Name: preparation and reactivity of gasless nanostructured energetic materials
Uploaded: 2015-04-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials at JoVE.com

This material is based upon work supported by the Department of&#160;Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration,&#160;under Award Number DE-NA0002377. Funding from the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), Grant Number HDTRA1-10-1-0119. Counter-WMD basic research program, Dr. Suhithi M. Peiris, program director is gratefully acknowledged. This work was also supported by the Ministry of Education and Science and Education of the Russian Federation in the framework of Increase Competitiveness Program of NUST &#8220;MISIS&#8221; grant No. K2-2014-001.

1. Høj-energi Ball Milling <ol><li> Forbered 35 g af den oprindelige 1: 1 molforhold Ni + Al blanding. I dette tilfælde vejer 11.02 g Al og 23,98 g Ni pulvere. </li><li> Brug en stålfræsning krukke til HEBM af dette system. Kontroller, at krukken har en højere hårdhed end de pulvere, der skal lægges, ellers pulverne vil beskadige krukken og forurening vil opstå. Bemærk: Typiske jar valg omfatter stål, zirconiumoxid eller wolframcarbid. </li><li> Brug en 5: 1 bold: pulver (opladning ratio) for dette system, d...

<ol>
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Protokollen giver en detaljeret beskrivelse af fremstilling af reaktive energiske (Ti + C, Ta + C, Ni + Al) nanokompositter med skræddersyet mikrostruktur ved hjælp af kortsigtede HEBM metoden. HEBM af gasless heterogene blandinger involverer forarbejdning i en high-speed planetarisk kuglemølle, hvor partiklerne i blandingen udsættes for mekanisk påvirkning med en kraft tilstrækkelig til fordeling af sprøde bestanddele (f.eks grafit) og deformation af plastkomponenter (f.eks Al , Ti, Ta, Ni). Sp...

Klassiske energiske materialer, dvs., sprængstoffer, drivmidler og fyrværkeri er en klasse af materiale med en stor mængde af lagret kemisk energi, der kan frigives under hurtig exoterm reaktion 1-5. For eksempel er sprængstoffer normalt genereres ved at kombinere brændstof og oxidizer grupper i et molekyle. Energitætheden af ​​sådanne materialer er meget høj. For eksempel ved nedbrydning trinitrotoluen (TNT) frigiver 7,22 kJ / cm 3 og danner 8.36 mol gas pr 100 g (tabel 1) i en meget kort periode. Disse materialer er sammensat af mikrometer skala organiske og uorganiske arter (brændstoffer og iltningsmidler). Thermite systemer, hvor reaktionerne finder sted mellem uorganiske forbindelse, dvs, reducerende metaller (fx Al) og oxider (Fe 2 O 3, CuO, Bi 2 O 3), hører til en anden type energimaterialer. Energitætheden(15-21 kJ / cm3) af sådanne systemer overstiger værdien af TNT, men mængden af gas produkter (0,15-0,6 mol pr 100 g) er typisk meget mindre end for sprængstoffer (tabel 1). Ligeledes kan nano-thermites viser ekstremt høj hastighed af forbrænding bølgeudbredelse (&gt; 1,000 m / sek) 2 -5. Det blev for nylig vist, 6-12, at en række gasless heterogene reaktive systemer (Ni + Al, Ti + C, Ti + B), der danner intermetalliske eller ildfaste forbindelser kunne også betragtes som energimaterialer. De energitætheder (kJ / cm3) i disse systemer er tættere på eller højere end TNT (tabel 1). Samtidig, fraværet af gasprodukter under reaktionen Denne type materiale fremragende kandidater til en lang række applikationer, herunder syntese af nanomaterialer, reaktiv binding af refraktær og ulige dele, gasless micro generatorer mv 11-17. Imidlertid reltivt høj temperatur af disse systemer (900-3,000 K, se tabel 1) sammenlignet med thermites (~ 1.000 K) tænding hindrer deres ansøgninger. Fremstillingen af manipuleret nanostrukturerede kompositter i væsentlig grad kan forbedre tænding og forbrænding karakteristika gasless heterogene systemer 12-14, 17. Der er blevet udviklet mange metoder til at fremstille de konstruerede energiske nanokompositter, såsom ultralyd blande 18,19, selvsamling nærmer 5, sol-gel 20-22, dampaflejringsteknikker 16,17,23,24 samt højenergi bold fræsning (HEBM) 1,5. Ulempen ved ultralyd blanding af nano-pulver er, at et tykt (5-10 nm) oxid shell på metalnanopartikler reducerer energitæthed og nedbryder forbrænding ydeevne reaktive blandinger. Også fordelingen af ​​brændsel og oxidationsmiddel er ikke ensartet, og grænsefladespændingen kontakt mellem reaktanterne er ikke intimt. Sol-gel-end selvsamlende strategier blev udviklet til fremstilling af specifikke thermite nanokompositter. Trods billige teknikker, disse strategier er ikke grønt fra et miljømæssigt synspunkt. Desuden introduceres i forberedt kompositter store mængder urenheder. Pådampning eller sputtering anvendes til at fremstille reaktive flerlagede folier og kerne-skal energiske materialer. Det giver en porefri og veldefineret geometri af kompositmaterialer, der forenkler teoretisk modellering og forbedrer nøjagtigheden. Men denne teknologi er dyr og vanskelig at skalere op. Endvidere fremstilles lagdelte nanokompositter er ustabile under visse betingelser. High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) er en miljøvenlig, let skalerbar tilgang, der tillader effektiv fremstilling af nanostrukturerede energiske kompositter 5, 9 -14. HEBM er billig og kan anvendes med forskellige reaktive materialesammensætninger (fx denrmites, reaktioner, der danner intermetalliske, carbider, borider etc.). Protokollen giver en detaljeret beskrivelse af fremstilling af reaktive energiske (Ni + Al, Ti + C, Ta + C) nanokompositter med skræddersyet mikrostruktur ved hjælp af kortsigtede HEBM metoden. Det beskriver også en high-speed termografi teknik til at bestemme tænding / forbrænding egenskaber som konfektionerede energiske materialer. Endelig viser analysen af ​​mikrostrukturen af ​​nanokompositter hjælp Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) Udstyret af fokuseret ionstråle (FIB). Protokollen er en vigtig vejledning for udarbejdelse af forskellige energiske nanomaterialer (gasless og thermite systemer), der kan bruges som enten høj energitæthed kilder eller til syntese og forarbejdning af avancerede nanomaterialer ved forbrændingsprocesser tilgange.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>42624</td>
			<td>Particle size: -325 mesh</td>
			<td>Purity, 99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphite</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>46304</td>
			<td>Particle size: 7-11 micron</td>
			<td>Purity, 99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nickel</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>10256</td>
			<td>Particle size: 3-7 micron</td>
			<td>Purity, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>11067</td>
			<td>Particle size: -325 mesh</td>
			<td>Purity, 99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tantalum</td>
			<td>Materion advanced chemicals</td>
			<td>T-2017</td>
			<td>Particle size: 325 mesh</td>
			<td>Purity, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon lampblack</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>C198-500</td>
			<td>Particle size: 0.1 micron</td>
			<td>Purity, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten wire</td>
			<td>Mcmaster Carr</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>0.032&#34; diameter</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Planetary Ball Mill</td>
			<td>Retsch GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uniaxial press</td>
			<td>Carver Hydraulic</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sieve shaker</td>
			<td>Gilson performer</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>5mm diameter</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cylindrical stainless steel press die</td>
			<td>Action Machine</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel sieves</td>
			<td>Mcmaster Carr</td>
			<td>Type 304</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed thermal camera (SC6000)</td>
			<td>FLIR</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helios NanoLab 600, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) Equipped by Focus Ion Beam (FIB)</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cylindrical reactor with a vacuum pomp</td>
			<td>Action Machine</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoslice and View (S&#38;V)</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Avizo Fire</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and reactivity of gasless nanostructured energetic materials

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) er en kugle fræsning proces, hvor en pulverblanding placeret i kuglemølle underkastes højenergi kollisioner fra kuglerne. Blandt andre anvendelser er det en alsidig teknik, der giver mulighed for en effektiv fremstilling af gasless reaktive nanostrukturerede materialer med høj energitæthed per volumen (Ni + Al, Ta + C, Ti + C). De strukturelle transformationer af reaktive medier, som finder sted i løbet af HEBM, definerer reaktionsmekanisme i de producerede energiske kompositter. Varierende forarbejdningsbetingelserne tillader finjustering af fræsning-inducerede mikrostrukturer af de fremstillede sammensatte partikler. Til gengæld reaktiviteten, dvs. selvantændelse temperatur, tænding tidsforsinkelse, samt reaktionskinetik, af høj energitæthed materialer afhænger af dens mikrostruktur. Analyse af fræsning-inducerede mikrostrukturer tyder på, at dannelsen af ​​friske iltfri intime stort overfladeareal kontakter mellem reagenserne iS med ansvar for forbedring af deres reaktionsevne. Dette manifesterer sig i en reduktion af antændelsestemperatur og forsinkelse, en øget hyppighed af kemisk reaktion, og et generelt fald i den effektive aktivering energi af reaktionen. Protokollen giver en detaljeret beskrivelse af fremstillingen af ​​reaktive nanokompositter med skræddersyet mikrostruktur med korte HEBM metoden. Det beskriver også en high-speed termografi teknik til at bestemme tænding / forbrænding egenskaber energiske materialer. Protokollen kan tilpasses til fremstilling og karakterisering af en række nanostrukturerede energiske kompositter.

For at forberede nanostrukturerede energiske kompositter, er en blanding af ønskede pulveriserede komponenter (typisk mikrometer størrelse) mekanisk behandlet under forudindstillede formalingsbetingelser. Behandling tid (typisk minutter) styres præcist at generere de sammensætningsmæssigt homogeniserede nanocomposite partikler, men ikke tillader selvbærende kemisk reaktion at indlede under formaling. Figur 1 og Video 1 viser, at overfladekontaktareal m...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials at JoVE.com

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

Denne protokol beskriver fremstillingen af ​​gasless nanostrukturerede energimaterialer (Ni + Al, Ta + C, Ti + C) ved hjælp af den kortsigtede højenergi-bold fræsning (HEBM) teknik. Det beskriver også en high-speed termografi metode til at undersøge reaktiviteten af ​​mekanisk fremstillede nanokompositter. Disse protokoller kan udvides til andre reaktive nanostrukturerede energimaterialer.

Forberedelse og reaktivitet af Gasless nanostrukturerede energimaterialer

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the ...

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