Name: electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization
Uploaded: 2015-04-19T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization at JoVE.com

Esta obra fue financiada en parte con fondos de puesta en marcha de la Universidad de Nebraska Medical Center y el Instituto Nacional de Salud (número de concesión 1R15 AR063901-01).

1. Preparación de la Solución <ol><li> Preparar una solución de poli (ε-caprolactona) (PCL) (M w = 80.000 g / mol) a una concentración aproximada de 100 mg / ml. Disolver PCL en una mezcla de diclorometano (DCM) y N, N-dimethlyformamide (DMF) en una proporción de 4: 1 (v / v) con una concentración de 10% (w / v). </li><li> Colocar la solución en un tubo de vidrio de 20 ml para la mezcla. Coloque el tubo de vidrio en limpiador ultrasónico durante 30 minutos, o hasta que la solución es transparente....

<ol>
	<li>Xie, J., Li, X., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Putting+electrospun+nanofibers+to+work+for+biomedical+research.">Putting electrospun nanofibers to work for biomedical research.</a> Macromol. Rapid Commun. 29 (22), 1775-1792 (2008).</li><li>Genin, G. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+grading+of+mineral+and+collagen+in+the+attachment+of+tendon+to+bone.">Functional grading of mineral and collagen in the attachment of tendon to bone.</a> Biophys. J. 97 (4), 976-985 (2009).</li><li>Thomopoulos, S., Marquez, J. P., Weinberger, B., Birman, V., Genin, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+fiber+orientation+at+the+tendon+to+bone+insertion+and+its+influence+on+stress+concentrations.">Collagen fiber orientation at the tendon to bone insertion and its influence on stress concentrations.</a> J. Biomech. 39 (10), 1842-1851 (2006).</li><li>Thomopoulos, S., Williams, G. R., Gimbel, J. A., Favata, M., Soslowsky, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+of+biomechanical,+structural,+and+compositional+properties+along+the+tendon+to+bone+insertion+site.">Variation of biomechanical, structural, and compositional properties along the tendon to bone insertion site.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 21 (3), 413-419 (2003).</li><li>Thomopoulos, S., Genin, G. M., Galatz, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+and+morphogenesis+of+the+tendon-to-bone+insertion+-+What+development+can+teach+us+about+healing.">The development and morphogenesis of the tendon-to-bone insertion - What development can teach us about healing.</a> Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 10 (1), 35-45 (2010).</li><li>Li, X., Xie, J., Lipner, J., Yuan, X., Thomopoulos, S., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanofiber+scaffolds+with+gradations+in+mineral+content+for+mimicking+the+tendon-to-bone+insertion+site.">Nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in mineral content for mimicking the tendon-to-bone insertion site.</a> Nano Lett. 9 (7), 2763-2768 (2009).</li><li>Kunzler, T. P., Huwiler, C., Drobek, T., V&#246;r&#246;s, J., Spencer, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+study+of+osteoblast+response+to+nanotopography+by+means+of+nanoparticle-density+gradients.">Systematic study of osteoblast response to nanotopography by means of nanoparticle-density gradients.</a> Biomaterials. 28 (33), 5000-5006 (2007).</li><li>Huwiler, C., Kunzler, T. P., Textor, M., V&#246;r&#246;s, J., Spencer, N. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionalizable+nanomorphology+gradients+via+colloidal+self-assembly.">Functionalizable nanomorphology gradients via colloidal self-assembly.</a> Langmuir. 23 (11), 5929-5935 (2007).</li><li>Xie, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term='Aligned-to-random'+nanofiber+scaffolds+for+mimicking+the+structure+of+the+tendon-to-bone+insertion+site.">'Aligned-to-random' nanofiber scaffolds for mimicking the structure of the tendon-to-bone insertion site.</a> Nanoscale. 2 (6), 923-926 (2010).</li><li>Xie, J., Ma, B., Michael, P. L., Shuler, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+nanofiber+scaffolds+with+gradations+in+fiber+organization+and+their+potential+applications.">Fabrication of nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and their potential applications.</a> Macromol. Biosci. 12 (10), 1336-1341 (2012).</li><li>James, R., Kumbar, S. G., Laurencin, C. T., Balian, G., Chhabra, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tendon+tissue+engineering:+adipose-derived+stem+cell+and+GDF-5+mediated+regeneration+using+electrospun+matrix+systems.">Tendon tissue engineering: adipose-derived stem cell and GDF-5 mediated regeneration using electrospun matrix systems.</a> Biomed. Mater. 6 (2), 025011 (2011).</li><li>Bodle, J. C., Hanson, A. D., Loboa, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose-derived+stem+cells+in+functional+bone+tissue+engineering:+lessons+from+bone+mechanobiology.">Adipose-derived stem cells in functional bone tissue engineering: lessons from bone mechanobiology.</a> Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 17 (3), 195-211 (2011).</li><li>Lee, J. H., Rhie, J. W., Oh, D. Y., Ahn, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenic+differentiation+of+human+adipose+tissue-derived+stromal+cells+(hASCs)+in+a+porous+three-dimensional+scaffold.">Osteogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (hASCs) in a porous three-dimensional scaffold.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 370 (3), 456-460 (2008).</li><li>Tapp, H., Hanley, E. N., Patt, J. C., Gruber, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose-derived+stem+cells:+characterization+and+current+application+in+orthopaedic+tissue+repair.">Adipose-derived stem cells: characterization and current application in orthopaedic tissue repair.</a> Exp. Biol. Med. 234 (1), 1-9 (2009).</li><li>Gimble, J. M., Guilak, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose-derived+adult+stem+cells:+isolation,+characterization,+and+differentiation+potential.">Adipose-derived adult stem cells: isolation, characterization, and differentiation potential.</a> Cytotherapy. 5 (5), 362-369 (2003).</li><li>Zuk, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilineage+cells+from+human+adipose+tissue:+implications+for+cell-based+therapies.">Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies.</a> Tissue Eng. 7 (2), 211-228 (2001).</li><li>Xie, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+seeded+on+electrospun+nanofibers+into+neural+lineages.">The differentiation of embryonic stem cells seeded on electrospun nanofibers into neural lineages.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (3), 354-362 (2009).</li><li>Xie, J., MacEwan, M. R., Li, X., Sakiyama-Elbert, S. E., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurite+outgrowth+on+nanofiber+scaffolds+with+different+orders,+structures,+and+surface+properties.">Neurite outgrowth on nanofiber scaffolds with different orders, structures, and surface properties.</a> ACS Nano. 3 (5), 1151-1159 (2009).</li><li>Ayres, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+anisotropy+in+electrospun+tissue+engineering+scaffolds:+analysis+of+fiber+alignment+by+the+fast+Fourier+transform.">Modulation of anisotropy in electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds: analysis of fiber alignment by the fast Fourier transform.</a> Biomaterials. 27 (32), 5524-5534 (2006).</li><li>Ayres, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+fiber+alignment+in+electrospun+scaffolds:+a+user&#8217;s+guide+to+the+2D+fast+Fourier+transform+approach.">Measuring fiber alignment in electrospun scaffolds: a user&#8217;s guide to the 2D fast Fourier transform approach.</a> J. Biomater. Sci. Poly. Ed. 19 (5), 603-621 (2008).</li></ol>

The most critical part of the protocol is generation of the gradient scaffold. It is imperative that the mask covering the collector moves at a constant velocity so there is a gradual change within the fiber scaffold. The correct preparation of PCL solution is also important to ensure electrospinning success. Checking the fiber morphology prior to electrospinning is recommendable, especially after the encapsulation of Coumarin-6, which may require a higher voltage to electrospin correctly. 
Fu...

Las nanofibras son una utilidad popular para la ingeniería de tejidos debido a su capacidad para imitar la matriz extracelular en su estructura y tamaño relativo 1. Sin embargo, algunas interfaces de tejidos nativos, tales como el sitio de inserción del tendón en el hueso, contienen fibras de colágeno, que exhiben una estructura organizativa variable que aumenta en alineación hacia el tendón y disminuye en el sitio de hueso 2-5. Por lo tanto, para la regeneración de tejidos eficaz hay una necesidad de fabricar un andamio que podrían imitar eficazmente este gradiente estructural. Anteriormente, ha habido una investigación llevada a cabo sobre los cambios graduales en la composición de la fibra, concretamente, el contenido mineral 6. Sin embargo, volver a crear el componente estructural de los tejidos conectivos sigue siendo en gran parte inexplorado. Un estudio anterior examinó gradientes morfológicos mediante el estudio del efecto de la densidad de las partículas de sílice superficie sobre la proliferación de los osteoblastos de calota de rata y se encontró un Inverrelación entre la densidad se partícula de sílice y la proliferación celular 7. Pero los cambios morfológicos que mediaron la proliferación celular en trabajos anteriores fueron en su mayoría relacionados con la rugosidad superficial que carecen de la capacidad en la imitación de los cambios organizativos de fibra de 7,8. Un estudio reciente intentó fabricar un andamio que imitaba las orientaciones únicas fibras de colágeno mediante el uso de una novela colector para electrospinning 9. Si bien este estudio logró producir un andamio con fibras tanto alineados y aleatorios, no logró imitar los cambios graduales que se exhiben en los tejidos nativos. También, en la producción de componentes separados, con un cambio inmediato de alineado con orientación aleatoria, las propiedades biomecánicas de este andamio disminuyeron significativamente. Sin el trabajo previo ha sido capaz de producir nanofibras andamios aplicables con gradaciones continuas en orientaciones de las fibras de alineado y al azar. Nuestro estudio reciente ha demostrado la recreación exitosa de nanofibras andamioscon gradaciones en la organización de fibra que potencialmente pueden imitar la organización de colágeno nativo en la inserción del tendón al hueso 10. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar los protocolos utilizados para la producción de nanofibras andamios con una estructura que se asemeja mucho a la de organización de las fibras en la interfaz nativa del tejido del tendón al hueso. Estructuras de nanofibras Gradient han potencialmente aplicaciones en una variedad de campos de gran alcance. Nos centramos en las aplicaciones a la ingeniería de tejidos de la zona de inserción del tendón al hueso mediante la combinación de nuestros andamios con células madre derivadas de tejido adiposo (ADSC) que ya se utilizan para la regeneración de tejidos en varios sustratos 11-14. Además, ADSC son de naturaleza muy similar a las células madre de médula ósea en términos de multipotencia y su recurso es abundante que puede ser cosechada usando un simple 15,16 procedimiento de liposucción. Siembra de estas células a los andamios nanofibras graduadas mejora aún más su tisdemandar aplicaciones de ingeniería al permitir la distribución controlada de las células que potencialmente pueden diferenciarse en diversos tejidos. Además de la siembra de células madre, las nanofibras se pueden encapsular con moléculas de señalización para la regulación de la respuesta celular. El acoplamiento de nanoencapsulación con el gradiente de la organización de estos andamios permite el estudio del comportamiento celular o posibles diseños de implantes y recubrimientos. La encapsulación de moléculas funcionales como la proteína morfogenética ósea 2 (BMP2), que se ha demostrado que induce la diferenciación de osteoblastos 15,16, podría mejorar aún más las aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos de estos andamios 10.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycaprolactone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>440744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethlyformamide</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>D-119-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>AC61093-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coumarin 6</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>546283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adipose Derived Stem Cells</td>
			<td>Cellular engineering Technologies</td>
			<td>HMSC.AD-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>26140-111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein Diacetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>a10490-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>s25120a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Slides</td>
			<td>VWR international, LLC</td>
			<td>101412-842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-831-200</td>
			<td>Single syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>1510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Voltage DC Power Supply</td>
			<td>Gamma High Voltage Research</td>
			<td>ES30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>Nova 2300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axio Imager 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible applications in controlling cell morphology/orientation. Nanofiber organization is controlled with a new fabrication apparatus that enables the gradual decrease of fiber organization in a scaffold. Changing the alignment of fibers is achieved through decreasing deposition time of random electrospun fibers on a uniaxially aligned fiber mat. By covering the collector with a moving barrier/mask, along the same axis as fiber deposition, the organizational structure is easily controlled. For tissue engineering purposes, adipose-derived stem cells can be seeded to these scaffolds. Stem cells undergo morphological changes as a result of their position on the varied organizational structure, and can potentially differentiate into different cell types depending on their locations. Additionally, the graded organization of fibers enhances the biomimicry of nanofiber scaffolds so they more closely resemble the natural orientations of collagen nanofibers at tendon-to-bone insertion site compared to traditional scaffolds. Through nanoencapsulation, the gradated fibers also afford the possibility to construct chemical gradients in fiber scaffolds, and thereby further strengthen their potential applications in fast screening of cell-materials interaction and interfacial tissue regeneration. This technique enables the production of continuous gradient scaffolds, but it also can potentially produce fibers in discrete steps by controlling the movement of the moving barrier/mask in a discrete fashion.

Usando este protocolo, se formó una estera de fibra con un gradiente de organización. La Figura 3 muestra las imágenes SEM tomadas en varios lugares de la estructura de nanofibras. Cualitativamente, se puede determinar que hay una progresión de las fibras uniaxialmente alineadas en 0 mm (Figura 3A) para una variedad de fibra al azar en 6 mm (Figura 3D). La FFT da un valor cuantitativo a la alineación de la fibra, detalles sobre los procesos cuantitativos se detalla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization at JoVE.com

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

A continuación, presentamos un protocolo para fabricar nanofibras andamios electrospun con organización gradated de fibras y explorar sus aplicaciones en la regulación de la morfología celular / orientación. Gradientes con respecto a las propiedades físicas y químicas de las nanofibras andamios ofrecen una amplia variedad de aplicaciones en el campo biomédico.

Electrospun nanofibras andamios con gradaciones en Organización de fibra

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

PGS elastomérico andamios en ingeniería de tejidos arteriales

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Postproducción de procesamiento de las Fibras electrospun de Ingeniería de Tejidos

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Polyglycerol-dodecanedioate for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Electrospun fibroso Andamios de poli (glicerol-dodecanodioato) de Ingeniería Neural Los tejidos de las células madre embrionarias de ratón

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among ...

Epithelial Cell Repopulation and Preparation of Rodent Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Renal Tissue Development

La repoblación de las células epiteliales y Preparación de roedores matriz extracelular andamios para el Desarrollo del tejido renal

This protocol details the generation of acellular, yet biofunctional, renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds that are useful as small-scale model ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Síntesis de nanofibras a base de Queratina de Ingeniería Biomédica

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

Un Facile y respetuoso del medio ambiente de ruta para la fabricación de poli (ácido láctico) Los andamios con graduado Tamaño de poro

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional PolyÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Âµ-caprolactone Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

Escritura de Electrospinning de andamios Poly(ε-caprolactone) tridimensional con morfologías controlables para aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos del derretimiento

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Griffithsin-modified Fiber Scaffolds for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Fabricación y caracterización de andamios de fibra modificado Griffithsin para la prevención de infecciones de transmisión sexual

Electrospun fibers (EFs) have been widely used in a variety of therapeutic applications; however, they have only recently been applied as a technology to ...

Culturing Mammalian Cells in Three-dimensional Peptide Scaffolds

Cultivo de células de mamífero en andamios tridimensionales péptido

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an ...

Fabrication of Decellularized Cartilage-derived Matrix Scaffolds

Fabricación de andamios de Decellularized derivados de cartílago matriz

Osteochondral defects lack sufficient intrinsic repair capacity to regenerate functionally sound bone and cartilage tissue. To this extent, cartilage ...