Name: simple polyacrylamide-based multiwell stiffness assay for the study of stiffness-dependent cell responses
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This work was funded by start-up funds provided to Dr. Silviya Zustiak by Saint Louis University as well as by a President&#8217;s Research Fund (PRF) grant awarded to Dr. Silviya Zustiak by Saint Louis University. We thank Naveed Ahmed and Keval Shah for technical assistance.

1. Preparation of Hydrogel-associated Solutions and Aliquots
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of polyacrylamide gel precursor solution.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare polyacrylamide gel precursor solution by mixing acrylamide (A) (40% w/v, Mr 71.08 g/mol), the crosslinker bisacrylamide (B) (2% w/v, Mr 154.17 g/mol), and de-ionized water in the volume percentages specified in Table 1. 
		NOTE: These solutions can be prepared in large batches and stored at 4 &#176;C for up to several months.
		<ol>
...

<ol>
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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+elasticity+directs+stem+cell+lineage+specification.">Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 677-689 (2006).</li><li>Discher, D. E., Janmey, P., Wang, Y. -. l. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+cells+feel+and+respond+to+the+stiffness+of+their+substrate.">Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate.</a> Science. 310 (5751), 1139-1143 (2005).</li><li>Young, D. A., Choi, Y. S., Engler, A. J., Christman, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+adipogenesis+of+adult+adipose-derived+stem+cells+using+substrates+that+mimic+the+stiffness+of+adipose+tissue.">Stimulation of adipogenesis of adult adipose-derived stem cells using substrates that mimic the stiffness of adipose tissue.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (34), 8581-8588 (2013).</li><li>Semler, E. J., Lancin, P. A., Dasgupta, A., Moghe, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+hepatocellular+morphogenesis+and+function+via+ligand-presenting+hydrogels+with+graded+mechanical+compliance.">Engineering hepatocellular morphogenesis and function via ligand-presenting hydrogels with graded mechanical compliance.</a> Biotechnology Bioengineering. 89 (3), 296-307 (2005).</li><li>Reinhart-King, C. A., Dembo, M., Hammer, D. 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Polyacrylamide gels, originally developed for electrophoresis,28 are now routinely used as cell culture substrates to study the effects of substrate stiffness on cell morphology, motility, and communication3,24,29 among other cell characteristics. Polyacrylamide allows manipulation of substrate stiffness to encompass the stiffness of all soft tissues in the body (0.3 &#8211; 300 kPa)1 with a simple change in polymer precursor concentration (Figure 2, Table 1, also see ref...

Most tissues in the body are soft viscoelastic materials with a Young&#8217;s modulus ranging from 0.1 kPa for brain to 100 kPa for soft cartilage, yet, most in vitro cell research is conducted on tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) which has a modulus of ~1 GPa.1 This stiffness mismatch greatly affects the way cells respond to their environment. A growing body of research is thus dedicated to elucidating the effect of substrate stiffness on the fate of various cell types,2,3 including stem cells.4 As a result, multiple hydrogels have been developed to aid in the understanding of stiffness-dependent cell biology including polyacrylamide (PA),5-7 polyethylene glycol (PEG),8,9 polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS),10 and alginate.11 While the evidence that substrate stiffness has a substantial impact on cell fate is growing, most studies are conducted on a small scale with a small number of samples. Systematic, multidimensional studies on the effect of substrate stiffness for an array of cell types or environmental conditions are rare.12
Several promising high-throughput hydrogel technologies have been developed, including PEG-based microarrays,13 microfluidic devices for the production of agarose hydrogel microbeads,14 or micro and nano-rods where stiffness is modulated by the diameter and height of the microrods.15 However, the technologies to prepare such substrates are sophisticated and available to limited number of laboratories. Much research involving stiffness modulated cell responses utilizes polyacrylamide (PA) gels which are not only inexpensive and simple to implement, but also exhibit a physiologically relevant range of Young&#8217;s modulus, namely 0.3 &#8211; 300 kPa.16-22 However, existing methods to fabricate PA gels for cell culture are labor intensive and consequently prepared in small batches. Some of the difficulties associated with the preparation of PA gels as cell substrates stem from the requirement that the gels have to be prepared: 1) in the absence of oxygen to allow complete polymerization, 2) with a flat and smooth surface to permit uniform cell attachment and spreading, and 3) permanently affixed to the bottom of the cell culture dish to prevent floating.
Several groups have attempted to produce PA gels for cell culture in large batches. Semler et al. prepared thick sheets of PA gels which were then &#8220;cut&#8221; with a hole punch and placed into 96-well plates.23 However, this method is limited to stiffer gels, i.e., &#62; 1 kPa in Young&#8217;s modulus, because softer gels are &#8220;sticky&#8221;, difficult to cut, and easily damaged. Mih et al. developed a more sophisticated technique which allows the gels to be directly polymerized in a glass-bottom multiwell plate.6 This was achieved by pouring the gel solutions into functionalized glass-bottom plates and forming gels by &#8220;sandwiching&#8221; them with a custom coverglass array.6 Even though very promising, slight edge effects were still observed with this technique. Additionally, the technique requires a custom-designed array not immediately accessible to many laboratories as well as costly glass-bottom multiwell plates.
This paper describes a simple and inexpensive way to assemble PA gels in a multiwell plate that could be easily adopted by any laboratory. Here, a flexible plastic support is utilized, which has two sides &#8212; a hydrophobic one, which is repellent to PA gels, and a hydrophilic one, which covalently binds the PA gel upon deposition. Once PA gel sheets are deposited and permanently affixed to the flexible plastic support, it enables handling gels of any thickness or stiffness and cutting them into any desired shape. This approach not only produces custom plastic &#8216;coverslips&#8217; in sizes not otherwise commercially available, but also obviates the necessity to pre-treat glass surfaces, either glass coverslips or the wells of costly glass-bottom multiwell plates, with a PA binding solution, which is a tedious and a time-consuming step. Lastly, uniform PA gels sheets can be prepared in large batches and stored de-hydrated for several months.
In summary, the assay presented here is an improvement over existing methods in several aspects. First, the process of multiwell plate assembly is efficient, and the overall cost of the required materials is low. Second, the hydrogels are produced in large batches in a single homogeneous gel film. Finally, only materials that are commercially available are required. The utility of the assay is illustrated by exploring the effect of substrate stiffness on cell morphology and spreading area.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="898">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Reagents</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:208px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">40% Acrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">161-0140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">2% Bis-acrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">161-0142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Ammonium Persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">161-07000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">TEMED</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">T9281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Sulfo-SANPAH</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">22589</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Collagen Type 1, from Rat tail, 3.68 mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BP231-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hydrophobic solution - Repel Silane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">17-1332-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:303px;">PBS (1x), pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Polydimehylsiloxane (PDMS) [Slygard 182 Elastomer Kit]</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Elsworth Adhesives</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3097358-1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tyrpsin/EDTA (10x)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">44174</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">RPMI-1640 Medium (1x)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SH30027-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">HyClone</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SH30073-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">1670046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Detergent - Triton-X</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Formaldehyde 37% Solution</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">F1635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">A2153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">BSA-based cell adhesion blocking kit - ECM Cell Adhesion Array Kit</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Chemicon International</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ECM540</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Disposable lab equipment</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">flexible plastic support - GelBond PAG Film for Polyacrylamide Gels</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">309819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Glass Plates</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Slumpys</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GBS4100SFSL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">50 mL Conicals</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3181345107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">15 mL Conicals</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">FALCON</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">352097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Micro centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">2 mL: 02681258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">96-well plate (flat bottom)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">12565501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:303px;">Disposable Pipettes (1 mL, 2mL, 5mL, 10mL, 25 mL, 50mL)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">1 mL: 13-678-11B, 2mL: 05214038, 5mL(FALCON): 357529, 10mL: 13-678-11E, 25mL: 13-678-11, 50mL: 13-678-11F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Glass Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5 3/4&#34;: 1367820A, 9&#34;:136786B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Pipette Tips (1-200uL, 101-1000uL)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scinetific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">2707509</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Plastic Standard Disposable Transfer Pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">13-711-9D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">PARAFILM&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">PM992</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Powder Free Examination Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Quest</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">92897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Silicone spacers - Silicone sheet, 0.5 mm thick/13 cm x 18 cm</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Grace Bio-Labs</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">JTR-S-0.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;"></td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Large/non-disposable lab equipment</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:303px;">Light and Flourescent Microscope (Axiovert 200M)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3820005619</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Microscope Software</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AxioVision Rel. 4.8.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">UV oven</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">UVITRON</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">UV1080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Vacuum chamber/degasser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">BelArt</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">999320237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Vacuum pump for degasser</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">KNF Lab</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5097482</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Tissue Culture Hood</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">NUAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">NU-425-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Chemical Fume Hood</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">KEWAUNEE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">99151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Inverted Microscope (Axiovert 25)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">663526</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">NUAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">NU-8500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Pipette Aid</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Drummond Scientific Co.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">P-76864</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:303px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bright-Line</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">383684</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

simple polyacrylamide-based multiwell stiffness assay for the study of stiffness-dependent cell responses

Currently, most of the in vitro cell research is performed on rigid tissue culture polystyrene (~1 GPa), while most cells in the body are attached to a matrix that is elastic and much softer (0.1 &#8211; 100 kPa). Since such stiffness mismatch greatly affects cell responses, there is a strong interest in developing hydrogel materials that span a wide range of stiffness to serve as cell substrates. Polyacrylamide gels, which are inexpensive and cover the stiffness range of all soft tissues in the body, are the hydrogel of choice for many research groups. However, polyacrylamide gel preparation is lengthy, tedious, and only suitable for small batches. Here, we describe an assay which by utilizing a permanent flexible plastic film as a structural support for the gels, enables the preparation of polyacrylamide gels in a multiwell plate format. The technique is faster, more efficient, and less costly than current methods and permits the preparation of gels of custom sizes not otherwise available. As it doesn&#8217;t require any specialized equipment, the method could be easily adopted by any research laboratory and would be particularly useful in research focused on understanding stiffness-dependent cell responses.

Polyacrylamide (PA) hydrogels are widely used to test stiffness-dependent cell responses.17,24 By mixing various concentrations of acrylamide (A) and bis-acrylamide (B) one can make PA gels that span the stiffness range of most soft tissues in the body &#8212; 0.3 &#8211; 300 kPa Young&#8217;s modulus.1 However, preparation of polyacrylamide gels is tedious and time consuming, often limiting their usefulness in &#8220;high-throughput&#8221; applications such as for example drug screening.12</su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple Polyacrylamide-based Multiwell Stiffness Assay for the Study of Stiffness-dependent Cell Responses at JoVE.com

Simple Polyacrylamide-based Multiwell Stiffness Assay for the Study of Stiffness-dependent Cell Responses

Here, a method that enables quick, efficient, and inexpensive preparation of polyacrylamide gels in a multiwell plate format is described. The method does not require any specialized equipment and could be easily adopted by any research laboratory. It would be particularly useful in research focused on understanding stiffness-dependent cell responses.

Currently, most of the in vitro cell research is performed on rigid tissue culture polystyrene (~1 GPa), while most cells in the body are attached to a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

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