Name: two-photon imaging of cellular dynamics in the mouse spinal cord
Uploaded: 2015-02-22T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants R01 GM-41514 (to M.D.C.), R39 GM-048071 (to I.P.), and R01 NS-074987 (to T.E.L.) and the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS) Collaborative Center Research Award CA1058-A-8 (to C.M.W., T.E.L. and M.D.C.), NMSS Grant RG4925, NIH Training Grant T32-AI-060573 (to M.L.G.), NMSS Postdoctoral Fellowship FG 1960-A-1 (to J.G.W.), and funding from the George E. Hewitt Foundation for Medical Research (M.P.M.).

OPMERKING: Ethiek Verklaring: Het protocol voor de behandeling van dieren werd goedgekeurd door de Institutional Animal Care en gebruik Comite (IACUC) van de Universiteit van Californië, Irvine, protocol # 2010-2943. 1. verwijderen van het ruggenmerg <ol><li> Leg papieren handdoeken bevochtigd met ~ 100% vloeibare isofluraan, USP in euthanizing kamer en plaats droog papieren handdoeken op de top. Plaats de muis in de kamer op de top van de droge papieren handdoeken, zodat de muis niet de ...

<ol>
	<li>Robinson, A. P., Harp, C. T., Noronha, A., Miller, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+(EAE)+model+of+MS:+utility+for+understanding+disease+pathophysiology+and+treatment.">The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS: utility for understanding disease pathophysiology and treatment.</a> Handb Clin Neurol. 122, 173-189 (2014).</li><li>Pluchino, S., Zanotti, L., Brini, E., Ferrari, S., Martino, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+and+repair+in+multiple+sclerosis:+the+role+of+cell+transplantation.">Regeneration and repair in multiple sclerosis: the role of cell transplantation.</a> Neurosci Lett. 456 (3), 101-106 (2009).</li><li>Hatch, M. N., Schaumburg, C. S., Lane, T. E., Keirstead, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+remyelination+is+induced+by+transplant+rejection+in+a+viral+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Endogenous remyelination is induced by transplant rejection in a viral model of multiple sclerosis.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 212 (1-2), 74-81 (2009).</li><li>Totoiu, M. O., Nistor, G. I., Lane, T. E., Keirstead, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remyelination,+axonal+sparing,+and+locomotor+recovery+following+transplantation+of+glial-committed+progenitor+cells+into+the+MHV+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Remyelination, axonal sparing, and locomotor recovery following transplantation of glial-committed progenitor cells into the MHV model of multiple sclerosis.</a> Exp Neurol. 187 (2), 254-265 (2004).</li><li>Tirotta, E., Carbajal, K. S., Schaumburg, C. S., Whitman, L., Lane, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+replacement+therapies+to+promote+remyelination+in+a+viral+model+of+demyelination.">Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 224 (1-2), 101-107 (2010).</li><li>Greenberg, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+of+remyelination+of+spinal+cord+axons+by+engrafted+neural+precursor+cells+in+a+viral+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Two-photon imaging of remyelination of spinal cord axons by engrafted neural precursor cells in a viral model of multiple sclerosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (22), E2349-E2355 (2014).</li><li>Whitman, L. M., Blanc, C. A., Schaumburg, C. S., Rowitch, D. H., Lane, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Olig1+function+is+required+for+remyelination+potential+of+transplanted+neural+progenitor+cells+in+a+model+of+viral-induced+demyelination.">Olig1 function is required for remyelination potential of transplanted neural progenitor cells in a model of viral-induced demyelination.</a> Exp Neurol. 235 (1), 380-387 (2012).</li><li>Pluchino, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injection+of+adult+neurospheres+induces+recovery+in+a+chronic+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Injection of adult neurospheres induces recovery in a chronic model of multiple sclerosis.</a> Nature. 422 (6933), 688-694 (2003).</li><li>Weinger, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHC+mismatch+results+in+neural+progenitor+cell+rejection+following+spinal+cord+transplantation+in+a+model+of+viral-induced+demyelination.">MHC mismatch results in neural progenitor cell rejection following spinal cord transplantation in a model of viral-induced demyelination.</a> Stem Cells. 30 (11), 2584-2595 (2012).</li><li>Vogel, D. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+in+inflammatory+multiple+sclerosis+lesions+have+an+intermediate+activation+status.">Macrophages in inflammatory multiple sclerosis lesions have an intermediate activation status.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 10, 35 (2013).</li><li>Coyle, P. K., Rizvi, S. A., Coyle, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+3.">Ch. 3.</a> Clinical Neuroimmunology: Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 3, 43-70 (2011).</li><li>McManus, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MCP-1,+MCP-2+and+MCP-3+expression+in+multiple+sclerosis+lesions:+an+immunohistochemical+and+in+situ+hybridization+study.">MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 86 (1), 20-29 (1998).</li><li>Calderon, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+role+for+CXCL12+(SDF-1alpha)+in+the+pathogenesis+of+multiple+sclerosis:+regulation+of+CXCL12+expression+in+astrocytes+by+soluble+myelin+basic+protein.">A role for CXCL12 (SDF-1alpha) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: regulation of CXCL12 expression in astrocytes by soluble myelin basic protein.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 177 (1-2), 27-39 (2006).</li><li>Carbajal, K. S., Weinger, J. G., Whitman, L. M., Schaumburg, C. S., Lane, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+transplantation+of+mouse+neural+stem+cells+into+the+spinal+cords+of+mice+infected+with+neurotropic+mouse+hepatitis+virus.">Surgical transplantation of mouse neural stem cells into the spinal cords of mice infected with neurotropic mouse hepatitis virus.</a> J Vis Exp. 53, e2834 (2011).</li><li>Feng, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+neuronal+subsets+in+transgenic+mice+expressing+multiple+spectral+variants+of+GFP.">Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP.</a> Neuron. 28 (1), 41-51 (2000).</li><li>Nguyen, Q. T., Callamaras, N., Hsieh, C., Parker, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+a+two-photon+microscope+for+video-rate+Ca(2+)+imaging.">Construction of a two-photon microscope for video-rate Ca(2+) imaging.</a> Cell Calcium. 30 (6), 383-393 (2001).</li><li>Nikic, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reversible+form+of+axon+damage+in+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+and+multiple+sclerosis.">A reversible form of axon damage in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis.</a> Nat Med. 17 (4), 495-499 (2011).</li><li>Fenrich, K. K., Weber, P., Rougon, G., Debarbieux, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implanting+glass+spinal+cord+windows+in+adult+mice+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Implanting glass spinal cord windows in adult mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Vis Exp. 82, e50826 (2013).</li><li>Farrar, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+in+vivo+imaging+in+the+mouse+spinal+cord+using+an+implanted+chamber.">Chronic in vivo imaging in the mouse spinal cord using an implanted chamber.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (3), 297-302 (2012).</li><li>Pakan, J. M., McDermott, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+to+investigate+radial+glia+cell+behavior+using+two-photon+time-lapse+microscopy+in+an+ex+vivo+model+of+spinal+cord+development.">A method to investigate radial glia cell behavior using two-photon time-lapse microscopy in an ex vivo model of spinal cord development.</a> Front Neuroanat. 8, 22 (2014).</li><li>Fenrich, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+in+vivo+imaging+of+normal+and+pathological+mouse+spinal+cord+with+subcellular+resolution+using+implanted+glass+windows.">Long-term in vivo imaging of normal and pathological mouse spinal cord with subcellular resolution using implanted glass windows.</a> J Physiol. 590 (Pt 16), 3665-3675 (2012).</li><li>Germain, R. N., Robey, E. A., Cahalan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+decade+of+imaging+cellular+motility+and+interaction+dynamics+in+the+immune+system.">A decade of imaging cellular motility and interaction dynamics in the immune system.</a> Science. 336, 1676-1681 (2012).</li><li>Miller, M. J., Wei, S. H., Parker, I., Cahalan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+of+lymphocyte+motility+and+antigen+response+in+intact+lymph+node.">Two-photon imaging of lymphocyte motility and antigen response in intact lymph node.</a> Science. 296 (6089), 1869-1873 (2002).</li><li>Dzhagalov, I. L., Melichar, H. J., Ross, J. O., Herzmark, P., Robey, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+of+the+immune+system.">Two-photon imaging of the immune system.</a> Curr Protoc Cytom. Chapter 12 (Unit12 26), (2012).</li><li>Matheu, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toll-like+receptor+4-activated+B+cells+out-compete+Toll-like+receptor+9-activated+B+cells+to+establish+peripheral+immunological+tolerance.">Toll-like receptor 4-activated B cells out-compete Toll-like receptor 9-activated B cells to establish peripheral immunological tolerance.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (20), E1258-E1266 (2012).</li><li>Matheu, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three+phases+of+CD8+T+cell+response+in+the+lung+following+H1N1+influenza+infection+and+sphingosine+1+phosphate+agonist+therapy.">Three phases of CD8 T cell response in the lung following H1N1 influenza infection and sphingosine 1 phosphate agonist therapy.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), e58033 (2013).</li></ol>

Real-time 2P beeldvorming van intact weefsel is nodig om NPC kinetiek en interacties na transplantatie in de gedemyeliniseerde muis ruggenmerg te onderzoeken. Intravitaal 2P beeldvorming wordt algemeen gebruikt om cellulaire dynamiek op de dorsale zijde van het ruggenmerg bepaald in levende muizen, en is gebruikt om dorsale demyelinisatie bestuderen demyeliniserende ziekte 17-19. Omdat getransplanteerde NPC migreren naar de ventrale witte stof, die te diep ligt ten afbeelding in situ middels 2P microscopie, e...

Muismodellen van demyelinisatie, met inbegrip van experimentele auto-immune encefalomyelitis (EAE) en intracraniële infectie met neuroadapted muis hepatitis virus (MHV), zijn uitstekende tools waarmee moleculaire pathways en cellulaire interacties geassocieerd met de ziekte te bestuderen. Ze hebben geleid tot en ondersteunde de doeltreffendheid van FDA goedgekeurde farmaceutische therapieën, vooral gericht op beëindiging van auto-immuniteit en ontsteking 1. Echter, zodra endogene remyelinisatie is mislukt, de momenteel goedgekeurde behandelingen geen effectief herstellen lesies in het centrale zenuwstelsel. Derhalve-reparatie gerichte therapieën in dit stadium van de ziekte zijn cruciaal voor de verlichting van chronische symptomen en verbetering van de levenskwaliteit. Onlangs hebben neurale precursoren (NPC) op de voorgrond treden als een potentiële therapeutische en genezende modaliteit naar gebieden van ontsteking en demyelinisatie richten. Verschillende studies hebben het vermogen van NPCs om endogeno induceren gemarkeerdons remyelination en rechtstreeks deelnemen aan remyelination 2-8. Omdat NPC betrokken zijn bij directe remyelinisatie, is het noodzakelijk om hun kinetiek en interacties begrijpen met endogene cellen na transplantatie. Na transplantatie, NPC&#39;s migreren ventraal naar gebieden van witte stof schade, dan rostraal en caudaal ten opzichte van de transplantatie plaats van 5,9. De kinetiek van migratie verschillen in reactie op omgevingsfactoren; NPC getransplanteerd in een niet beschadigde ruggenmerg een grotere snelheden dan NPC getransplanteerd in een beschadigde ruggenmerg 6. Na een trekkende periode overgedragen NPC prolifereren schaal, met een hogere snelheid in een beschadigde ruggenmerg opzichte van een intacte ruggenmerg 6. Tenslotte, de meeste NPC differentiëren tot oligodendrocyten en start direct remyelinisatie 4,6,9. De gedemyeliniseerde laesie is complex en kan een diverse populatie van cellen in verschillende fasen van eenctivation. Zo kan een werkzame multiple sclerose (MS) laesie, zoals een aanzienlijke populatie van geactiveerde T-cellen, M1 microglia en macrofagen M1, maar een chronische stille MS laesie kan bestaan ​​voornamelijk reactieve astrocyten met weinig ontstekingscellen 10-13. Door de diversiteit van effector cellen, twee-foton (2P) beeldvorming in muismodellen van demyelinisatie is een uiterst nuttig hulpmiddel om te helpen begrijpen lokale cellulaire interacties binnen de laesie. Bij MS en vele schaal gebruikt MS onderzoeksmodellen, de meeste laesies zijn gelegen aan de buikzijde van het ruggenmerg, een gebied ontoegankelijk voor intravitale 2P beeldvorming door laesiediepte en het hoge vetgehalte van het ruggenmerg. Om deze problemen en de studie van cel-cel interacties binnen laesies te omzeilen langs de ventrale ruggenmerg hebben we ontwikkelden een eenvoudige ex vivo 2P beeldvorming voorbereiding 6. Deze studie volgt op een eerdere methoden publicatie, waaruit bleekde procedure verplanten versterkt groen fluorescent proteïne (eGFP) -expressie NPC in het ruggenmerg van muizen na JHMV stam van MHV-geïnduceerde demyelinisatie 14. Vijf weken oude muizen besmet met JHMV en getransplanteerd met eGFP-NPC&#39;s op thoracaal niveau 9 op dag 14 na de infectie. De hier gepresenteerde protocol voorziet in gedetailleerde stappen over hoe het ruggenmerg te extraheren, maken een ex vivo agarose voorbereiding, en het beeld getransplanteerde eGFP-NPC interacties met verbeterde geel fluorescerend eiwit (eYFP) -expressie axonen. Muizen die eYFP onder neuronale specifieke Thy1 promoter werden in deze procedure 15. Slechts een deel van de axonen uiten eYFP, waardoor het nuttig voor de beeldvorming van de individuele axonen. Hier laten we ruggenmerg verwijderd na 7 dagen na de transplantatie; kan echter ruggenmerg op elk tijdstip na de transplantatie worden gewonnen. Terwijl tonen wij interacties van NPC met beschadigde axonen kunnen ons protocol worden gebruikt in combinatie met genetische fluorescente merkersandere celtypen een veelheid van cellulaire interacties die zich gedurende de muis ruggenmerg onderzoeken.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="858">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:381px;">Isoflurane, USP</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Piramal Critical Care, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14060-09</td>
			<td>sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">scalpel blade #10</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10010-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">scalpel handle</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10003-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Luer rongeurs</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">16001-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Graefe forceps</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11052-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Vannas scissors</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15615-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">scalpel blade #11</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10011-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">RPMI-1640</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12-115F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">agarose, low gelling temperature</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A9414-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">13-374-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Vetbond (tissue adhesive)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1469SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">22 mm square cover slip</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12-547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">25x dipping objective, 1.1 NA</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">CFI Apo LWD 25XW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Single inline solution heater</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Warner Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">64-0102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">520 nm single-edge dichroic beam splitter</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">FF520-Di02-25x36</td>
			<td>Brightline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">560 nm single-edge dichroic beam splitter</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">FF560-FDi01-25x36</td>
			<td>Brightline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">photomultiplier tubes</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">R928</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">C/L variable-speed tubing pump</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Masterflex</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">77122-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">digital thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Comar Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">3501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Chameleon Ultra Ti:Sapphire laser&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Slidebook 6 software</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">3i</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:381px;">Imaris 7.7 software</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Bitplane</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

two-photon imaging of cellular dynamics in the mouse spinal cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for live-cell imaging in the murine spinal cord. This technique is uniquely suited to analyze neural precursor cell (NPC) dynamics following transplantation into spinal cords undergoing neuroinflammatory demyelinating disorders. NPCs migrate to sites of axonal damage, proliferate, differentiate into oligodendrocytes, and participate in direct remyelination. NPCs are thereby a promising therapeutic treatment to ameliorate chronic demyelinating diseases. Because transplanted NPCs migrate to the damaged areas on the ventral side of the spinal cord, traditional intravital 2P imaging is impossible, and only information on static interactions was previously available using histochemical staining approaches. Although this method was generated to image transplanted NPCs in the ventral spinal cord, it can be applied to numerous studies of transplanted and endogenous cells throughout the entire spinal cord. In this article, we demonstrate the preparation and imaging of a spinal cord with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein-expressing axons and enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing transplanted NPCs.

<html> Terwijl de geëxplanteerde ruggenmerg beeldvorming protocol kan worden gebruikt om fluorescentie binnen het ruggenmerg visualiseren, onze representatieve resultaten tonen eGFP-NPC interacties met eYFP-axonen. Eerst geven we de ingebedde ventrale ruggenmerg preparaat in figuur 1A. Vervolgens laten we de 2P microscoop setup en belangrijke onderdelen in figuur 1B. Figuur 2 toont eGFP en eYFP fluorescentie in één z-stack binnen de ventrale ruggenmerg. Overname van opeenvolgende z-st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord at JoVE.com

Two-photon Imaging of Cellular Dynamics in the Mouse Spinal Cord

Een nieuw ex vivo voorbereiding voor het afbeelden van de muis ruggenmerg. Dit protocol maakt twee-foton beeldvorming van levende cellulaire interacties gehele ruggenmerg.

Twee-foton Imaging van Cellular Dynamics in de Muis Spinal Cord

Two-photon (2P) microscopy is utilized to reveal cellular dynamics and interactions deep within living, intact tissues. Here, we present a method for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord Using Two-photon Microscopy

In vivo beeldvorming van de muis ruggenmerg met behulp van twee-foton Microscopie

In vivo imaging using two-photon microscopy 1 in mice that have been genetically engineered to express fluorescent proteins in specific cell types 2-3 has ...

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

A Procedure for Implanting a Spinal Chamber for Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Spinal Cord

Een procedure voor het implanteren van een Spinal Kamer voor Longitudinaal<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Beeldvorming van de Muis Spinal Cord

Studies in the mammalian neocortex have enabled unprecedented resolution of cortical structure, activity, and response to neurodegenerative insults by ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Diffusion Imaging in het Rat ruggenmerg

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

Simultaneous Two-photon In Vivo Imaging of Synaptic Inputs and Postsynaptic Targets in the Mouse Retrosplenial Cortex

Simultane twee-foton<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Beeldvorming van Synaptic In- en Postsynaptische Doelen op Mouse retrospleniale Cortex

This video shows the craniotomy procedure that allows chronic imaging of neurons in the mouse retrosplenial cortex (RSC) using in vivo two-photon ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Beeldvorming Serotonerge vezels in de muis Spinal Cord Met behulp van de DUIDELIJKHEID / CUBIC Techniek

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

Imaging neurale activiteit in de primaire somatosensorische Cortex met behulp van Thy1-GCaMP6s transgene muizen

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

An In Vivo Duo-color Method for Imaging Vascular Dynamics Following Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Een In Vivo Duo-kleur methode voor Imaging-vasculaire Dynamics na Contusive dwarslaesie

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes significant vascular disruption at the site of injury. Vascular pathology occurs immediately after SCI and continues ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Implantatie van de laminectomie en het ruggenmerg in de muis

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging of Cortical Neurons in Neonatal Mice

In Vivo Twee-foton beeldvorming van corticale neuronen in neonatale muizen

Two-photon imaging is a powerful tool for the in vivo analysis of neuronal circuits in the mammalian brain. However, a limited number of in vivo imaging ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Intra-arteriële levering van neurale stamcellen aan de Rat en Mouse Brain: Toepassing op cerebrale ischemie

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...