Name: a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms
Uploaded: 2015-01-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

We thank James Maeda and Aaron Cooke for assistance with the filming and editing of this video. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (OCE-0550468, 1029515).

NOT: Bu protokolün 3. Adım omurgalı hayvan denekleri içerir. Prosedür hayvanlar mümkün olan en insancıl tedavi böylece dizayn edilmiştir ve Kuzey Carolina Wilmington Üniversitesi Kurumsal Hayvan Bakım ve Kullanım Komitesi (IACUC) tarafından onaylanmıştır. 1) Doku Ekstraksiyon <ol><li> Bu ikincil metabolitlerin hacimsel konsantrasyonunu değiştirecek gibi hidrasyon ve sıkılmış, kurutulmuş-out veya aşırı ıslak doğal haliyle olduğu doku kullanın. Kesilmiş veya 5...

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	<li>Paul, V. J., ed, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ecological roles of marine natural products. , (1992).</li><li>Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+invertebrate+chemical+defenses.">Marine invertebrate chemical defenses.</a> Chemical Reviews. 93 (5), 1911 (1993).</li><li>Hay, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marine+chemical+ecology:+what&#39;s+known+and+what&#39;s+next.">Marine chemical ecology: what&#39;s known and what&#39;s next.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 44 (5), 476-476 (1996).</li><li>McClintock, J. B., Baker, B. 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R., Ilan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+anti-predatory+defenses+of+Red+Sea+and+Caribbean+sponges.+I.+Chemical+defense.">Comparison of anti-predatory defenses of Red Sea and Caribbean sponges. I. Chemical defense.</a> Marine Ecology Progress Series. 252, 105-114 (2003).</li><li>Jones, A. C., Blum, J. E., Pawlik, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+for+defensive+synergy+in+Caribbean+sponges:+Bad+taste+or+glass+spicules.">Testing for defensive synergy in Caribbean sponges: Bad taste or glass spicules.</a> Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 322 (1), 67 (2005).</li></ol>

Burada tarif edilen prosedür, deniz organizmalarında antipredatory kimyasal savunma değerlendirmek için nispeten basit ve ekolojik olarak uygun laboratuar protokolü sağlar. Burada yöntemler bu set ile memnun olan önemli kriterleri gözden: (1) Uygun yırtıcı. Bu beslenme deneyi bluehead akya, Thalassoma bifasciatum, Karayipler genelinde mercan resifleri üzerinde en bol balıklar birini kullanır. bluehead bentik omurgasızlar 19 geniş bir ürün yelpa...

Kimyasal ekoloji kimyagerler ve ekolojist işbirliği ile geliştirdi. Karasal kimyasal ekoloji subdiscipline bir süre için yaklaşık edilmiş olsa da, deniz kimyasal ekoloji sadece bir kaç yıl eski ama deniz organizmalarının 1-8 evrimsel ekoloji ve toplum yapısına önemli bilgiler sağlamıştır. Aletli dalış ve NMR spektroskopisi acil teknolojileri yararlanan, organik kimyacılar hızla 1970&#39;lerde ve 1980&#39;lerde 9 bentik omurgasız deniz ve yosun gelen yeni metabolitleri anlatan yayınların çok sayıda üretti. Sekonder metabolitler ampirik kanıt olmadan yeni bileşikler ekolojik önemli özellikleri atfedilen bu yayınların çoğu bazı amaca hizmet etmelidir varsayarsak. Hakkında aynı zamanda, ekolojistler de dağılımları ve daha önce sağa sola bilinen bentik hayvanların ve bitkilerin zengindi SCUBA dalış gelişiyle yararlanarak ve açıklayan edildiBöyle tarama gibi nispeten etkisiz örnekleme yöntemleri m. Bu araştırmacıların varsayım sesil şey ve yumuşak gövdeli kimyasal avcılardan 10 tarafından tüketimini önlemek için savunulması gerektiğini oldu. Türler bolluk aksi açıklayıcı bir işti ne ampirizmi tanıtmak için bir çaba, bazı ekolojistler toksisite deneyleri 11 kimyasal savunma extrapolating başladı. Çoğu toksisite deneyleri yarım tahlil organizmaları öldürmekten sorumlu özleri kuru kütle konsantrasyonlarının sonraki kararlılıkla, bütün balık veya omurgasız dokuların ham organik özler sulu süspansiyonlar diğer organizmaların poz çıkıyor. Ancak, toksisite deneyleri, potansiyel saldırganları doğal şartlar altında av algıladıkları hangi şekilde taklit değil, ve daha sonraki çalışmalar toksisite ve lezzet 12-13 arasında hiçbir ilişki bulduk. Bu prestijli dergilerde yayınlar çok az ya da hiç Ecologica olan teknikleri kullanılan şaşırtıcıdırl alaka 14-15 ve bu çalışmalar hala yaygın atıf bugün. Bu toksisite verilerine dayalı çalışmalar 16-18 yayınlanmaya devam unutmayın daha da endişe verici olduğunu. Burada açıklanan biyodeney yöntemi antipredatory kimyasal savunma değerlendirmek için deniz kimyasal ekolojistler için bir ekolojik ilgili yaklaşım sağlamak için 1980&#39;lerin sonlarında geliştirilmiştir. yöntem daha ekolojik anlamlı toksisite verilerine göre olan lezzet veri sağlayan, bir beslenme karşılaştırılabilir gıda matrisi içinde doğal bir konsantrasyonda hedef organizmadan bir ham organik özü örnek bir modeli yırtıcı gerektirir. (1) uygun bir kültürlü yırtıcı besleme deneylerinde kullanılabilir olmalıdır, (2) her polarizasyona organik metabolitleri etraflıca dokusundan ekstre edilmelidir: deniz organizmalarının dokuların antipredatory aktivitesinin değerlendirilmesi için genel bir yaklaşım, dört önemli kriterler içerir organizmayı hedef, (3) metabolitleri b gerekirAynı hacimsel konsantrasyonda bir beslenme uygun deneysel gıda içine karışık bir e onlar çıkarıldı, ve (4) deneysel tasarım ve istatistiksel bir yaklaşım anlamlı bir metrik göreceli distastefulness göstermek için sağlaması gerekir hangi organizmada bulunduğu gibi. Aşağıda belirtilen prosedür Karayip deniz omurgasız antipredatory kimyasal savunma değerlendirmek için tasarlanmıştır. Bu tür Karayip mercan resifleri üzerinde yaygındır ve bentik omurgasızlar 19 geniş bir ürün yelpazesine örnek bilinmektedir çünkü bir örnek yırtıcı balık gibi bluehead akya, Thalassoma bifasciatum, istihdam. Hedef organizmadan alınan dokular, ilk önce, ekstre bir gıda karışımı ile bir araya getirilmiş ve son olarak T. gruplarına sunulmaktadır bifasciatum onlar özü ile tedavi edilen gıdalar reddetmek olmadığını gözlemlemek için. Bu yöntemi kullanarak tahlil verileri deniz organizmalarının 12,20-21, l savunma kimya önemli bilgiler sağladıife geçmişi ticaret-off 22-24, ve toplum ekolojisi 25-26.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D37-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A41220</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C614-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryocool Heat Transfer Fluid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>20-548-146</td>
			<td>For vacuum concentrator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alginic Acid Sodium Salt High Viscosity</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>154723</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Squid mantle rings</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Can be purchased at grocery store</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Denatonium benzoate</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml graduated centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-432-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 ml scintillation vial</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-337-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber bulbs for Pasteur pipets</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red bulbs for pellet delivery</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-448-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 ml round-bottom flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-067E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scintillation vial adapter for rotavap</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K747130-1324</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weightboats</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-202B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microspatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 ml graduated syringe</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-817-54</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S17302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

Burada ortak Karayip sünger altı türün (Şekil 2) Bu biyoassay sonuçlarını rapor. Bu veriler başlangıçta Pawlik ark. 12 tarafından 1995 yılında yayınlanan ve ortak meydana takson arasında kimyasal savunma stratejileri farklılıkları araştırmak için bu yaklaşımın gücünü göstermek edildi. Sonuçlar standart hata (SE) her tür için + yemiş gıda pelet ortalama sayısı olarak rapor edilmiştir. Hemen hemen hiç peletler Agelas clathrodes, Amphimedon comp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms at JoVE.com

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Bu biyo-deney, bir besleyici olarak benzer gıda matris kullanılarak, doğal konsantrasyonlarda deniz organizmalarının dokuların Organik özütlerden besleme-caydırıcı metabolitlerinin varlığını değerlendirmek için bir model yırtıcı balık kullanmaktadır.

Bir Balık-besleme Laboratuvar biyodeneyinde Deniz Organizmaların Dokular Sekonder Metabolitlerin Antipredatory Aktivite değerlendirmek için

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

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Su Kimya ve Deniz Mikrobiyoloji A Field Guide - Okyanusu&#39;nda gaybı Oyuncular çözülüyor

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A Small Volume Bioassay to Assess Bacterial/Phytoplankton Co-culture Using WATER-Pulse-Amplitude-Modulated (WATER-PAM) Fluorometry

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VacuSIP, bir Geliştirilmiş INEX Yöntemi için<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Partikül Ölçümü ve Çözünmüş bileşikler Aktif Süspansiyon besleme üniteleri İşlenmiş

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Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

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Prekambriyen Deniz upwelling Sistemi Fotosentetik Bakteri Büyüme Keşfet bakımından zengin bir Demir (II) Laboratuar Simülasyonu

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

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Deniz Bakterileri ile Ekotoksikolojik Yöntem<emVibrio anguillarum</em&gt; Çevresel Kirleticilerin Akut Zehirliliğini Değerlendirmek

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

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The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

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Deniz bir Model - olarak Barnacle Balanus improvisus kültür ve gen ekspresyonu

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