Name: a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms
Uploaded: 2015-01-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

We thank James Maeda and Aaron Cooke for assistance with the filming and editing of this video. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0550468, 1029515).

MERK: Trinn 3 av denne protokollen innebærer virveldyr dyr fag. Prosedyren har blitt utformet slik at dyrene får den mest humane behandling mulig og har blitt godkjent av Institutional Animal Care og bruk Committee (IACUC) ved University of North Carolina i Wilmington. 1) Tissue Extraction <ol><li> Bruke vev som er i sin naturlige tilstand av fuktighet og ikke presset, tørket ut eller altfor våt, da dette vil endre volum konsentrasjon av sekundære metabolitter. Skjære vev i stykker e...

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Fremgangsmåten beskrevet heri tilveiebringer en relativt enkel, miljøvennlig aktuelle laboratorieprotokoll for å vurdere antipredatory kjemiske forsvar i marine organismer. Her har vi gjennom de viktige kriterier som er fornøyd med dette settet av metoder: (1) Passende rovdyr. Dette fôring analysen benytter bluehead leppefisk, Thalassoma bifasciatum, en av de mest tallrike fisker på korallrev i hele Karibia. Den bluehead er en generalist rovdyr kjent for å smake på ...

Kjemisk økologi utviklet gjennom et samarbeid mellom kjemikere og økologer. Mens subdiscipline av terrestriske kjemisk økologi har eksistert i noen tid, at av marin kjemisk økologi er bare noen få tiår gammel, men har gitt viktig innsikt i den evolusjonære økologi og samfunnsstruktur av marine organismer 1-8. Drar nytte av de framvoksende teknologier for dykking og NMR-spektroskopi, organiske kjemikere raskt genereres et stort antall publikasjoner som beskriver nye metabolitter fra bentiske marine virvelløse dyr og alger i 1970 og 1980-tallet ni. Forutsatt at sekundære metabolitter må tjene noen hensikt, mange av disse publikasjonene tilskrevet økologisk viktige egenskaper til nye forbindelser uten empirisk bevis. På omtrent samme tid ble økologer også dra nytte av bruk av dykking og beskrive distribusjoner og Forekomsten av bunndyr og planter som tidligere er kjent from relativt ineffektive prøvetakingsmetoder som for eksempel mudring. Forutsetningen om disse forskerne var at alt fastsittende og soft-bodied må være kjemisk forsvares å unngå inntak av rovdyr 10. I et forsøk på å introdusere empiri til hva var ellers beskrivende arbeid på arts abundances, begynte noen økologer ekstrapolere kjemiske forsvar fra toksisitets analyser 11. De fleste toksisitetsanalyser involvert eksponeringen av hel fisk eller andre organismer i vandige suspensjoner av rå organiske ekstrakter av virvelløse vev, med påfølgende bestemmelse av de tørre massekonsentrasjon av ekstraktene som er ansvarlige for å drepe halvparten av forsøksorganismer. Men ikke toksisitet analysene ikke etterligne den måten som potensielle overgripere oppfatter byttedyr under naturlige forhold, og senere studier har funnet noen sammenheng mellom toksisitet og smakelighet 12-13. Det er overraskende at publikasjoner i prestisjetunge tidsskrifter brukte teknikkene som har liten eller ingen ecological relevans 14-15 og at disse studiene er fremdeles mye sitert i dag. Det er enda mer alarmerende å merke seg at studier basert på data om giftighet fortsette å bli publisert 16-18. Bioanalysen metoden beskrevet her ble utviklet på slutten av 1980-tallet for å gi en økologisk relevant tilnærming for marine kjemiske økologer å vurdere antipredatory kjemiske forsvar. Metoden krever en modell predator å prøve en rå organisk ekstrakt fra målorganismen på en naturlig konsentrasjon i en ernæringsmessig sammenlignbare mat matrise, gir smakelighet data som er mer økologisk meningsfylt enn toksisitetsdata. Den generelle metode for å vurdere antipredatory aktivitet av vev av marine organismer omfatter fire viktige kriterier: (1) en passende genera predator må brukes i forings assays, (2) organiske metabolitter av alle polariteter må ekstraheres fra vev av målrette organisme, (3) metabolittene må be blandet inn i en ernæringsmessig riktige eksperimentelle mat på samme volumetriske konsentrasjon som finnes i organismen som de ble ekstrahert, og (4) den eksperimentelle design og statistisk tilnærming må gi en meningsfull beregning for å indikere relativ distastefulness. Prosedyren beskrevet nedenfor er spesielt utviklet for å vurdere antipredatory kjemiske forsvar i Karibia marine virvelløse dyr. Vi benytter den bluehead leppefisk, Thalassoma bifasciatum, som en modell rovfisk fordi denne arten er vanlig på karibiske korallrev og er kjent for å smake på et bredt utvalg av bunnløse 19. Vev fra målorganismen først blir ekstrahert, deretter kombinert med en mat-blanding, og til slutt tilbudt til grupper av T. bifasciatum å observere om de avviser avtrekksbehandlede matvarer. Analyse data ved hjelp av denne metoden har gitt viktig innsikt i den defensive kjemi av marine organismer 12,20-21, life historie avveininger 22-24, og samfunnet økologi 25-26.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D37-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A41220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C614-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryocool Heat Transfer Fluid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20-548-146</td>
			<td>For vacuum concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginic Acid Sodium Salt High Viscosity</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>154723</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squid mantle rings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Can be purchased at grocery store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Denatonium benzoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml graduated centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml scintillation vial</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-337-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber bulbs for Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red bulbs for pellet delivery</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 ml round-bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-067E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation vial adapter for rotavap</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K747130-1324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weightboats</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-202B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microspatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S17302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

Her rapporterer vi resultatene av denne bioassay for seks arter av vanlige Caribbean svamper (figur 2). Disse dataene ble opprinnelig utgitt i 1995 av Pawlik et al. 12 og demonstrere makt denne tilnærmingen å kartlegge forskjeller i kjemiske forsvarsstrategier blant co-forekommende arter. Resultatene ble rapportert som et gjennomsnittlig antall mat pellets spist + standard feil (SE) for hver art. Nesten ingen pellets ble spist i analyser med rå organiske ekstrakter fra Agelas ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Dette bioassay benytter en modell rovfisk å vurdere tilstedeværelse av fôring-avskrekkende metabolitter fra organiske ekstrakter av vev av marine organismer på naturlige konsentrasjoner ved hjelp av en ernæringsmessig sammenlignbare mat matrise.

A Fish-fôring Laboratory Bioassay å Vurdere Antipredatory aktivitet av sekundære metabolitter fra vev av marine organismer

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

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