的な捕食者は、自然条件の下で獲物知覚している様子をエミュレートしていない、とその後の研究では、毒性や嗜好性12-13の間には何の関係は認められません。それは、権威ある雑誌に出版物はほとんど、あるいは全くecologicaを持つ技術を使用していることは驚くべきことであるLの関連性14-15、これらの研究はまだ広く引用されている今日。これは、毒性データに基づいて、研究は16〜18を発表され続けることに注意することは、さらに憂慮すべきである。明細書に記載のバイオアッセイ法は、antipredatory化学防御を評価するために、海洋化学生態学者のための生態学的に関連したアプローチを提供するために、1980年代後半に開発されました。方法は、より生態学的に意味のある毒性データよりも嗜好性データを提供する、栄養的に同等の食品マトリックス中の天然の濃度で標的生物からの粗有機抽出物をサンプリングするために、モデル捕食者を必要とする。 海洋生物の組織のantipredatory活性を評価する一般的なアプローチは、4つの重要な基準は、（1）適切なジェネラリスト捕食者は、摂食アッセイにおいて使用されなければならない、（2）すべての極性の有機代謝産物は徹底的の組織から抽出されなければならない生物体を標的とする、（3）代謝産物をbしなければならないeは、それらを抽出した生物に見られるのと同じ体積濃度で栄養的に適切な実験食品に混入、及び（4）実験デザインと統計的アプローチは、相対的なdistastefulnessを示すために意味のある測定基準を提供する必要があります。 以下に概説する手順は、カリブ海の海洋無脊椎動物でantipredatory化学防御を評価するために特別に設計されています。この種はカリブ海のサンゴ礁に一般的であり、底生無脊椎動物19の幅広い品揃えをサンプリングすることが知られているので、私たちはモデル捕食魚として、blueheadベラ、Thalassoma bifasciatumを採用。標的生物由来の組織は、まず、抽出された食品の混合物と混合し、最終的にTのグループに提供されbifasciatumは、それらが抽出処理された食品を拒否するかどうかを観察した。この方法を用いたアッセイのデータは、海洋生物12,20-21、Lの防御的な化学に重要な洞察を提供してきたIFE履歴トレードオフ22-24、およびコミュニティ生態学25-26。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D37-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A41220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C614-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryocool Heat Transfer Fluid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20-548-146</td>
			<td>For vacuum concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginic Acid Sodium Salt High Viscosity</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>154723</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squid mantle rings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Can be purchased at grocery store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Denatonium benzoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml graduated centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml scintillation vial</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-337-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber bulbs for Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red bulbs for pellet delivery</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 ml round-bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-067E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation vial adapter for rotavap</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K747130-1324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weightboats</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-202B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microspatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S17302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

ここでは、一般的なカリブ海のスポンジの6種（ 図2）については、このバイオアッセイの結果を報告する。これらのデータは、最初Pawlik らによって1995年に出版された。12と共起する分類群の間で化学防衛戦略の違いを調査するために、このアプローチの力を証明している。結果は、それぞれの種のために、標準誤差（SE）+食べ食物ペレットの平均数として?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

このバイオアッセイは、栄養的に同等の食品マトリックスを使用して、天然の濃度での海洋生物の組織の有機抽出物からの給電抑止代謝産物の存在を評価するためのモデル捕食魚を用いる。

海洋生物の組織からの二次代謝産物のAntipredatory活性を評価するために魚の供給研究所バイオアッセイ

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Unraveling the Unseen Players in the Ocean - A Field Guide to Water Chemistry and Marine Microbiology

水化学と海洋微生物学へのフィールドガイド - 海における幽玄選手の解明

Here we introduce a series of thoroughly tested and well standardized research protocols adapted for use in remote marine environments. The sampling ...

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated WATER-PAM Fluorometry

水 - パルス振幅変調（WATER-PAM）蛍光測定を用いて細菌/植物プランクトンの共培養を評価するために小音量バイオアッセイ

Conventional methods for experimental manipulation of microalgae have employed large volumes of culture (20 ml to 5 L), so that the culture can be ...

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

環境水試料から調製した次世代シーケンシングライブラリの品質を向上させるために自動化されたゲルサイズの選択

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

VacuSIP、のための改良INEX方法<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;微粒子と溶解した化合物の測定は、アクティブサスペンションフィーダによって処理します

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

光合成細菌の増殖を探検する鉄（II）リッチ先カンブリア時代マリン湧昇システムの実験室でのシミュレーション

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

海洋細菌の生態毒性学的方法<em&gt; Vibrio anguillarum</em&gt;環境汚染物質の急性毒性を評価する

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

水中ステレオ ビデオのツールを使用して魚の密度を定量化する新方式の開発

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

海洋モデルとしてフジツボタテジマフジツボ improvisus培養と遺伝子発現

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

Long-term Video Tracking of Cohoused Aquatic Animals: A Case Study of the Daily Locomotor Activity of the Norway Lobster (Nephrops norvegicus)